CN114814076A - Calculation method and measurement method for contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles - Google Patents
Calculation method and measurement method for contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114814076A CN114814076A CN202210380594.8A CN202210380594A CN114814076A CN 114814076 A CN114814076 A CN 114814076A CN 202210380594 A CN202210380594 A CN 202210380594A CN 114814076 A CN114814076 A CN 114814076A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fly ash
- ash particles
- particles
- interface energy
- size distribution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/12—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using combustion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Abstract
The invention provides a calculation method and a measurement method of contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles, and belongs to the field of combustion characteristic research. The calculation method comprises the following steps: measuring the particle size distribution of the accumulated dust, the particle size distribution of the fly ash particles and mineral components, and then calculating the collision efficiency of the fly ash particles with different particle sizes according to the particle size distribution; assigning the average interface energy of the fly ash particles to obtain the current interface energy, judging the capture efficiency of the fly ash particles with different particle sizes under the current interface energy, calculating the particle size distribution of the accumulated mass of the contaminated fly ash particles, and finally obtaining the root mean square difference between the particle size distribution of the contaminated fly ash particles and the particle size distribution of the accumulated ash; and (4) re-assigning the average interface energy of the fly ash particles and repeating the steps until the preset conditions are met. The invention provides the method for reverse selection of the interface energy by considering the complex adhesion force of the fly ash particles and the collision surface and the contribution of the particle surface to the interface energy, and can effectively improve the accuracy of the calculation of the interface energy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of combustion characteristic research, and particularly relates to a calculation method and a measurement method for contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles.
Background
The fuel combustion ash contamination refers to the phenomenon that fly ash particles generated after fuel combustion collide with a heat exchange surface and are deposited on the surface of the heat exchange surface after being collected by the heat exchange surface. The problem of staining of ash ubiquitous in fuel burning boilers such as coal, living beings or solid waste, nevertheless the ash stains not only can lead to the heat-transfer face heat exchange efficiency to reduce, still easily leads to the heat-transfer face overtemperature to cause the incident.
The fouling process of ash in the furnace can be described as a process in which kinetic energy is dissipated after collision of solid particles with the surface, and particle kinetic energy consumption mainly includes two aspects: (1) the acting force of the ash particles on the heat exchange surface is greater than the yield strength of the ash particles in the collision process, and the kinetic energy is consumed due to plastic deformation; (2) the particles have elastic deformation in the collision process, and when the elastic deformation recovery process of the particles has the tendency of leaving the collision surface, the interfacial energy of the contact surface needs to be overcome to do work. Wherein the energy loss of plastic deformation is related to the yield strength of the ash particles and can be obtained by calculation after consulting the characteristics of the corresponding particle materials. The kinetic energy consumed for overcoming the interface energy is related to the characteristics of the ash particle materials and the interface energy in the collision process, and the characteristics of the ash particle materials can be determined according to the mineral components, so that once the interface energy for collision of the ash particles is determined, an energy balance equation of the contamination process can be constructed, and the characteristics of the contamination deposition particle size, the mineral components and the like can be obtained. The visible ash contamination interface has important significance for the prediction of contamination and the selection of the furnace soot blowing parameters.
Although accurate calculation and measurement of ash particle impact interface energy is of great significance, the prior art has no method for calculating or testing ash fouling interface energy in combustion. Current estimates of ash fouling interfacial energy generally approximate the static surface energy of the ash to that of the collision process, which ignores the adhesion of ash particles to the collision surface and underestimates the interfacial energy of ash fouling during combustion. The existing particle collision interface energy testing technology mainly obtains the critical velocity of ash particle rebounding by changing the vertical collision velocity of particles, thereby calculating the interface energy of the ash particle collision process. The key of the technology lies in that the vertical collision speed of particles needs to be accurately controlled and the critical rebound speed of the particles needs to be measured, and because the collision speed cannot be controlled in the actual ash contamination process and the micron-sized fly ash critical rebound speed generated after combustion is difficult to measure, the existing particle collision interface energy testing technology cannot accurately calculate and measure the ash contamination interface energy in combustion.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for calculating the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles and a method for measuring the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles, and aims to solve the problems that the existing interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles is difficult to measure and inaccurate in calculation.
To achieve the above object, according to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for calculating an average interfacial energy of contamination of fly ash particles, the method comprising the steps of:
s1, performing dust deposition sampling on the combustion process, and measuring the particle size distribution f' of the dust deposition;
s2, sampling the fly ash in the combustion process, measuring the particle size distribution and mineral composition of the fly ash particles, and calculating the collision efficiency of the fly ash particles with different particle sizes according to the results of the particle size distribution and the mineral composition;
s3, the average interface energy of the fly ash particles is assigned to obtain the current interface energy
Then according to the current interface energy
And the particle size distribution of the fly ash particles and the mineral composition calculate the work required to be done to overcome the interface energy when fly ash particles with different particle sizes rebound under the current interface energy
Simultaneously calculating the energy loss E caused by plastic deformation in the collision process of the fly ash particles def Collision kinetic energy E with fly ash particles of different particle sizes kin,i ；
S4 obtained according to step S3
And
judging the trapping efficiency of fly ash particles with different particle sizes under the current interface energy
S5 obtained according to step S4
Calculating the particle size distribution f of the accumulated mass of the contaminated fly ash particles under the current interface energy k And calculate f k Root mean square deviation σ from f' at current interface energy k ；
S6, re-assigning the average interface energy of fly ash particles to obtain the next interface energy
And returning to the step S3, and repeating the steps S3-S6 until the preset condition is met, thereby obtaining the average contamination interface energy of the fly ash particles.
