CN114810836A - Wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure - Google Patents
Wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN114810836A CN114810836A CN202210459639.0A CN202210459639A CN114810836A CN 114810836 A CN114810836 A CN 114810836A CN 202210459639 A CN202210459639 A CN 202210459639A CN 114810836 A CN114810836 A CN 114810836A
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- inner race
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- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 159
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002146 bilateral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/72—Sealings
- F16C33/76—Sealings of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/78—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members
- F16C33/7803—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members suited for particular types of rolling bearings
- F16C33/7806—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members suited for particular types of rolling bearings for spherical roller bearings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/72—Sealings
- F16C33/76—Sealings of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/78—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members
- F16C33/7816—Details of the sealing or parts thereof, e.g. geometry, material
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/72—Sealings
- F16C33/76—Sealings of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/78—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members
- F16C33/7816—Details of the sealing or parts thereof, e.g. geometry, material
- F16C33/782—Details of the sealing or parts thereof, e.g. geometry, material of the sealing region
- F16C33/7823—Details of the sealing or parts thereof, e.g. geometry, material of the sealing region of sealing lips
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/72—Sealings
- F16C33/76—Sealings of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/78—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members
- F16C33/7816—Details of the sealing or parts thereof, e.g. geometry, material
- F16C33/783—Details of the sealing or parts thereof, e.g. geometry, material of the mounting region
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/72—Sealings
- F16C33/76—Sealings of ball or roller bearings
- F16C33/78—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members
- F16C33/784—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members mounted to a groove in the inner surface of the outer race and extending toward the inner race
- F16C33/7843—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members mounted to a groove in the inner surface of the outer race and extending toward the inner race with a single annular sealing disc
- F16C33/7853—Sealings of ball or roller bearings with a diaphragm, disc, or ring, with or without resilient members mounted to a groove in the inner surface of the outer race and extending toward the inner race with a single annular sealing disc with one or more sealing lips to contact the inner race
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J15/00—Sealings
- F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
- F16J15/32—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings
- F16J15/3204—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings with at least one lip
- F16J15/3232—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings with at least one lip having two or more lips
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J15/00—Sealings
- F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
- F16J15/32—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings
- F16J15/3248—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings provided with casings or supports
- F16J15/3252—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings provided with casings or supports with rigid casings or supports
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J15/00—Sealings
- F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
- F16J15/32—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings
- F16J15/3268—Mounting of sealing rings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J15/00—Sealings
- F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
- F16J15/32—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings
- F16J15/3284—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings characterised by their structure; Selection of materials
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
- Sealing Of Bearings (AREA)
Abstract
The utility model provides a wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure, including the bearing inner race, bearing inner race and two sealing washers, the sealing washer comprises steel skeleton and elastic sealing element, elastic sealing element is provided with the seal lip that is used for carrying out the shutoff of holding chamber with the contact of bearing inner race in its radial one end, the radial other end is provided with two at least sealed archs, sealed protruding taper structure that is outside extension end and constantly reduces, and interval and parallel arrangement about a plurality of sealed archs, still be provided with a plurality of seal grooves on the bearing outer race, this seal groove can carry out the one-to-one cooperation dress card with the sealed protruding on the sealing washer, be clearance fit state between matched with seal groove and the sealed protruding. The bearing sealing structure has strong adaptability under high and low temperature working environment, sealing failure or falling of the sealing ring can not occur when the bearing sealing structure is used in a wide temperature range, the sealing reliability of the bearing during working can be effectively ensured, and the service life of the bearing is prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of bearings, in particular to a wide temperature adaptation type bearing sealing structure.
Background
At present, a sealing ring of a sealing bearing is loosened in the using process, so that the sealing is not tight and a cover is dropped. Especially, in the use environments of high and low temperature, wide temperature, large vibration and the like, abnormal phenomena such as sealing failure and even shedding of the sealing ring are more likely to occur, so that the performance and reliability of the bearing are influenced. For example, chinese patent application with application publication No. CN11122487A discloses a sealed bearing, wherein sealing rings are disposed on the left and right sides of a retainer, and the radial outer diameter of the sealing ring is clamped and mounted with an outer ring sealing groove by the deformation of the sealing ring, so that under the environment of high and low temperature, wide temperature and large vibration, the deformation of the sealing ring is increased or decreased, which affects the mounting firmness and operation reliability of the two, and further affects the bearing performance.
