CN114826284A - Iterative decoding method based on extended Turbo code and continuous phase modulation - Google Patents
Iterative decoding method based on extended Turbo code and continuous phase modulation Download PDFInfo
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- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2957—Turbo codes and decoding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/37—Decoding methods or techniques, not specific to the particular type of coding provided for in groups H03M13/03 - H03M13/35
- H03M13/3746—Decoding methods or techniques, not specific to the particular type of coding provided for in groups H03M13/03 - H03M13/35 with iterative decoding
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- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/65—Purpose and implementation aspects
- H03M13/6502—Reduction of hardware complexity or efficient processing
Abstract
The invention discloses an iterative decoding method for extended Turbo codes and continuous phase modulation, which mainly solves the problems of excessive iteration times and high bit error rate in the prior art. The implementation scheme is as follows: the CPM signal is processed by a continuous phase modulation detector to obtain CPM code word prior information, the prior information and the initial CPM information symbol prior information are processed by a CPM decoder to obtain CPM information symbol external information, the external information is de-interleaved to obtain Turbo code prior information, the prior information is processed by an extended Turbo decoder to obtain Turbo code external information, the external information is interleaved to obtain CPM information symbol prior information, the prior information is input into the CPM decoder to be processed by second cascade decoding, and a final decoding output sequence is obtained. Compared with the prior art, the invention not only reduces the decoding iteration times, but also improves the error code performance, reduces the complexity of the system, and can be used for receiver detection.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wireless communication, and particularly relates to an iterative decoding method which can be applied to receiver detection of Turbo codes and cascade signals of continuous phase modulation under low signal-to-noise ratio.
Background
The Turbo code is proposed by C.Berrou et al in ICC' 93 academic exchange conference, the Turbo code encoder is formed by connecting two feedback convolutional code encoders in parallel through a random interleaver, and code words with different code rates can be generated through deleting a matrix, so that random encoding is realized; the Turbo code decoder consists of two component code decoders and a de-interleaver, the soft output information of one component code decoder is used as the input information of the other component code decoder in the decoding process, the decoding process is iterated for a plurality of times, the effect close to the Shannon limit can be achieved, and the Turbo code decoder has better error code performance under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio.
The continuous phase modulation technology is an efficient digital modulation technology, and a CPM signal generated by the continuous phase modulation technology has the characteristic of constant envelope, so that the influence caused by nonlinear distortion can be reduced; the CPM signal has the advantages of low out-of-band radiation power, high spectrum utilization rate and the like; in addition, the phase memorability of the CPM signal can ensure the continuity of the phase, so that the continuous phase modulation technology has the characteristic of error correction, and if the coding technology is combined with the continuous phase modulation technology, better system performance can be obtained.
In practical wireless communication systems, discrete sources need to be channel coded prior to signal modulation to reduce noise interference experienced by the transmitted signal. Benedetto et al, in the text "Serial concatenated interleaved codes", propose Serial concatenated convolutional codes, the sending end uses outer encoder and inner modulator to carry on the Serial processing to the source bit sequentially, its receiver is formed by an inner decoder producing the posterior probability of inner information symbol, and outer decoder using the posterior probability information to resume the source bit, and set the outer encoder as convolutional code, the inner modulator as continuous phase modulation, form the Serial concatenated continuous phase modulation technical scheme. The result of the scheme shows that the serial cascade continuous phase modulation technology can improve the power efficiency, and can achieve lower bit error rate under the condition of high signal-to-noise ratio, but has higher bit error rate and poorer bit error performance under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio.