As further preferred, in steps S1 and S2, the particle size distribution of the accumulated ash as well as the particle size distribution and mineral composition of the fly ash particles are measured using CCSEM techniques.
More preferably, in step S2, the method for calculating the collision efficiency of fly ash particles with different particle sizes includes:
s21 using the following formula to calculate the coordinate x of the horizontal direction of fly ash particles with different particle sizes at the time t t The vertical coordinate y of fly ash particles with different particle sizes at the time t t ，
In the formula, v p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the horizontal direction, c is the drag coefficient, v g Velocity of gas in horizontal direction, p g Is the density of the gas, F v External forces other than gravity and buoyancy in the horizontal direction, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, u p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the vertical direction, u g Velocity of gas in vertical direction, p p Is the density of the fly ash particles, g is the acceleration of gravity, F u The external force is other than gravity and buoyancy in the vertical direction;
s22 obtaining x according to step S21 t And y t Calculating the collision efficiency eta of fly ash particles with different particle sizes by using the following formula i ，
In the formula, y 0 Is the coordinate of the radial center of the deposition tube in the vertical direction, x 0 Is the coordinate of the radial center of the deposition tube in the horizontal direction, R c To deposit the tube radius, the tube is used for the soot sampling in step S1.
Further preferably, in step S3, the rebound time of fly ash particles with different particle sizes at the current interface energy is calculated by the following formulaWork required by the garment interface
Wherein E is the modulus of elasticity, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, v p Poisson ratio, upsilon, of fly ash particles s Poisson's ratio of impact surface, E p Young's modulus, E, of fly ash particles s Is the young's modulus of the impact surface.
Further preferably, in step S3, the collision kinetic energy E of fly ash particles of different particle sizes is calculated by the following formula kin,i ，
In the formula, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, v p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the horizontal direction, u p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the vertical direction, c is the drag coefficient, v g Velocity of gas in horizontal direction, p g Is the density of the gas, F v External forces other than gravity and buoyancy in the horizontal direction, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, u g Velocity of gas in vertical direction, p p Is the density of the fly ash particles, g is the acceleration of gravity, F u The external force is other than gravity and buoyancy in the vertical direction.
More preferably, in step S4, the collection efficiency is determined by the following equation
Further preferably, in step S5, the particle size distribution f after contamination of fly ash particles of different particle sizes at the current interface energy is calculated by the following formula i k And thereby obtaining a particle size distribution f of the accumulated mass of the fly ash particles after contamination under the current interfacial energy k ，
In the formula, m i Is of diameter d p N is the mass of the fly ash particles smaller than d p H is the fly ash particles of all particle sizes.
Further preferably, the preset conditions in step S6 are: when sigma is k-1 ≥σ k ≤σ k+1 When in use, will
As the mean contamination interfacial energy of the fly ash particles.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of measuring the average contamination interfacial energy of fly ash particles, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) inserting a self-temperature-control deposition pipe into a hearth for dust deposition sampling, ensuring that the surface temperature of the self-temperature-control deposition pipe is the same as that of a boiler heat exchanger, cooling the collected dust deposition to room temperature, and dispersing to obtain a dust deposition sample to be detected;
(2) performing CCSEM analysis on the to-be-detected dust deposition sample obtained in the step (1) to obtain the particle size distribution of dust deposition particles;
(3) sampling fly ash at the same position in a hearth by using a sampling pipe, cooling the collected fly ash to room temperature, and dispersing to obtain a fly ash sample to be detected;
(4) and (4) carrying out CCSEM analysis on the fly ash sample to be detected obtained in the step (3) to obtain the particle size distribution and mineral distribution of the fly ash particles, and obtaining the contamination average interface energy of the fly ash particles by adopting the calculation method.
As a further preferable mode, in the step (1), the collection time of the contaminated ash deposit does not exceed the initial sintering time t of the fly ash under the temperature condition, and the mass of the collected ash deposit is ensured to be above 0.1g, wherein the initial sintering time t is calculated by:
where γ is the surface tension of the fly ash particles, μ is the viscosity of the fly ash particles, and r is the radius of the fly ash particles.