Therefore, how to ensure that the sealing of the sealing bearing does not fail and the sealing ring does not fall off under the working condition is a technical problem to be solved by the technical personnel in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical purpose of the invention is as follows: the bearing sealing structure has the advantages that the adaptability is strong under the high-temperature and low-temperature working environment, the sealing failure or falling of the sealing ring can not occur when the bearing sealing structure is used in a wide temperature range, the sealing reliability of the bearing during working can be effectively guaranteed, and the service life of the bearing is prolonged.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a wide-temperature adaptive bearing sealing structure comprises a bearing outer ring, a bearing inner ring and two sealing rings, wherein the two sealing rings are arranged between the bearing outer ring and the bearing inner ring in a bilateral symmetry manner and enclose the bearing outer ring and the bearing inner ring together to form a hollow accommodating cavity, a steel ball is fixedly supported at the center of the accommodating cavity through a retainer, each sealing ring comprises a steel skeleton and an elastic sealing element coated outside the steel skeleton, one radial end of the elastic sealing element is provided with a sealing lip used for being in contact with the bearing inner ring to seal the accommodating cavity, the other radial end of the elastic sealing element is provided with at least two sealing bulges, the sealing bulges are in a tapered structure with the outwards extending ends continuously reduced, the sealing bulges are arranged in a left-right spaced and parallel manner, the bearing outer ring is also provided with a plurality of sealing grooves, and the sealing grooves can be matched and clamped with the sealing bulges on the sealing rings in a one-to-one manner, the matched sealing groove and the sealing bulge are in clearance fit, and the clearance fit meets the following formula requirements:
D 1 -a>D 0 >D 2 +b,
wherein a ═ D 0 ×γ 1 -D 1 ×γ 2 )×Δt 1 ;b=(D 0 ×γ 1 -D 2 ×γ 2 )×Δt 2 ;D 1 The maximum distance from the sealing groove to the outer diameter of the bearing inner ring; d 2 The minimum distance between the sealing groove and the outer diameter of the bearing inner ring is set; d 0 The radial width of the elastomeric seal at room temperature 25 ℃; gamma ray 1 Is the thermal coefficient of expansion of the elastomeric seal; gamma ray 2 Is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the steel; Δ t 1 The temperature difference between the working temperature and the room temperature of 25 ℃ is obtained when the bearing sealing structure works under the high-temperature condition; Δ t 2 The temperature difference between the working temperature and the room temperature of 25 ℃ is obtained when the bearing sealing structure works under the low-temperature condition.
Preferably, the number of the sealing lips 3021 on the elastic seal 302 is two, and the two sealing lips 3021 are symmetrically arranged at one end of the elastic seal.
Preferably, the plurality of sealing protrusions 3022 of the elastic sealing member 302 are uniformly spaced left and right.
Preferably, the elastic sealing member 302 is made of rubber.
Preferably, the number of the sealing protrusions 3022 on the elastic sealing member 302 is three.