Schrui, published in 2010 as "design of novel Turbo-CPM system receiver", discloses a design method of a Turbo-CPM system receiver, which carries out serial cascade iterative detection on Turbo codes and continuous phase modulation based on a soft input soft output algorithm. Although the method can achieve a lower error rate under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio, the method needs 8 iterations to improve the convergence of the system, so that the complexity of a receiver is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cascade iterative decoding method for expanding Turbo codes and continuous phase modulation aiming at the defects of the prior art so as to reduce the iteration times of decoding, reduce the complexity of a receiver and improve the error code performance of a system.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention comprises the following steps:
(1) coding a randomly generated l-bit information source sequence d through a Turbo coder to generate an N-bit Turbo code coding sequence T, carrying out interleaving processing on the Turbo code coding sequence T through an interleaver, and mapping through a mapper to obtain a code containing
A sequence a to be modulated of one symbol, where l ≧ 1, N ═ m + l)/r,
m represents the number of registers in the Turbo encoder plus 1, r represents the code rate of the Turbo encoder, and M represents the mapping system number;
(2) modulating a sequence alpha to be modulated by a continuous phase modulator to obtain a continuous phase modulation CPM signal s (t), and adding noise by a Gaussian white noise channel to obtain a CPM receiving signal r (t), wherein t represents time;
(3) detecting the CPM received signal r (t) by a continuous phase modulation detector to obtainCPM codeword bit prior information lambda k (c i (ii) a I) Where k denotes the sequence number of the kth symbol of the CPM received signal r (t),
where I denotes a priori information, c i Codeword bits representing the CPM signal;
(4) the bit prior information lambda of CPM code word k (c i (ii) a I) Performing twice iterative decoding by a cascade iterative decoder to obtain Turbo information bit outer information lambda k (u o ；O)：
(4a) Setting CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) The initial value is zero;
(4b) using CPM codeword bit prior information lambda k (c i (ii) a I) And CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) Firstly, CPM decoding is carried out through a CPM decoder in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain CPM information bit external information lambda k (u i (ii) a O), the bit outer information is de-interleaved through a de-interleaver in the cascade iterative decoder to obtain Turbo code word bit prior information lambda k (c o (ii) a I) Wherein u is i Information bits representing CPM signal, O represents extrinsic information, c o Code word bits representing a Turbo code;
(4c) turbo code word bit prior information lambda k (c o (ii) a I) Performing Turbo code decoding processing through an extended Turbo decoder in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain extra-bit information lambda of Turbo code words k (c o ；O)；
(4d) Turbo code word extra-bit information lambda k (c o (ii) a O) interleaving by an interleaver in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) Then the prior information lambda is used k (u i (ii) a I) Inputting the information into a CPM decoder in a cascade iterative decoder and executing (4b), and performing second cascade decoding processing to obtain extra-bit information lambda of the Turbo information k (u o (ii) a O) in which u o Information bits representing a Turbo code;
(5) turbo information bit external information lambda output by cascade iterative decoder k (u o (ii) a O) carrying out hard decision through a decision device to obtain a final l-bit decoding output sequence W.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
firstly, the invention obtains the bit prior information of the CPM code word by the received signal through the continuous phase modulation detector, and then inputs the prior information into the cascade decoder for twice iterative decoding, thereby realizing the soft information sharing between the continuous phase modulation detector and the cascade decoder, reducing the information loss and ensuring the effectiveness of information transmission.
Secondly, the invention can simultaneously output the code word bit external information and the information bit external information by utilizing the extended Turbo decoder, and inputs the code word bit external information output by the extended Turbo decoder into the CPM decoder for CPM decoding, thereby realizing the soft information sharing between the extended Turbo decoder and the CPM decoder and improving the effectiveness of the information; in addition, the information outside the information bit output by the extended Turbo decoder is subjected to hard decision to obtain a final decoding output sequence, so that the reliability of information transmission is ensured.
Thirdly, the invention can achieve better error code effect only by iterating twice, compared with the error code performance which can be achieved by iterating eight times in the prior art, the invention not only reduces the iteration times of decoding, but also improves the error code performance, reduces the complexity of the system and realizes effective and reliable transmission of information.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an implementation of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a Turbo encoder according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a cascaded iterative decoder according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is a comparison graph of bit error rate simulation curves of the present invention and the prior art.
Detailed Description
The following describes in detail specific embodiments and effects of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to fig. 1, the implementation steps of this example are as follows:
Referring to fig. 2, the Turbo encoder is composed of an interleaver, two component code encoders having the same structure, and a puncturing matrix.