Generally, compared with the prior art, the above technical solution conceived by the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. in consideration of the complex adhesion of the fly ash particles to the collision surface and the contribution of the particle surface to the interface energy, the invention provides a method for judging the capture efficiency of the fly ash particles by overcoming the work required by the interface energy when the fly ash particles rebound, the energy loss caused by plastic deformation in the collision process of the fly ash particles and the collision kinetic energy of the fly ash particles, and then the back selection is carried out on the interface energy according to the obtained particle size distribution of the accumulated mass after the fly ash particles are polluted, thereby effectively improving the calculation accuracy of the interface energy;
2. meanwhile, compared with the prior art, the measurement method provided by the invention does not need expensive equipment such as a high-speed camera and the like for testing the critical rebound velocity of the particles, is suitable for a complex flue gas system of an actual boiler and a severe working environment on site, and has higher measurement accuracy for the impact of micron-level particles and the measurement of the particle size of accumulated dust compared with the critical rebound velocity;
3. in addition, the invention further optimizes the accumulated dust sampling time, can ensure that the measured accumulated dust particle size distribution truly reflects the real-time particle size distribution of the contamination of the fly ash particles, and further effectively improves the calculation accuracy of the invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a self-regulating deposition tube used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the theoretical particle size distribution of ash particles with experimentally measured values in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the theoretical particle size distribution of ash particles with experimentally measured values in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the theoretical particle size distribution of ash particles with experimentally measured values in example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the theoretical particle size distribution of ash particles with experimentally measured values for example 4 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the theoretical particle size distribution of ash particles with experimentally measured values for example 5 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing the theoretical particle size distribution of ash particles with experimentally measured values for example 6 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph comparing the calculated contamination ratio with the experimental value of the interfacial energy obtained in examples 1 to 7.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The invention provides a method for calculating the interface energy of ash particle contamination in combustion, which comprises the following steps:
s1, carrying out dust deposition sampling on the combustion process by using a deposition tube, and measuring the particle size distribution f' of the dust deposition by using a CCSEM (continuous phase scanning electron microscope) technology;
s2, fly ash sampling is carried out on the combustion process by using a sampling pipe, the particle size distribution and the mineral composition of fly ash particles are measured by a CCSEM technology, and then the collision efficiency of the fly ash particles with different particle sizes is calculated according to the results of the particle size distribution and the mineral composition, wherein the specific calculation process is as follows:
s21 using the following formula to calculate the coordinate x of the horizontal direction of fly ash particles with different particle sizes at the time t t The vertical coordinate y of fly ash particles with different particle sizes at the time t t ，
In the formula, v p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the horizontal direction, c is the drag coefficient, v g Velocity of gas in horizontal direction, p g Is the density of the gas, F v External forces other than gravity and buoyancy in the horizontal direction, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particle, u p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the vertical direction, u g Velocity of gas in vertical direction, p p Is the density of the fly ash particles, g is the acceleration of gravity, F u External forces other than gravity and buoyancy in the vertical direction, d p 、m p And ρ p Obtainable by testing the particle size distribution and mineral composition of fly ash particles according to CCSEM, F v And F u Can be obtained according to the temperature of the flue gas, rho g 、v g And u g Obtained by measuring smoke components and calculating;
s22 obtaining x according to step S21 t And y t Calculating the collision efficiency eta of fly ash particles with different particle sizes by using the following formula i ，
In the formula, y 0 Is the coordinate of the radial center of the deposition tube in the vertical direction, x 0 Is the coordinate of the radial center of the deposition tube in the horizontal direction, R c Is the radius of the deposition tube;
s3, the average interface energy of the fly ash particles is assigned to obtain the current interface energy
Then using formula (4) according to the current interface energy
And the particle size distribution of fly ash particlesCalculating the work required by the interface energy to overcome when fly ash particles with different particle sizes bounce under the current interface energy through mineral components
Meanwhile, the energy loss E caused by plastic deformation in the collision process of the fly ash particles is calculated by using the formula (5) def In addition, the collision kinetic energy E of the fly ash particles with different particle sizes is calculated by the yield strength of the fly ash particles by using the method in the prior art kin,i ，
Wherein E is the modulus of elasticity, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, v p Poisson ratio, upsilon, of fly ash particles s Poisson's ratio of impact surface, E p Is the Young's modulus of the fly ash particles, E s Is the Young's modulus, upsilon, of the impact surface p And E p Obtained from the mineral component of fly ash particles, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, v p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the horizontal direction, u p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the vertical direction, c is the drag coefficient, v g Velocity of gas in horizontal direction, p g Is the density of the gas, F v External forces other than gravity and buoyancy in the horizontal direction, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, u g Velocity of gas in vertical direction, p p Is the density of the fly ash particles, g is the acceleration of gravity, F u The external force is other than gravity and buoyancy in the vertical direction;
s4 obtained according to step S3
E def And E kin,i Judging the current interface energy by the formula (6)Efficiency of collecting fly ash particles of different particle sizes
When in use
At 1 the fly ash particles will collide,
s5 obtained according to step S4
Calculating the particle size distribution f after the fly ash particles with different particle sizes are contaminated under the current interface energy by using the formula (7) i k According to f i k The sum of the above results is the particle size distribution f of the accumulated mass of the contaminated fly ash particles under the current interface energy k Then calculate f k Root mean square deviation σ from f' at current interface energy k ，
In the formula, m i Is of diameter d p N is the mass of the fly ash particles smaller than d p H is the fly ash particles of all particle sizes;
s6, re-assigning the average interface energy of fly ash particles to obtain the next interface energy
And returning to the step S3, and repeating the steps S3-S6 until the preset condition is met, thereby obtaining the average contamination interface energy of the fly ash particles.