Has the advantages that:
the wide-temperature adaptation type bearing sealing structure is simple in structure and convenient to use. The bearing sealing structure is provided with at least 2 equidistant sealing bulges on the sealing ring, a certain gap is reserved between the sealing bulges and the sealing groove on the bearing outer ring when the sealing bulges are matched, a gap is reserved between the matching structures when the bearing operates under a high-temperature environment, and the outer diameter of the sealing bulges in the sealing ring is larger than the inner diameter of the sealing groove when the bearing operates under a low-temperature environment, so that the sealing failure and the falling of the sealing ring can not occur, and the sealing reliability of the bearing during operation is effectively improved. Meanwhile, in the bearing sealing structure, at least 2 sealing bulges and the sealing groove are assembled and installed, so that the firmness is enhanced, and the sealing ring does not deform at wide temperature, so that the sealing performance of the bearing cannot be influenced when the bearing sealing structure works in a vibration environment, and the stability is good.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 1;
reference numerals: 1. the bearing comprises a bearing outer ring, 2, a bearing inner ring, 3, a sealing ring, 301, a steel skeleton, 302, an elastic sealing element, 3021, a sealing lip, 3022, a sealing bulge, 4, an accommodating cavity, 5, a retainer, 6, a steel ball, 7 and a sealing groove.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the wide temperature adaptation type bearing sealing structure of the invention comprises a bearing outer ring 1, a bearing inner ring 2 and two sealing rings 3, wherein the two sealing rings 3 are arranged between the bearing outer ring 1 and the bearing inner ring 2 in a bilateral symmetry manner, and enclose with the bearing outer ring 1 and the bearing inner ring 2 to form a hollow accommodating cavity 4, a steel ball 6 is fixedly supported at the center of the accommodating cavity 4 through a retainer 5, a plurality of sealing grooves 7 are arranged at equal intervals in the inner diameter of the bearing outer ring 1, the sealing rings 3 are composed of a steel skeleton 301 and an elastic sealing element 302 covering the outer side of the steel skeleton 301, one end of the elastic sealing element 302 in the radial direction is provided with two sealing lips 3021 for contacting with the bearing inner ring 2 to seal the accommodating cavity 4, and the two sealing lips 3021 are arranged in a bilateral symmetry manner at the end of the elastic sealing element, the radial other end is provided with two at least sealed archs 3022, sealed archs 3022 be the taper structure that outside extension end constantly dwindled, and even interval and parallel arrangement about a plurality of sealed archs 3022, sealed archs 3022 on the sealing washer 3 can carry out the one-to-one cooperation dress card with seal groove 7, is the clearance fit state between matched with seal groove 7 and the sealed archs 3022, and this clearance fit state satisfies following formula requirement:
a=D 1 -D H the sealing ring is not deformed when contacting with the sealing groove under high temperature, and the clearance fit amount is at least a ═ D 0 ×γ 1 -D 1 ×γ 2 )×Δt 1
b=D L -D 2 The lower sealing ring and the sealing groove do not fall off in a low-temperature state, and the outer diameter of the sealing ring is larger than the inner diameter of the sealing groove and is at least equal to (D) 0 ×γ 1 -D 2 ×γ 2 )×Δt 2
From the above, the outer diameter of the seal ring is D 0 >D 2 + b, and D 0 <D 1 -a。
Δt 1 Is the difference between the high temperature and the normal temperature (room temperature at 25 ℃), Δ t 2 Is the difference between normal temperature (room temperature at 25 ℃) and low temperature;
wherein D is 1 Is the maximum distance of the sealing groove from the outer diameter of the bearing inner ring, namely D 1 The diameter of the bottom of a sealed groove of the bearing outer ring is measured; d 2 Is the minimum distance of the sealing groove from the outer diameter of the bearing inner ring, namely D 2 The inner diameter of a sealing groove of the bearing outer ring; d 0 The radial width of the elastomeric seal at room temperature 25 ℃; d H For bearing sealingThe radial width of the elastic sealing element when the sealing structure works under the high-temperature condition; d L The radial width of the elastic sealing element is the radial width of the bearing sealing structure when the bearing sealing structure works under the low-temperature condition; gamma ray 1 Is the thermal coefficient of expansion of the elastomeric seal; gamma ray 2 Is the coefficient of thermal linear expansion of the steel; Δ t 1 The temperature difference between the working temperature and the room temperature of 25 ℃ is obtained when the bearing sealing structure works under the high-temperature condition; Δ t 2 The temperature difference between the working temperature and the room temperature of 25 ℃ is obtained when the bearing sealing structure works under the low-temperature condition; a is when the bearing sealing structure works under the high-temperature condition, D 1 A height difference from a radial width of the elastomeric seal; b is the radial width and D of the elastic sealing element when the bearing sealing structure works under the low-temperature condition 2 The height difference therebetween.
The above formula requires that a gap is formed between the sealing groove and the matching structure formed by the sealing protrusion group when the bearing sealing structure is used in a high-temperature environment, and the outer diameter of the sealing protrusion in the sealing ring is larger than the inner diameter of the sealing groove when the sealing structure is used in a low-temperature environment.