The specific implementation of this step is as follows:
(1.1) adding m tail bits to a randomly generated l-bit information source sequence d to generate N l Bit waiting coding sequence T s And will code sequence T s Interweaving through an interweaver in a Turbo encoder to obtain an interweaving sequence T 0 s Wherein l is not less than 1, N l M + l, m indicates the number of registers in the Turbo encoder plus 1, and in this embodiment, l is 253, m is 3, and N is taken l ＝256；
(1.2) interleaving the sequence T 0 s And the sequence to be coded T s Coding is respectively carried out through two component code encoders with the same structure in a Turbo encoder to obtain two paths of coding output sequences, specific check bits in the two paths of coding output sequences are deleted by utilizing a puncturing matrix and are combined into one path of output sequence to obtain a check sequence T p ；
(1.3) checking the sequence T p With the sequence to be coded T s Multiplexing to obtain an N-bit Turbo code coding sequence T, wherein N is N l /r，N l Representing the sequence T to be coded s The length of (a) is r, which represents the code rate of Turbo coding, and in this embodiment, r is 2/3, and N is 384;
(1.4) interleaving the Turbo code coding sequence T by an interleaver, and mapping by a mapper to obtain a code sequence containing
One symbol is to modulate a sequence a, wherein,
m represents the number of mapped bits, and in this embodiment, M is 8,
；
(2.1) modulating by using a sequence alpha to be modulated through a continuous phase modulator to obtain a continuous phase signal CPM signal s (t), which is expressed as:
wherein t represents time, kT b ≤t≤(k+1)T b And k represents a serial number,
representing the length of the symbol of the alpha sequence of the sequence to be modulated, E being the energy of the symbol, T B For the symbol period, j represents the unit of the imaginary number in the complex number, exp (·) represents an exponential function with a natural constant e as the base, and phi (t, alpha) is a phase function, expressed as:
where h is the modulation index, L is the phase constraint length of the CPM signal, a k The kth symbol representing the sequence α to be modulated, mod (·) represents the modulo operation, q (·) represents the phase pulse, and h is 1/2, L is 2, T is taken in this embodiment b ＝1/2.5×10 6 ；
And (2.2) adding noise by using the CPM signal s (t) through a Gaussian white noise channel to obtain a CPM receiving signal r (t).
And 3, acquiring CPM codeword bit prior information according to the CPM received signal r (t).
Inputting CPM received signal r (t) to continuous phaseThe modulation detector detects to obtain CPM code word bit prior information lambda k (c i (ii) a I) Expressed as follows:
wherein k represents the sequence number of the kth symbol of the CPM received signal r (t),
represents the symbol length of the CPM received signal r (t),
representing the in-phase component of the CPM received signal r (t),
representing the quadrature component of the CPM received signal r (t), c i The codeword bits representing the CPM signal, I represents a priori information,
represents the power spectral density of gaussian white noise and phi (t, alpha) represents the phase function.
Step 4, the CPM code word bit prior information lambda is processed by a cascade iterative decoder k (c i (ii) a I) Carrying out twice iterative decoding to obtain Turbo information bit external information lambda k (u o ；O)。
Referring to fig. 3, the concatenated iterative decoder is composed of a CPM decoder, an interleaver, an extended Turbo decoder, and a deinterleaver. The CPM decoder is used for decoding CPM codeword bit prior information to obtain CPM information bit external information, the extended Turbo decoder is used for decoding Turbo codeword bit prior information to obtain Turbo codeword bit external information and Turbo information bit external information, the interleaver is used for scrambling the sequence input into the decoder and reducing the correlation of the sequence before and after interleaving, and the deinterleaver is the reverse process of the interleaver.
The specific implementation of this step is as follows:
(4.1) setting CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) The initial value is zero;
(4.2) bit prior information lambda of CPM codeword k (c i (ii) a I) And CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) CPM decoding is carried out through a CPM decoder in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain CPM information bit external information lambda k (u i (ii) a O), represents the following:
wherein k represents the sequence number of the kth symbol of the CPM received signal r (t),
denotes the symbol length of the CPM received signal r (t), O denotes extrinsic information, λ k (u i (ii) a I) Represents the CPM information bit prior information,
k-th codeword bit, alpha, representing a CPM received signal r (t) k-1 (p S ) Forward path metric, β, representing the starting state of branch p k (p E ) Backward path metrics representing the ending state of branch p;
(4.3) off-bit information λ of CPM information k (u i (ii) a O) deinterleaving through a deinterleaver in the cascade iterative decoder to obtain Turbo code word bit prior information lambda k (c o ；I)；
(4.4) bit prior information of Turbo code wordLambda of k (c o (ii) a I) Performing Turbo code decoding processing through an extended Turbo decoder in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain extra-bit information lambda of Turbo code words k (c o (ii) a O), represents the following:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
setting Turbo information bit prior information lambda (u) to represent jth code word bit of Turbo code o (ii) a I) The initial value is zero;
(4.5) Turbo code word bit external information lambda k (c o (ii) a O) interleaving by an interleaver in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) Then the prior information lambda is used k (u i (ii) a I) Inputting the Turbo information bit into a CPM decoder in a cascade iterative decoder and executing (4.2) to carry out second cascade decoding processing to obtain the Turbo information bit external information lambda k (u o (ii) a O), represents the following:
wherein, I represents the prior information,
j information bit, lambda, representing Turbo code k (c o (ii) a I) Indicating Turbo codeword bit prior information.