Further, in step S3, each time the interface energy of the ash particles and the collision surface is assigned, a calculation accuracy unit τ is added, and the value of τ is preferably 0.01j/m 2 ～0.1j/m 2 。
The fouling process of ash particles in the furnace can be described as a process in which kinetic energy is dissipated after the ash particles collide with the collision surface. The kinetic energy consumption of the ash particles mainly comprises two aspects: (1) the acting force of the collision surface of the ash particles is greater than the yield strength of the ash particles in the collision process, and the kinetic energy is consumed due to plastic deformation; (2) the ash particles are elastically deformed in the collision process, and when the elastic deformation recovery process of the ash particles has the tendency of leaving the collision surface, the interface energy of the contact surface needs to be overcome to do work. The energy loss of plastic deformation is related to the yield strength of the ash particles and can be calculated by consulting the properties of the corresponding particle material. The kinetic energy consumed to overcome the interfacial energy is related to the characteristics of the ash particle material and the interfacial energy of the collision process. The material characteristics of the ash particles can be determined according to the mineral composition, and once the interfacial energy of the ash particle collision is determined, an energy balance equation of the contamination process can be constructed, so that the characteristics of the contamination dust deposition particle size, the mineral composition and the like can be obtained. Therefore, although the interface energy of ash particle collision cannot be directly measured in a complex high-temperature flue gas environment, the ash contamination interface energy can be accurately obtained through analysis and inversion of characteristics such as contamination deposition ash particle size and mineral composition, and the main idea of the invention is also provided. Compared with the method that the surface energy of the particles is equal to the collision interface energy, the method comprehensively considers the complex adhesion of the ash particles and the collision surface and the contribution of the surface energy of the ash particles to the interface energy, and has higher accuracy.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring the interfacial energy of ash particle contamination in combustion, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) inserting a self-temperature-control deposition tube shown in figure 1 into a hearth for sampling contaminated dust, setting the surface temperature of the self-temperature-control deposition tube to be the same as that of a boiler heat exchanger, taking out the collected dust, naturally cooling the collected dust to room temperature, separating the dust from the self-temperature-control deposition tube by using alcohol, vibrating a mixed liquid of the alcohol and the dust in ultrasonic waves for a preset time so as to separate coarse dust particles stacked with each other, heating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the dust to dry, mixing the mixed liquid with wax oil, preferably Brazilian wax, melting and stirring the mixture until the particles are completely dispersed, stirring the mixture at room temperature until the wax oil is completely solidified so as to fully disperse and inlay the dust in the wax oil, and enabling the analysis surface to have conductivity through grinding and polishing treatment and surface carbon spraying treatment so as to prepare a dust sample to be detected;
(2) performing CCSEM analysis on the to-be-detected dust deposition sample obtained in the step (1) to obtain the particle size distribution of dust deposition particles;
(3) inserting a constant-speed sampling tube into a hearth, sampling fly ash at the same position in the hearth, naturally cooling the collected fly ash to room temperature, separating the fly ash from the constant-speed sampling tube by using alcohol, vibrating mixed liquid of the alcohol and the fly ash in ultrasonic waves for a preset time so as to separate mutually accumulated coarse ash particles, heating and evaporating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the fly ash to dryness, mixing the mixed liquid with wax oil, preferably Brazilian wax, melting and stirring the mixture until the particles are completely dispersed, stirring the mixture at room temperature until the wax oil is completely solidified so as to fully disperse and embed the fly ash in the wax oil, and grinding, polishing and spraying carbon on the surface of the mixture to ensure that the analyzed surface has conductivity so as to prepare a fly ash sample to be detected;
(4) and (4) carrying out CCSEM analysis on the fly ash sample to be detected obtained in the step (3) to obtain the particle size distribution and mineral distribution of the fly ash particles, and obtaining the contamination average interface energy of the fly ash particles by adopting the calculation method.
Further, in the step (1), under the condition of ensuring that the analysis sample is enough and representative, the sampling time of the self-temperature-control deposition tube is short enough, and the mass of the deposited ash in the unit area of the windward side of the self-temperature-control deposition tube is generally ensured not to be more than 10mg/mm 2 The mass of collected dust is above 0.1g, and the total collection time should not exceed the initial sintering time t of the fly ash under the temperature condition to ensure the single particle representativeness of collected dust, wherein the initial sintering time t is determined by the formula (8),
where γ is the surface tension of the fly ash particles, μ is the viscosity of the fly ash particles, and r is the radius of the fly ash particles.
Compared with a measurement method for performing fitting inversion on interface energy by using particle critical rebound velocity measurement, the method does not need expensive equipment for measuring the particle critical rebound velocity such as a high-speed camera, and is suitable for a complex flue gas system of an actual boiler and a severe working environment on site; compared with the critical rebound velocity, the method has higher precision for the particle size test of the deposited dust for the collision of micron-level particles; in addition, the critical rebound speed needs to be obtained by repeatedly adjusting the air flow speed, secondary collision experiment tests need to be carried out after the particles are collected, and the measured interface energy is different from the actual contaminated interface in the actual combustion process.
The technical solution provided by the present invention is further explained below according to specific embodiments.
