CN114831751A - 综合激光口腔治疗机 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明包括一台2940nm Er:YAG Q开关激光器和一台1064nmNd:YAG自由振荡激光器,利用2个45°镜实现双波长合束,经同一根光纤或关节臂传输至治疗手柄。方便的实现各类口腔疾病的治疗和理疗。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光基医疗器械,具体涉及一种2940nm鉺激光和1064nm钕激光用于综合口腔治疗仪,属于国际专利分类A61B18/00“向人体或从人体传递非机械形式能量的外科器械、装置或方法”技术领域。
背景技术
自1960年激光技术问世后,于1964年便被应用于口腔科疾病治疗的探索中.此后随着激光技术的发展,在上世纪六七十年代,先后有几种波长的激光用于口腔科的研究:
早期激光口腔科的应用探索暴露出两个主要的问题是:在口腔软组织的汽化切割上是成功的,但对牙齿硬组织的去除剥离上效率很低;另外由于使用的这些激光都是长脉宽或连续工作,热的扩散造成了对周围正常组织,尤其是对牙髓组织的损伤。自从上世纪80年代将Er:YAG激光引入口腔科治疗后,开创了激光口腔科应用的新局面。
1.龋洞制备:牙齿龋洞的制备与填充是牙科治疗最多的操作,如附图1所示。正常牙釉质的含水量约为12%,牙本质的含水量约为20%。而脱矿龋坏的组织含水量更高。牙釉质和牙本质中的水分吸收2940nm Er:YAG激光能量后,温度迅速升高并汽化。水分子汽化导致组织内部压力增加,无机物发生爆炸样的破坏,从而去除牙体硬组织。因为2940nm铒激光处于水的吸收峰处,被含水组织吸收后迅速衰减。这使铒激光的穿透深度表浅,对邻近组织的热效应很小,从而有效地避免了对周围正常组织的热损伤。应用铒激光进行牙体硬组织预备,可精确地进行选择性去腐,同时杀菌消毒,并且能够得到良好的粘接界面而不像牙钻那样产生玷污层,鉺激光照射后不必再进行酸洗等处理。实验表明鉺激光制备的牙面与填充树脂的粘合强度超过了牙钻和超声。有人测量了对Er:YAG激光辐射烧蚀后,复合物树脂的剪切粘合强度为9.96MPa,而对传统钻孔酸蚀的剪切粘合强度为9.33Mpa,对没有任何处理的牙齿表面,剪切粘合强度为6.74Mpa。另外激光治疗是非接触治疗,避免了牙钻的震动,疼痛和刺耳的尖叫声。这对儿童和青少年是很大的福音。
另外,大量实验还表明,应用铒激光进行牙体硬组织预备后,牙髓组织有更为明显的成纤维细胞增生和修复性牙本质的形成。一些研究还指出,铒激光可促进牙髓细胞和成牙本质细胞的分化,进而促进继发性牙本质的形成。
2.根管治疗中的激光荡洗(PIPS):
根管治疗是治疗牙髓病及根尖周病的首选方法,其核心内容是彻底清理根管系统中的炎症牙髓及感染物质,包括残留的牙髓组织、生物膜以及微生物毒素等。临床的传统方法是通过化学预备进行根管内玷污层的去除和感染物的清理,但实验研究表明传统的化学预备方式对感染物的清理并不彻底。另外由于根管系统具有复杂的解剖结构,单纯机械预备约35%~50%根管内壁清洗不到位。而且机械预备还会进一步产生新的玷污层。
实验发现,短脉宽高峰值功率激光可以激活根管内的荡洗液(次氯酸钠溶液),并产生强大的空穴效应,即荡洗液吸收鉺激光迅速形成气泡,气泡膨胀到一定程度就会坍塌。这种迅速的膨胀和坍塌,会把激光能量转化成极强的冲击波,作用于髓腔和根管壁,达到去除玷污层和各种残留的牙髓组织、生物膜以及微生物的作用。其效果远比化学清洗彻底的多。
3.激光用于牙周病的治疗:
牙周病是口腔最常见的疾病之一,菌斑和牙结石是其始发的原因。因此控制菌斑和去除牙结石是治疗牙周病关键的技术,如附图3,4,5。临床试验评价比较了手工器械、激光、声波和超声洁治,几种方法治疗慢性牙周病患者的微生物学检测。结果显示,激光治疗方法导致的牙周致病病原体和细菌显著减少;而手工治疗组还明显存在牙齿表面牙骨质损伤.但激光和超声组均显示平滑的牙根表面。这说明激光和超声组可以更有效地去除龈下牙石,同时较手工器械组能更有效地保护牙齿根面;另外,牙周病治疗的根本目的是使成纤维细胞附着于牙面,形成成纤维组织,实现牙周膜的再生。实验发现在慢性牙周病经激光治疗后,可以促进牙本质和胶原的形成,激光组生成的牙骨质明显多于手工组。这十分有利于牙龈的修复和愈合。文献报道,鉺激光对种植体牙周炎的治疗也取得很好的效果。
4.激光防龋:
在Er:YAG激光防龋可行性的探讨一文中提出使用Er:YAG激光照射咬合面窝沟,可使牙釉质熔融,窝沟壁封闭再结晶、从而抗龋能力有大幅度的提高,如附图6.另外,通过比较含氟凝胶、Er:YAG激光以及两者联合使用对釉质抗酸性的研究表明,将Er:YAG激光的参数设定为50mj时,辐照牙表面10秒相当于含氟凝胶反复涂布4分钟的防龋作用,使含氟凝胶与Er:YAG激光联合应用能更好地增强牙釉质的抗酸性。
除了上述牙科主要疾病治疗外,像牙齿脱敏,牙齿漂白,牙龈整形,溃疡、疱疹、系带修整以及口腔内各种溃疡肿物的汽化切除,鉺激光或联合1064nm钕激光,都可发挥不可替代的作用。在推行以预防为主和提倡微创医疗的今天,口腔科激光已不再是一种辅助的手段,随着激光技术的进一步发展和牙科实践经验的积累,今后会越来越成为口腔科疾病预防和治疗的首选手段。
5.国内外牙科治疗机的现状
国外比较著名的牙科治疗机包括:
德国FOTONA公司生产的Lightwalker,如附图7所示。
以色列赛诺龙公司生产的LiteTouch,如附图8所示。
美国Biolase公司的Waterlase*iplus,如附图9所示。
中科院合肥物质科学研究院研发的灯泵Cr,Er:YSGG激光牙科治疗仪,如附图10所示,LD泵浦的Er,Cr:YSGG激光牙科治疗仪,如附图11所示。
以上三种国外的口腔科治疗机其脉冲宽度最窄为50μs的自由振荡激光。只有中科院合肥物质科学研究院研发的:灯泵Cr,Er:YSGG激光牙科治疗仪和LD 泵浦Er,Cr:YSGG激光牙科治疗仪,采用了Q开关技术,将脉冲宽度压缩到20- 40ns和50-100ns的纳秒水平,大大降低了激光治疗对周围正常组织的热损伤。但采用的Cr,Er:YSGG,激光波长为2780nm.而2940nm的输出波长更接近3微米水的吸收峰,理论上对牙齿硬组织作用比前者要好。有文献报道,在相同的激光参数作用下,在牙釉上2940nm比2780nm产生的剥脱坑深度相同,但前者面积更大。质量损失更多。产生的温升也低。这主要是由于2940nm的吸收系数比2780nm大3倍引起的。掺鉺,铬,钇钪镓石榴石中由于Cr离子在氙灯的可见光区有很强的两个吸收带,其灯泵激光效率比Er:YAG高近3倍。从技术上讲 Er,Cr:YSGG激光器更容易做。也正是由于Cr3+在可见光区的强烈吸收,造成 Er,Cr:YSGG激光棒的热效应比Er:YAG严重得多,在高重复率下工作,因热聚焦和热应力退偏,使二者激光效率相差不大。治疗效果后者更好。
发明内容
1.本综合激光口腔治疗机采用Er:YAG晶体为工作物质,输出波长2940nm,牙体吸收比Cr,Er,YSGG输出波长2780nm提高3倍。在高重复率下工作热效应小。
2.本综合激光口腔治疗机采用Er:YAG Q开关和自由振荡多种模式工作。输出激光脉宽从几十纳秒到200微秒,从而能满足多种治疗的要求。如附图19.