The wide-temperature-adaptation type bearing sealing structure is based on technical innovation in the use environments of high and low temperature, wide temperature, large vibration and the like.
The structure is characterized in that at least 2 sealing grooves with equal intervals are arranged on the outer ring of the bearing, so that the fixation is enhanced firmly, and the environment with large vibration is facilitated.
And secondly, considering a high-temperature environment, a certain clearance a mm is reserved when the sealing bulge is matched with the sealing groove (linear expansion coefficient of the sealing ring material and the steel material is considered for calculation), and a clearance is ensured under the high-temperature environment when the bearing operates, and the sealing ring is not deformed.
And thirdly, considering a low-temperature environment, wherein the outer diameter of the sealing bulge of the sealing ring is larger than the inner diameter of the sealing groove under the low-temperature environment, and the value is b millimeters (the linear expansion coefficient of the material of the sealing ring and the material of the steel is considered for calculation), so that the sealing ring can not fall off to cause sealing failure.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in the form and detail of the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The invention is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. The utility model provides a wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure, includes bearing inner race (1), bearing inner race (2) and two sealing washer (3), two sealing washer (3) bilateral symmetry set up between bearing inner race (2) and bearing outer race (1) to enclose together with bearing inner race (2) and constituted a hollow holding chamber (4), the center department of this holding chamber (4) has steel ball (6), its characterized in that through holder (5) fixed support: the sealing ring (3) is composed of a steel skeleton (301) and an elastic sealing element (302) coated outside the steel skeleton (301), the elastic sealing element (302) is provided with a sealing lip (3021) at one radial end thereof, the sealing lip is used for being contacted with the bearing inner ring (2) to seal the accommodating cavity (4), at least two sealing bulges (3022) are arranged at the other radial end thereof, the sealing bulges (3022) are in a conical structure with the outwards extending end being continuously reduced, a plurality of sealing bulges (3022) are arranged in parallel at intervals left and right, a plurality of sealing grooves (7) are also arranged on the bearing outer ring (1), the sealing groove (7) can be matched and clamped with the sealing bulge (3022) on the sealing ring (3) in a one-to-one correspondence manner, a clearance fit state is formed between the matched sealing groove (7) and the sealing bulge (3022), and the clearance fit state meets the requirements of the following formula:
D 1 -a>D 0 >D 2 +b,
wherein a ═ D 0 ×γ 1 -D 1 ×γ 2 )×Δt 1 ;b=(D 0 ×γ 1 -D 2 ×γ 2 )×Δt 2 ;D 1 For spacing the sealing groove from the inner race of the bearingThe maximum distance of the outer diameter; d 2 The minimum distance between the sealing groove and the outer diameter of the bearing inner ring is set; d 0 The radial width of the elastomeric seal at room temperature 25 ℃; gamma ray 1 Is the thermal coefficient of expansion of the elastomeric seal; gamma ray 2 Is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the steel; Δ t 1 The temperature difference between the working temperature and the room temperature of 25 ℃ is obtained when the bearing sealing structure works under the high-temperature condition; Δ t 2 The temperature difference between the working temperature and the room temperature of 25 ℃ is obtained when the bearing sealing structure works under the low-temperature condition.
2. The wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure of claim 1, characterized in that: the number of the sealing lips (3021) on the elastic sealing element (302) is two, and the two sealing lips (3021) are arranged at one end of the elastic sealing element (302) in a bilateral symmetry manner.
3. The wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: the sealing bulges (3022) on the elastic sealing element (302) are arranged at the left and right sides at equal intervals.
4. The wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: the elastic sealing element (302) is made of rubber.
5. The wide temperature adaptation type bearing seal structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: the number of the sealing bulges (3022) on the elastic sealing element (302) is three.
Priority Applications (1)
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CN202210459639.0A CN114810836B (en) | 2022-04-28 | 2022-04-28 | Wide temperature adaptation type bearing sealing structure |
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CN202210459639.0A CN114810836B (en) | 2022-04-28 | 2022-04-28 | Wide temperature adaptation type bearing sealing structure |
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CN114810836A true CN114810836A (en) | 2022-07-29 |
CN114810836B CN114810836B (en) | 2024-03-26 |
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