Example 1
Calculation of mean interfacial energy of fly ash particle contamination under air combustion conditions for a typical SF bituminous coal:
(i) performing dust deposition sampling in a hearth burning SF bituminous coal by adopting an automatic temperature control deposition pipe, wherein the dust deposition sampling time is 10 min;
(ii) naturally cooling the collected deposition ash to room temperature, separating the deposition ash from the self-temperature-control deposition pipe by using alcohol, and vibrating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the deposition ash in ultrasonic waves for 60 min;
(iii) evaporating the alcohol to dryness at 90 ℃ in the mixed liquid in the step (ii), then mixing the deposited ash obtained after evaporation to dryness with the carnauba wax, wherein the mixing ratio of the deposited ash to the carnauba wax is about 1:10, fully melting the carnauba wax at 120 ℃, stirring until the particles are completely dispersed, and then stirring the carnauba wax and the ash at room temperature until the carnauba wax is solidified;
(iv) carrying out grinding and polishing treatment and surface carbon spraying treatment on the analysis surface of the mosaic sample obtained in the step (iii) to enable the analysis surface to have conductivity so as to obtain an ash deposition sample to be detected, and then carrying out CCSEM (computer controlled scanning electron microscope) analysis on the ash deposition sample to be detected to obtain the particle size distribution of the ash deposition particles;
(v) sampling the fly ash at the same position of the hearth by using a constant-speed sampling tube, and then testing the particle size distribution and the mineral components of the fly ash particles by CCSEM analysis according to the steps (ii) to (iv);
(vi) calculating the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles according to the formulas (1) to (7), and finally fitting the ash deposition theory and experimentally testing the particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 2 to obtain an interface energy value of 1.8j/m 2 。
Example 2
Calculating the average interface energy of flying ash particle contamination of wood chip biomass under air combustion conditions:
(i) carrying out dust deposition sampling in a hearth burning the wood chip biomass by adopting an automatic temperature control deposition pipe, wherein the dust deposition sampling time is 10 min;
(ii) naturally cooling the collected deposition ash to room temperature, separating the deposition ash from the self-temperature-control deposition pipe by using alcohol, and vibrating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the deposition ash in ultrasonic waves for 60 min;
(iii) evaporating the alcohol to dryness at 90 ℃ in the mixed liquid in the step (ii), then mixing the deposited ash obtained after evaporation to dryness with the carnauba wax, wherein the mixing ratio of the deposited ash to the carnauba wax is about 1:10, fully melting the carnauba wax at 120 ℃, stirring until the particles are completely dispersed, and then stirring the carnauba wax and the ash at room temperature until the carnauba wax is solidified;
(iv) carrying out grinding and polishing treatment and surface carbon spraying treatment on the analysis surface of the mosaic sample obtained in the step (iii) to enable the analysis surface to have conductivity so as to obtain an ash deposition sample to be detected, and then carrying out CCSEM (computer controlled scanning electron microscope) analysis on the ash deposition sample to be detected to obtain the particle size distribution of the ash deposition particles;
(v) sampling the fly ash at the same position of the hearth by using a constant-speed sampling tube, and then testing the particle size distribution and the mineral components of the fly ash particles by CCSEM analysis according to the steps (ii) to (iv);
(vi) calculating the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles according to the formulas (1) to (7), and finally fitting the ash deposition theory and experimentally testing the particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 3 to obtain an interface energy value of 2.0j/m 2 。
Example 3
The wood chip/SF coal mixing mass ratio is calculated as 1/1 fuel fly ash particle contamination mean interfacial energy under air combustion conditions:
(i) carrying out dust deposition sampling in a hearth burning the wood chip/SF coal mixed fuel by adopting an automatic temperature control deposition pipe, wherein the dust deposition sampling time is 10 min;
(ii) naturally cooling the collected deposition ash to room temperature, separating the deposition ash from the self-temperature-control deposition pipe by using alcohol, and vibrating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the deposition ash in ultrasonic waves for 60 min;
(iii) evaporating the alcohol from the mixed liquid obtained in the step (ii) at 90 ℃, then mixing the deposited ash obtained after evaporation with the carnauba wax, wherein the mixing ratio of the deposited ash to the carnauba wax is about 1:10, fully melting the carnauba wax at 120 ℃, stirring until the particles are completely dispersed, and then stirring the carnauba wax and the ash at room temperature until the carnauba wax is solidified;
(iv) carrying out grinding and polishing treatment and surface carbon spraying treatment on the analysis surface of the mosaic sample obtained in the step (iii) to enable the analysis surface to have conductivity so as to obtain an ash deposition sample to be detected, and then carrying out CCSEM (computer controlled scanning electron microscope) analysis on the ash deposition sample to be detected to obtain the particle size distribution of the ash deposition particles;
(v) sampling the fly ash at the same position of the hearth by using a constant-speed sampling tube, and then testing the particle size distribution and the mineral components of the fly ash particles by CCSEM analysis according to the steps (ii) to (iv);
(vi) calculating the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles according to the formulas (1) to (7), and finally fitting the ash deposition theory and experimentally testing the particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 4 to obtain an interface energy value of 1.9j/m 2 。
Example 4
Typical SF bituminous coal is 50 vol% O 2 O of (A) to (B) 2 /CO 2 Calculation of mean interfacial energy of contamination of fly ash particles under combustion conditions:
(i) adopting a self-temperature-control deposition tube at 50 vol% O 2 O of (A) to (B) 2 /CO 2 Carrying out dust deposition sampling in a hearth for burning SF bituminous coal under the atmosphere, wherein the dust deposition sampling time is 10 min;
(ii) naturally cooling the collected deposition ash to room temperature, separating the deposition ash from the self-temperature-control deposition pipe by using alcohol, and vibrating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the deposition ash in ultrasonic waves for 60 min;
(iii) evaporating the alcohol to dryness at 90 ℃ in the mixed liquid in the step (ii), then mixing the deposited ash obtained after evaporation to dryness with the carnauba wax, wherein the mixing ratio of the deposited ash to the carnauba wax is about 1:10, fully melting the carnauba wax at 120 ℃, stirring until the particles are completely dispersed, and then stirring the carnauba wax and the ash at room temperature until the carnauba wax is solidified;
(iv) carrying out grinding and polishing treatment and surface carbon spraying treatment on the analysis surface of the mosaic sample obtained in the step (iii) to enable the analysis surface to have conductivity so as to obtain an ash deposition sample to be detected, and then carrying out CCSEM (computer controlled scanning electron microscope) analysis on the ash deposition sample to be detected to obtain the particle size distribution of the ash deposition particles;