3.本口腔治疗机输出脉宽可以将Q开关几十到100ns左右窄脉冲展宽到几百到1个多微秒,从而避免直径几百微米传输光纤及进入口腔工作尖的破坏。
4.本治疗机采用方波灯泵浦方式,如附图14.激光输出也如附图15所示的近似方波脉冲,即提高治疗效率,又保证治疗安全。
5.本治疗机采用2940nm和1064nm双波长输出。因为2940nm在切割软组织时止血效果较差,而1064nm恰好弥补了这一缺陷。然而Lightwalker中鉺激光采用关节臂传输,Nd:YAG激光采用光纤传输。这样在一些手术中必须要两个大夫配合操作。我们把两种波长激光同光路起来,用同一根关节臂或光纤传输。(能传输2940nm激光的光纤目前国内外已由商品出售,但很贵。)通过显示面板或脚踏开关的控制,可以一个波长输出,也可转换为另一波长输出,也可两个波长同时输出。
6.本治疗机虽然可采用光纤传输,但进口腔后依然采用目前临床上惯用的手柄式。在手柄内通过光学成像和45°反射镜的办法实现光束90°拐弯,方便大夫的各种操作。如附图16所示。
具体实现办法
1.附图18为本发明的激光器结构图。它包括一台输出2940nmEr:YAG Q 开关激光器和一台1064nm Nd:YAG自由振荡激光器。通过1片1064nm 45°全反镜和一片45°2940nm高透,1064nm高反镜合束,实现同光路,并聚焦耦合进ZBLAN光纤。
2. 2940nmEr:YAG采用受抑全内反射或铌酸锂电光Q开关方式,前者由一对白YAG晶体加工的60°截顶等边三角形棱镜构成。在泵浦开始时,在截顶处的压电晶体上加有适当直流电压,压电晶体伸长,使两棱镜间隙为零。Er:YAG棒辐射的光子自由通过棱镜,无光子反馈回激光棒,激光器处于关闭状态。经适当延时(约300-400微秒)后,退除压电晶体上的电压,由于压电晶体收缩,带动两棱镜间出现逐渐增大的缝隙。经侧面两个全反射镜反馈,使一部分光子反馈到激光棒,形成Q开关振荡,另一部分光子作为激光器输出。
3.控制压电晶体上电压退除的速度,可以将激光输出脉宽从约100ns展宽到 1-2微秒。
4.氙灯泵浦电路的储能采用两只450V,10000μF电容串联,由控制放电电压控制放电能量,由IGBT开关形成方波放电方式并控制放电脉宽。由控制屏幕设置各种工作模式。
5.Nd:YAG激光器采用单棒,谐振腔一端为1064nm全反镜,另一端为半透半反镜。泵浦电源采用普通100μF电容可控硅放电方式。工作模式由控制面板设置。
6.工作手柄如附图16所示。手柄中间设置一个成像透镜,将输出光纤端面成像到工作尖的入射面。手柄同时设有水和气的进入插口,在工作尖四周开有三个喷水和气的微孔,作为激光治疗过程中的冷却用。
7.本机设置了多种形状的工作尖,如附图17.
“说明书”附图说明
附图1.鉺激光进行龋洞的制备
附图2.鉺激光进行髓腔的荡洗
附图3.鉺激光进行牙周病的治疗
附图4.用Nd:YAG激光清除上皮层
附图5.用鉺激光清除牙石
附图6.鉺激光进行咬合面窝沟封闭
附图7.Lightwalker
附图8.Lite Touch
附图9.Waterlase*iPlus
附图10.灯泵Cr,Er:YSGG激光牙科治疗仪
附图11.LD泵浦Er,Cr:YSGG激光牙科治疗仪
附图12.水和羟基磷灰石中OH对Er:YAG 2940nm激光有最大的吸收系数
附图13.普通鈡型放电波形
附图14.方波放电波形
附图15.近似方波激光脉冲输出
附图16.治疗手柄示意图
附图17.各种不同形状的工作尖
附图18.综合激光口腔治疗机整体光路图
附图19.综合激光口腔治疗机的4种工作模式:
一.普通静态模式:灯泵脉宽200微秒自由振荡,输出能量大,剥离速率高,热效应重。
二.普通Q开关模式:灯泵脉宽200微秒Q开关,剥离速率比静态高,边沿清晰,可能会产生微裂纹。
三.量子方波模式:灯泵脉宽50微秒自由振荡,间隔50微秒5脉冲连发。类似于FOTONA的QSP。
四.量子方波Q开关模式:灯泵脉宽50微秒Q开关,间隔50微秒5脉冲连发。比 QSP效率高,热与机械效应小,可精确剥离,制备坑边沿清晰,无机械损伤。
1.灯光波形,2.激光波形
Claims (6)
1.本机为一台包括2940nm静态与Q开关激光器与一台1064nm自由振荡Nd:YAG激光同光路输出的综合口腔治疗机。
2.本机2940nmQ开关采用受抑全内反射方式或高损伤掺鎂铌酸锂电光Q开关,可以方便的改变输出脉宽从几十纳秒到微秒量级。
3.本机2940nm激光器有多种不同脉宽,不同重复率,不同输出能量的工作模式。
4.本机2940nm激光器采用方波泵浦方式,输出基本为平顶波形。
5.本机治疗手柄内采用成像透镜的方式,将光纤输出的光束成像到手柄工作尖端面,保证传输的高效率。
6.本机也可以采用关节臂传输。将光纤输入端的聚焦透镜改为适当倍率的扩束镜,使在关节臂内的的光束直径为12-15mm的平行光束。将手柄内的成像透镜改为聚焦镜,将平行光束聚焦到工作尖的入射面。
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CN1290150A (zh) * | 1998-02-06 | 2001-04-04 | 艾吉尔·莫尔斯加德 | 使用激光治疗牙周袋的牙科系统 |
CN201510372U (zh) * | 2009-07-31 | 2010-06-23 | 李凯 | 一种可调q的激光牙科治疗机 |
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CN1290150A (zh) * | 1998-02-06 | 2001-04-04 | 艾吉尔·莫尔斯加德 | 使用激光治疗牙周袋的牙科系统 |
CN201510372U (zh) * | 2009-07-31 | 2010-06-23 | 李凯 | 一种可调q的激光牙科治疗机 |
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