Step 5, Turbo information bit external information lambda output by the cascade iterative decoder k (u o (ii) a O) carrying out hard decision through a decision device to obtain a final l-bit decoding output sequence W.
The effects of the present invention can be further illustrated by the following simulations:
1. simulation conditions are as follows:
MATLAB R2018b simulation software is used for simulation, the encoding mode is Turbo encoding, the code rate R is 2/3, the modulation mode is continuous phase modulation, the mapped system number M is 8, the modulation index h is 1/2, the source sequence length L is 253, and the simulation times are 40000 times.
2. Simulation content and result analysis:
under the simulation conditions, the decoding simulation of the Turbo code and the continuous phase modulation cascade signal is performed on the decoding method in the Turbo-CPM system receiver and the invention, and the result is shown in fig. 4. Wherein, the abscissa is the signal-to-noise ratio, the unit is decibel dB, and the ordinate is the bit error rate.
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the error code performance of the present invention is better than that of the prior art as a whole, the signal-to-noise ratio is within the range of 0dB to 0.5dB, the error rate of the present invention is smaller than that of the prior art, and when the signal-to-noise ratio is 1.5dB, the error rate of the present invention is 10 -3 The performance is improved by about 0.3dB compared with the prior art, and when the signal-to-noise ratio is 1.7dB, the bit error rate of the invention reaches 10 -4 The performance is improved by about 0.5dB compared with the prior art.
Simulation results show that the invention can achieve better error code effect only by iterating twice, and compared with the error code performance which can be achieved by iterating eight times in the prior art, the invention not only improves the error code performance, but also reduces the iteration times of decoding, reduces the complexity of the system, and realizes effective and reliable transmission of information.
Claims (7)
1. An iterative decoding method based on extended Turbo codes and continuous phase modulation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) coding a randomly generated l-bit information source sequence d through a Turbo coder to generate an N-bit Turbo code coding sequence T, carrying out interleaving processing on the Turbo code coding sequence T through an interleaver, and mapping through a mapper to obtain a code containing
A sequence a to be modulated of one symbol, where l ≧ 1, N ═ m + l)/r,
m represents the number of registers in the Turbo encoder plus 1, r represents the code rate of the Turbo encoder, and M represents the mapping system number;
(2) modulating a sequence alpha to be modulated by a continuous phase modulator to obtain a continuous phase modulation CPM signal s (t), and adding noise by a Gaussian white noise channel to obtain a CPM receiving signal r (t), wherein t represents time;
(3) the CPM received signal r (t) is detected by a continuous phase modulation detector to obtain CPM code word bit prior information lambda k (c i (ii) a I) Where k denotes the sequence number of the kth symbol of the CPM received signal r (t),
i denotes a priori information, c i Codeword bits representing the CPM signal;
(4) the bit prior information lambda of the CPM code word k (c i (ii) a I) Performing twice iterative decoding by a cascade iterative decoder to obtain Turbo information bit outer information lambda k (u o ；O)：
(4a) Setting CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) The initial value is zero;
(4b) using CPM codeword bit prior information lambda k (c i (ii) a I) And CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) CPM decoding is carried out through a CPM decoder in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain CPM information bit external information lambda k (u i (ii) a O), the bit outer information is de-interleaved through a de-interleaver in the cascade iterative decoder to obtain Turbo code word bit prior information lambda k (c o (ii) a I) Wherein u is i Information bits representing CPM signal, O represents extrinsic information, c o Code word bits representing a Turbo code;
(4c) turbo code word bit prior information lambda k (c o (ii) a I) Performing Turbo code decoding processing through an extended Turbo decoder in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain extra-bit information lambda of Turbo code words k (c o ；O)；
(4d) Turbo code word bit outer information lambda k (c o (ii) a O) interleaving by an interleaver in a cascade iterative decoder to obtain CPM information bit prior information lambda k (u i (ii) a I) Then the prior information lambda is used k (u i (ii) a I) Inputting the information into a CPM decoder in a cascade iterative decoder and executing (4b), and performing second cascade decoding processing to obtain extra-bit information lambda of the Turbo information k (u o (ii) a O) in which u o Information bits representing a Turbo code;
(5) turbo information bit external information lambda output by cascade iterative decoder k (u o (ii) a O) carrying out hard decision through a decision device to obtain a final l-bit decoding output sequence W.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in (1), a Turbo encoder is used to encode a source sequence d as a Turbo code encoding sequence t, which is implemented as follows:
(1a) adding m tail bits to the I information source sequence d to generate N l Bit waiting coding sequence T s And will code sequence T s Interweaving through an interweaver in a Turbo encoder to obtain an interweaving sequence T 0 s Wherein l is not less than 1, N l M + l, wherein m represents the number of registers in the Turbo encoder plus 1;
(1b) will interleave the sequence T 0 s And the sequence to be coded T s Respectively coding the data by component code encoders with the same structure in the Turbo encoder to obtain a coding output sequence, and deleting specific check bits in the coding output sequence to obtain a check sequence T p ；
(1c) Check sequence T p With the sequence T to be coded s Multiplexing to generate an N-bit Turbo code sequence T, wherein N is N l /r，N l Representing the sequence T to be coded s R represents the code rate of Turbo coding.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in (2), the sequence a to be modulated is modulated by using a continuous phase modulator, and the obtained CPM signal s (t) is represented as follows:
wherein t represents time kT b ≤t≤(k+1)T b K denotes the sequence number of the kth symbol of the sequence alpha to be modulated,
representing the length of the symbol of the alpha sequence of the sequence to be modulated, E being the energy of the symbol, T B For the symbol period, j represents the unit of the imaginary number in the complex number, exp (·) represents an exponential function with a natural constant e as the base, and phi (t, alpha) is a phase function, expressed as:
where h is the modulation index, L is the phase constraint length of the CPM signal, a k The kth symbol representing the sequence α to be modulated, mod (-) represents the modulo operation, q (-) represents the phase pulse.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the CPM received signal r (t) is detected by a continuous phase modulation detector in (3) to obtain the a priori information λ of CPM codeword bits k (c i (ii) a I) Expressed as follows:
wherein, k represents a serial number,
represents the symbol length of the CPM received signal r (t),
representing the in-phase component of the CPM received signal r (t),
representing the quadrature component of the CPM received signal r (t), c i The codeword bits, I representing the CPM signal,
represents the power spectral density of gaussian white noise and phi (t, alpha) represents the phase function.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the CPM codeword bit prior information λ in (4b) is obtained by a CPM decoder in a cascaded iterative decoder k (c i (ii) a I) Decoding to obtain CPM information bit external information lambda k (u i (ii) a O), represents the following:
wherein, k represents a serial number,
denotes the symbol length of the CPM received signal r (t), O denotes extrinsic information, λ k (u i (ii) a I) Represents the CPM information bit prior information,
k-th codeword bit, alpha, representing CPM received signal r (t) k-1 (p S ) Forward path metric, β, representing the starting state of branch p k (p E ) A backward path metric representing the end state of branch p.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein in (4c) the extended Turbo decoder in the cascaded iterative decoder is used to provide the Turbo codeword bit prior information λ k (c o (ii) a I) Decoding is carried out to obtain Turbo code word bit outer information lambda k (c o (ii) a O), represents the following:
wherein, k represents a serial number,
indicating the symbol length of CPM received signal r (t), O indicating the external information, setting Turbo information bit prior information lambda (u) o (ii) a I) The initial value of the number of the bits is zero,
j code word bit, alpha, representing Turbo code k-1 (p S ) Forward path metric, β, representing the starting state of branch p k (p E ) A backward path metric representing the end state of branch p.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein (4d) uses a cascaded iterative decoder to decode the CPM information bits prior information λ k (u i (ii) a I) Performing second cascade decoding to obtain Turbo information bit outer information lambda k (u o (ii) a O), represents the following:
wherein, k represents a serial number,
denotes the symbol length of the CPM received signal r (t), I denotes a priori information,
j information bit, lambda, representing Turbo code k (c o (ii) a I) Indicating Turbo codeword bit prior information, alpha k-1 (p S ) Forward path metric, β, representing the starting state of branch p k (p E ) A backward path metric representing the end state of branch p.
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