(v) sampling the fly ash at the same position of the hearth by using a constant-speed sampling tube, and then testing the particle size distribution and the mineral components of the fly ash particles by CCSEM analysis according to the steps (ii) to (iv);
(vi) calculating the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles according to the formulas (1) to (7), and finally fitting the ash deposition theory and experimentally testing the particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 5 to obtain an interface energy value of 1.5j/m 2 。
Example 5
The wood chip biomass is 50 vol% O 2 O of (A) to (B) 2 /CO 2 Calculation of mean interfacial energy of contamination of fly ash particles under combustion conditions:
(i) adopting a self-temperature-control deposition tube at 50 vol% O 2 O of (A) to (B) 2 /CO 2 Performing dust deposition sampling in a hearth for burning sawdust biomass under the atmosphere, wherein the dust deposition sampling time is 10 min;
(ii) naturally cooling the collected deposition ash to room temperature, separating the deposition ash from the self-temperature-control deposition pipe by using alcohol, and vibrating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the deposition ash in ultrasonic waves for 60 min;
(iii) evaporating the alcohol to dryness at 90 ℃ in the mixed liquid in the step (ii), then mixing the deposited ash obtained after evaporation to dryness with the carnauba wax, wherein the mixing ratio of the deposited ash to the carnauba wax is about 1:10, fully melting the carnauba wax at 120 ℃, stirring until the particles are completely dispersed, and then stirring the carnauba wax and the ash at room temperature until the carnauba wax is solidified;
(iv) carrying out grinding and polishing treatment and surface carbon spraying treatment on the analysis surface of the mosaic sample obtained in the step (iii) to enable the analysis surface to have conductivity so as to obtain an ash deposition sample to be detected, and then carrying out CCSEM (computer controlled scanning electron microscope) analysis on the ash deposition sample to be detected to obtain the particle size distribution of the ash deposition particles;
(v) sampling the fly ash at the same position of the hearth by using a constant-speed sampling tube, and then testing the particle size distribution and the mineral components of the fly ash particles by CCSEM analysis according to the steps (ii) to (iv);
(vi) calculating the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles according to the formulas (1) to (7), and finally fitting the ash deposition theory and experimentally testing the particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 6 to obtain an interface energy value of 2.6j/m 2 。
Example 6
The mixing mass ratio of the wood chips to the SF coal is 1/1, and the fuel is 50 vol% O 2 O of (a) 2 /CO 2 Calculation of mean interfacial energy of contamination of fly ash particles under Combustion conditions
(i) Adopting a self-temperature-control deposition tube at 50 vol% O 2 O of (A) to (B) 2 /CO 2 Performing dust deposition sampling in a hearth for burning the sawdust/SF coal mixed fuel under the atmosphere, wherein the dust deposition sampling time is 10 min;
(ii) naturally cooling the collected deposition ash to room temperature, separating the deposition ash from the self-temperature-control deposition pipe by using alcohol, and vibrating the mixed liquid of the alcohol and the deposition ash in ultrasonic waves for 60 min;
(iii) evaporating the alcohol to dryness at 90 ℃ in the mixed liquid in the step (ii), then mixing the deposited ash obtained after evaporation to dryness with the carnauba wax, wherein the mixing ratio of the deposited ash to the carnauba wax is about 1:10, fully melting the carnauba wax at 120 ℃, stirring until the particles are completely dispersed, and then stirring the carnauba wax and the ash at room temperature until the carnauba wax is solidified;
(iv) performing grinding and polishing treatment and surface carbon spraying treatment on the analysis surface of the mosaic sample obtained in the step (iii) to enable the analysis surface to have conductivity so as to obtain an ash deposition sample to be detected, and then performing CCSEM (computer controlled scanning electron microscope) analysis on the ash deposition sample to be detected to obtain the particle size and mineral components of the ash deposition particles;
(v) sampling the fly ash at the same position of the hearth by using a constant-speed sampling tube, and then testing the particle size distribution and the mineral components of the fly ash particles by CCSEM analysis according to the steps (ii) to (iv);
(vi) calculating the average interface energy of contamination of fly ash particles according to the formulas (1) to (7), finally fitting the ash deposition theory and experimentally testing the particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 7, and obtaining the interface energy value of 2.2j/m 2 。
To verify the accuracy, the interface energies calculated in examples 1 to 6 were respectively substituted into the fly ash particles with different particle sizes to obtain the collection efficiency G i The contamination ratio xi (deposition ratio of fly ash on the deposition tube with self-temperature control) of the deposition tube with self-temperature control is calculated by the following formula,
the calculated contamination ratio of the ash particles is compared with the experimental value, and the result is shown in fig. 8, and the calculated contamination ratio of the ash particles based on the contamination average interface of the fly ash particles determined by the method of the present invention is found to have very good coincidence with the experimental value, which proves that the contamination average interface of the fly ash particles determined by the method of the present invention is accurate and feasible.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for calculating the mean interfacial energy of contamination of fly ash particles, the method comprising the steps of:
s1, performing dust deposition sampling on the combustion process, and measuring the particle size distribution f' of the dust deposition;
s2, sampling the fly ash in the combustion process, measuring the particle size distribution and mineral composition of the fly ash particles, and calculating the collision efficiency of the fly ash particles with different particle sizes according to the results of the particle size distribution and the mineral composition;
s3, the average interface energy of the fly ash particles is assigned to obtain the current interface energy
Then according to the current interface energy
And the particle size distribution of the fly ash particles and the mineral composition calculate the work required to be done to overcome the interface energy when fly ash particles with different particle sizes rebound under the current interface energy
At the same time, the energy loss E caused by plastic deformation in the collision process of fly ash particles is calculated def Collision kinetic energy E with fly ash particles of different particle sizes kin,i ；
S4 obtained according to step S3
E def And E kin,i Judging the capture efficiency of fly ash particles with different particle sizes under the current interface energy
S5 obtained according to step S4
Calculating the particle size distribution f of the accumulated mass of the contaminated fly ash particles under the current interface energy k And calculate f k Root mean square deviation σ from f' at current interface energy k ；
S6, re-assigning the average interface energy of fly ash particles to obtain the next interface energy
And returning to the step S3, and repeating the steps S3-S6 until the preset condition is met, thereby obtaining the average contamination interface energy of the fly ash particles.
2. The method of calculating the contamination average interfacial energy of fly ash particles according to claim 1, wherein the particle size distribution of the deposited ash and the particle size distribution and mineral composition of the fly ash particles are measured using CCSEM technique in steps S1 and S2.
3. The method for calculating the contamination average interfacial energy of fly ash particles according to claim 1, wherein the collision efficiency of fly ash particles of different particle sizes is calculated in step S2 by:
s21 using the following formula to calculate the coordinate x of the horizontal direction of fly ash particles with different particle sizes at the time t t The vertical coordinate y of fly ash particles with different particle sizes at the time t t ，
In the formula, v p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the horizontal direction, c is the drag coefficient, v g Velocity of gas in horizontal direction, p g Is the density of the gas, F v External forces other than gravity and buoyancy in the horizontal direction, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, u p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the vertical direction, u g Velocity of gas in vertical direction, p p Is the density of the fly ash particles, g is the acceleration of gravity, F u The external force is other than gravity and buoyancy in the vertical direction;
s22 obtaining x according to step S21 t And y t Calculating the collision efficiency eta of fly ash particles with different particle sizes by using the following formula i ，
In the formula, y 0 Is the coordinate of the radial center of the deposition tube in the vertical direction, x 0 Is the coordinate of the radial center of the deposition tube in the horizontal direction, R c To deposit the tube radius, the tube is used for the soot sampling in step S1.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step S3 is performed by calculating the work required to overcome the interfacial energy when fly ash particles with different particle sizes bounce under the current interfacial energy according to the following formula
Wherein E is the modulus of elasticity, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, v p Poisson ratio, upsilon, of fly ash particles s Poisson's ratio of impact surface, E p Is the Young's modulus of the fly ash particles, E s Is the young's modulus of the impact surface.
5. The method of calculating contamination average interfacial energy of fly ash particles according to claim 1, wherein the collision kinetic energy E of fly ash particles of different particle sizes is calculated in step S3 by using the following formula kin,i ，
In the formula, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, v p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the horizontal direction, u p Is the velocity of the fly ash particles in the vertical direction,c is drag coefficient, v g Velocity of gas in horizontal direction, p g Is the density of the gas, F v External forces other than gravity and buoyancy in the horizontal direction, m p Is the mass of the fly ash particles, d p Is the diameter of the fly ash particles, u g Velocity of gas in vertical direction, p p Is the density of the fly ash particles, g is the acceleration of gravity, F u The external force is other than gravity and buoyancy in the vertical direction.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the collecting efficiency is judged by the following formula in step S4
7. The method of calculating the contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles according to claim 1, wherein the particle size distribution f after contamination of fly ash particles of different particle sizes at the current interface energy is calculated by the following formula in step S5 i k And thereby obtaining a particle size distribution f of the accumulated mass of the fly ash particles after contamination under the current interfacial energy k ，
In the formula, m i Is of diameter d p N is the mass of the fly ash particles smaller than d p H is the fly ash particles of all particle sizes.
8. The method for calculating the contamination average interfacial energy of fly ash particles according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the predetermined condition in step S6 is: when sigma is k-1 ≥σ k ≤σ k+1 When in use, will
As the mean contamination interfacial energy of the fly ash particles.
9. A method for measuring the average contamination interfacial energy of fly ash particles, comprising the steps of:
(1) inserting a self-temperature-control deposition pipe into a hearth for dust deposition sampling, ensuring that the surface temperature of the self-temperature-control deposition pipe is the same as that of a boiler heat exchanger, cooling the collected dust deposition to room temperature, and dispersing to obtain a dust deposition sample to be detected;
(2) performing CCSEM analysis on the to-be-detected dust deposition sample obtained in the step (1) to obtain the particle size distribution of dust deposition particles;
(3) sampling fly ash at the same position in a hearth by using a sampling pipe, cooling the collected fly ash to room temperature, and dispersing to obtain a fly ash sample to be detected;
(4) and (4) carrying out CCSEM analysis on the fly ash sample to be detected obtained in the step (3) to obtain the particle size distribution and mineral distribution of the fly ash particles, and obtaining the contamination average interface energy of the fly ash particles by adopting the calculation method.
10. The method for measuring the average contamination interface energy of fly ash particles according to claim 9, wherein in step (1), the collection time of the contamination deposits does not exceed the initial sintering time t of the fly ash under the temperature condition, and the mass of the collected deposits is ensured to be above 0.1g, wherein the initial sintering time t is calculated by:
where γ is the surface tension of the fly ash particles, μ is the viscosity of the fly ash particles, and r is the radius of the fly ash particles.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210380594.8A CN114814076B (en) | 2022-04-12 | 2022-04-12 | Calculation method and measurement method for contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210380594.8A CN114814076B (en) | 2022-04-12 | 2022-04-12 | Calculation method and measurement method for contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114814076A true CN114814076A (en) | 2022-07-29 |
| CN114814076B CN114814076B (en) | 2023-01-03 |
Family
ID=82534929
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210380594.8A Active CN114814076B (en) | 2022-04-12 | 2022-04-12 | Calculation method and measurement method for contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN114814076B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115683959A (en) * | 2022-11-03 | 2023-02-03 | 北京信息科技大学 | Biomass power generation fuel particle size identification system and method based on collision sound characteristics |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1553381A (en) * | 1975-08-11 | 1979-09-26 | Occidental Petroleum Corp | Processing of solid wastes |
| US5282430A (en) * | 1991-07-08 | 1994-02-01 | Nehls Jr George R | Flyash injection system and method |
| JP2006077288A (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-23 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | Method for simulating burning phenomenon of concentrate in flash smelting furnace |
| US20130125799A1 (en) * | 2009-09-24 | 2013-05-23 | Ash Improvement Technology, Inc. | Systems and methods for comminuting and recirculating coal combustion products |
| CN104697916A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2015-06-10 | 华中科技大学 | Method for recognizing and analyzing single particle of solid fuel particles |
| CN106021820A (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2016-10-12 | 清华大学 | Modeling method for in-furnace ash deposition model based on direct simulation Monte Carlo |
| CN108957026A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-12-07 | 安徽工业大学 | A kind of critical ball rebound velocity measuring device and method of hot fly ash granule |
| JP2019138517A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2019-08-22 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | Apparatus of determining condition controlling depositing amount of ash in combustion furnace, combustion system, and method of determining condition controlling depositing amount of ash |
| CN215812263U (en) * | 2021-08-16 | 2022-02-11 | 苏州达储能源科技有限公司 | Device for microscopic measurement of impact resilience characteristic in ash particle deposition and slagging process |
-
2022
- 2022-04-12 CN CN202210380594.8A patent/CN114814076B/en active Active
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1553381A (en) * | 1975-08-11 | 1979-09-26 | Occidental Petroleum Corp | Processing of solid wastes |
| US5282430A (en) * | 1991-07-08 | 1994-02-01 | Nehls Jr George R | Flyash injection system and method |
| JP2006077288A (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-23 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | Method for simulating burning phenomenon of concentrate in flash smelting furnace |
| US20130125799A1 (en) * | 2009-09-24 | 2013-05-23 | Ash Improvement Technology, Inc. | Systems and methods for comminuting and recirculating coal combustion products |
| CN104697916A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2015-06-10 | 华中科技大学 | Method for recognizing and analyzing single particle of solid fuel particles |
| CN106021820A (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2016-10-12 | 清华大学 | Modeling method for in-furnace ash deposition model based on direct simulation Monte Carlo |
| JP2019138517A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2019-08-22 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | Apparatus of determining condition controlling depositing amount of ash in combustion furnace, combustion system, and method of determining condition controlling depositing amount of ash |
| CN108957026A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-12-07 | 安徽工业大学 | A kind of critical ball rebound velocity measuring device and method of hot fly ash granule |
| CN215812263U (en) * | 2021-08-16 | 2022-02-11 | 苏州达储能源科技有限公司 | Device for microscopic measurement of impact resilience characteristic in ash particle deposition and slagging process |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| JIANQUN WU,ET AL: "Impact of oxy-fuel combustion on ash properties and sintering strength development", 《ENERGY FUELS》 * |
| 李金波 等: "一种新型受热面飞灰颗粒的沉积特性", 《化工学报》 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115683959A (en) * | 2022-11-03 | 2023-02-03 | 北京信息科技大学 | Biomass power generation fuel particle size identification system and method based on collision sound characteristics |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN114814076B (en) | 2023-01-03 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Suman et al. | Generalization of particle impact behavior in gas turbine via non-dimensional grouping | |
| Erickson et al. | Modelling of fouling and slagging in coal-fired utility boilers | |
| CN114814076B (en) | Calculation method and measurement method for contamination average interface energy of fly ash particles | |
| Sarofim et al. | Mechanisms of ash and deposit formation | |
| Liu et al. | Numerical investigation on development of initial ash deposition layer for a high-alkali coal | |
| CN112528547A (en) | Method for solving abrasion of boiler tail flue based on gas-solid two-phase flow numerical research | |
| Barta et al. | Coal fouling tendency model | |
| Zhang et al. | Collection of particles on cold surfaces: a review | |
| Zhou et al. | The effects of coal blending on the formation and properties of particulate matter during combustion | |
| Khan et al. | Particle-size-dependent analysis of the impact of temperature, humidity, and tilt angle on soiling | |
| Wagoner et al. | How Ash Impaction Changes Shape of a Superheater Deposit with Time | |
| Schulz et al. | Submicron particles from a pulverized coal fired boiler | |
| CN107741388B (en) | Method for testing content and distribution rule of droplets at inlet and outlet of demister of flue gas desulfurization system | |
| Babat et al. | Deposition behavior of a bituminous coal in a large pulverized fuel power plant | |
| Laursen et al. | Classification system for ash deposits based on SEM analyses | |
| Allan et al. | Modeling of ash deposition in the convective pass of a coal-fired boiler | |
| Houzvicka et al. | Drift from cooling towers as an important emission source, its measurement and reduction | |
| McCollor et al. | Ash deposit initiation in a simulated fouling regime | |
| Schulze et al. | Advanced modelling of deposit formation in biomass furnaces–investigation of mechanisms and comparison with deposit measurements in a small-scale pellet boiler | |
| Hurley et al. | Project Calcium | |
| MODEL | MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF DEPOSIT FORMATION FOR A WOODCHIP FIRED GRATE BOILER BASED ON A MECHANISTIC FOULING MODEL | |
| Pyykönen et al. | Development of a Prediction Scheme for Pulverised Coal-Fired Boiler Slagging | |
| Inamdar | Performance of Finned Heat Exchangers After Air-side Fouling and Cleaning | |
| Korbee et al. | Monitoring and modelling of gas-side boiler fouling | |
| Zhao et al. | Full-scale CFD Simulation and Measurement in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |