CN114804610B - Area-controllable air floatation heating device and control method thereof - Google Patents
Area-controllable air floatation heating device and control method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114804610B CN114804610B CN202110087651.9A CN202110087651A CN114804610B CN 114804610 B CN114804610 B CN 114804610B CN 202110087651 A CN202110087651 A CN 202110087651A CN 114804610 B CN114804610 B CN 114804610B
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- heating
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- heating unit
- controller
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 157
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 104
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005341 toughened glass Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B35/00—Transporting of glass products during their manufacture, e.g. hot glass lenses, prisms
- C03B35/14—Transporting hot glass sheets or ribbons, e.g. by heat-resistant conveyor belts or bands
- C03B35/22—Transporting hot glass sheets or ribbons, e.g. by heat-resistant conveyor belts or bands on a fluid support bed, e.g. on molten metal
- C03B35/24—Transporting hot glass sheets or ribbons, e.g. by heat-resistant conveyor belts or bands on a fluid support bed, e.g. on molten metal on a gas support bed
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B27/00—Tempering or quenching glass products
- C03B27/012—Tempering or quenching glass products by heat treatment, e.g. for crystallisation; Heat treatment of glass products before tempering by cooling
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/50—Glass production, e.g. reusing waste heat during processing or shaping
- Y02P40/57—Improving the yield, e-g- reduction of reject rates
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Re-Forming, After-Treatment, Cutting And Transporting Of Glass Products (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a zone-controllable air-float heating device and a control method thereof, comprising the following steps: the two groups of hot air components are arranged vertically and oppositely, the two groups of hot air components form a heating channel for conveying and heating glass, each group of hot air components consists of a plurality of heating units, each heating unit comprises an air box and a heating component arranged in the air box, and an air outlet is arranged at the position of the air box facing the heating channel; the plurality of vertical conveying rollers are uniformly arranged along the heating channel and distributed on the same side of the hot air component below; a sensor assembly disposed at an inlet of the heating channel for detecting width, thickness and length dimensions of the glass; the controller is connected with all the heating units and the sensor assemblies and controls the heating assemblies in each heating unit to be started or shut down. According to the invention, through the effective combination of the sensor, the heating units and the controller, the glass size is effectively obtained, and the heating units can be reasonably and effectively arranged for blowing and heating, so that the energy consumption is reduced, and the glass tempering cost is saved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of thin glass tempering, in particular to the technical field of an air floatation heating device with controllable area.
Background
Thin glass tempering is one of the technical difficulties faced in the field of glass deep processing. The common glass tempering system mainly comprises working sections such as upper sheet, heating, quenching, cooling, lower sheet and the like. The common tempering furnace heating section adopts roller way conveying heating, and glass is always contacted with the roller way in the heating process. However, this method has great difficulty for thin glass having a thickness of 2mm and less. When the thin glass is heated to 630 ℃, if roller way type continuous heating is adopted, deformation is easy to generate, and the flatness of the toughened glass is seriously affected. The prior art also mentions that the heating is in the form of air cushion, which is aimed at the heating of thin glass with specific size. If the size is smaller, the tempering furnace still adopts full plate blowing, so that energy is wasted to a great extent.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, the present invention is directed to providing an area-controllable air-floating heating device, which is used for solving the problems that in the prior art, a tempering furnace still adopts a full plate to blow, and glass is easy to be touched by a roller way due to softening when conveyed by the roller way.
To achieve the above and other related objects, the present invention provides an area-controllable air-floating heating device, comprising:
the device comprises two groups of hot air assemblies which are arranged vertically and oppositely, wherein a gap is formed between the two groups of hot air assemblies to form a heating channel for conveying and heating glass, each group of hot air assemblies consists of a plurality of heating units which are arranged in an array, each heating unit comprises an air box and a heating assembly arranged in the air box, and an air outlet is formed in the side face, facing the heating channel, of the air box;
the plurality of vertical conveying rollers are uniformly arranged along the heating channel and distributed on the same side of the hot air component below;
a sensor assembly disposed at an inlet of the heating channel for detecting width, thickness and length dimensions of the glass;
and the controller is connected with all the heating units and the sensor assemblies and controls the heating assemblies in each heating unit to be started or closed.
Preferably: the bellows is connected with a fan, and the fan is connected with the controller.
Preferably: the hot air assembly comprises air grid plates arranged at the air outlet side of the air box, the air grid plates are in a concave-convex alternately distributed wavy shape, wherein air outlet holes are formed in the convex surface, and the concave surface is used as an air exhaust surface.
Preferably: and a plurality of rows of air outlet holes are formed in the convex surface along the conveying direction of the heating channel, and the exhaust directions of the two rows of air outlet holes positioned on the edge side are inclined towards the concave surface side.
Preferably: in the direction perpendicular to the glass conveying direction, the glass inclines to the side of the vertical conveying roller and forms an included angle of 1-5 degrees with the horizontal plane.
The control method of the area-controllable air-float heating device is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one, conveying the glass from a previous station to an inlet of the heating channel, detecting the width and length dimensions of the glass by the sensor assembly, and feeding back to the controller;
and step two, the controller controls the heating unit matched with the glass size to start according to the detected glass size data, so that the glass is conveyed in an air-floating mode and heated.
Preferably, the step two includes: the controller is used for calculating the time point when the glass moves to each heating unit and the time point when the glass leaves each heating unit according to the feeding speed, the length dimension detected in the first step and the position coordinates of each heating unit, and controlling the opening and closing of each heating unit. As described above, the area-controllable air-floatation heating device has the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, through the effective combination of the sensor, the heating units and the controller, the glass size is effectively obtained, and the heating units can be reasonably and effectively arranged for blowing and heating, so that the energy consumption is reduced, and the glass tempering cost is saved; in addition, the glass is conveyed and heated in a floating state, so that the deformation caused by the fact that the glass is easily touched by a roller way due to softening when conveyed by the roller way is avoided; in addition, through the wind grid plate that sets up make whole wind grid plate surface all can realize blowing to the glass board, realize even, quick heating effect. In addition, the glass can be inclined according to a set angle through the cooperation of the controller and the fan.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of a zone controllable air floatation heating apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of a louver of a zone controllable air floatation heating device of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a louver of a zone controllable air floatation heating device of the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a louver of a zone controllable air flotation heating apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a vertical transfer roll of a zone controllable air-float heating apparatus of the present invention contacting glass;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a zone controllable air-float heating apparatus and glass of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a sensor of a zone controllable air-float heating device according to the present invention for measuring glass thickness;
fig. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a positional relationship of a second blowing station of the zone-controllable air-floating heating device according to the present invention.
Description of element reference numerals
01. Glass
1. Hot air assembly
11. Air grid plate
111. Raised surface
111A oblique air outlet hole
111B forward air outlet hole
112. Concave surface
2. Heating channel
3. Heating unit
31. Bellows
32. Heating assembly
4. Vertical conveying roller
41. Rotating shaft
5. Sensor assembly
6. Controller for controlling a power supply
7. Blower fan
Detailed Description
Further advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present invention, which is described by the following specific examples.
Please refer to fig. 1 to 8. It should be understood that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc. shown in the drawings are for the purpose of understanding and reading the disclosure, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims, but rather by the claims, unless otherwise indicated, and unless otherwise indicated, all changes in structure, proportions, or otherwise, used by those skilled in the art, are included in the spirit and scope of the invention. Also, the terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "middle," and "a" and the like recited in the present specification are merely for descriptive purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but are intended to provide relative positional changes or modifications without materially altering the technical context in which the invention may be practiced.
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention provides a zone-controllable air-floating heating device, comprising:
the two groups of hot air assemblies 1 are arranged vertically opposite to each other, gaps are formed between the two groups of hot air assemblies 1 to form heating channels 2 for conveying and heating glass, each group of hot air assemblies 1 is composed of a plurality of heating units 3 arranged in an array mode, each heating unit 3 comprises a wind box 31 and a heating assembly 32 arranged in the wind box 31, and an air outlet is formed in the side face, facing the heating channels 2, of the wind box 31.
The plurality of vertical conveying rollers 4 are uniformly arranged along the heating channel 2 and distributed on the same side of the lower hot air assembly 1.
A sensor assembly 5 disposed at an inlet of the heating channel 2 for detecting width, thickness and length dimensions of the glass 01;
the controller 6 is connected with all the heating units 3 and the sensor assemblies 5, and controls the heating assemblies 32 in each heating unit 3 to be started or stopped. In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 1, the upper hot air component 1 can heat the upper surface of the glass 01, and the lower hot air component 1 can heat the lower surface of the glass 01; in addition, the upper hot air assembly 1 and the lower hot air assembly 1 are provided with a plurality of heating units 3 along the heating channel, and each heating unit 3 is connected with a fan 7 and is internally provided with a heating assembly 32; preferably, the heating assembly 32 is an electrical heating wire; the controller 6 is communicatively connected to the blower 7 and the heating assembly 32. The hot air assembly 1 at the upper side and the hot air assembly 1 at the lower side can control the air pressure and the heating in a distributed manner along the direction of the heating channel 2, so that the real-time control according to the length of the glass 01 is realized, and the energy waste and the influence of overheat caused by the operation of all the heating units 3 on the glass 01 are avoided.
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 1 and 5 in combination, the vertical transfer roller 4 rotates around the axial direction of the rotation shaft 41, so that the side surface of the glass 01 drives the glass 01 to move toward the outlet of the heating channel 2 through the rotation of the vertical transfer roller 5.
In the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 6 and 7, the sensor assembly 5 may be a kind of light sensor, and the number of the sensors is 2; the 2 sensors are all arranged at the inlet of the heating channel 2, one of the sensors is arranged below the upper hot air component 1, and the other sensor is arranged above the lower hot air component 1, so that the distance D1 from the upper sensor to the upper side of the glass 01 and the distance D2 from the lower sensor to the lower side of the glass 01 can be obtained in real time, and the distance S between the two sensors can be obtained, and the thickness of the glass 01 can be obtained according to the formula of the thickness W=S-D1-D2 of the glass 01.
In addition, according to the sensing duration of the optical sensor, the length l=vt of the glass 01 is obtained according to a formula (v is the moving speed of the glass 01 obtained according to the rotation speed of the vertical conveying roller 5, and is a preset value; and t is the sensing duration of the optical sensor to the glass 01).
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, the hot air assembly 1 includes a louver 11 disposed at an air outlet side of the air box, where the louver 11 is in a relief shape with concave-convex alternating distribution, and the convex surface 111 is provided with air outlet holes, and the concave surface 112 is used as an air outlet surface; the convex surface 111 is used for exhausting air, the concave surface 112 is used for exhausting air, and the concave surface 112 forms a concave channel, so that the air exhausted from the air outlet hole is exhausted, and the deformation caused by that the air cannot flow out of the glass 01 is avoided.
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 4, a plurality of rows of air outlet holes are provided on the convex surface 111 along the conveying direction of the heating channel 2, and the air outlet directions of two rows of air outlet holes on the edge side are inclined toward the concave surface 112; specifically, each convex surface 111 is provided with two rows of oblique air outlet holes 111A, and one row or two rows of forward air outlet holes 111B therein. Each row of diagonal gas outlet holes 111A is inclined toward an adjacent recess 112. Specifically, the concave surface 112 forms a concave channel, so that the gas ejected from the inclined gas outlet hole 111A and the forward gas outlet hole 111B can flow out, and deformation caused by that the gas cannot flow out to the glass 01 is avoided. As shown in fig. 4, a forward air outlet 111B is provided to directly jet the air flow in the vertical direction, thereby directly applying the air pressure to the glass 01; the inclined air outlet 111A is provided to avoid concave deformation of the glass 01 facing the concave surface 112 due to no wind pressure.
In addition, as shown in fig. 2, the width of the glass 01 is smaller than the width of the wind grid plate 11, so that when the wind blowing heating is performed, only one row of the glass 01 in the transverse direction can work, and the following control method is specifically needed to be combined; when the width of the glass 01 is larger than the width of the louver 11, both of the lateral rows in fig. 2 should be made operative.
In order to enable one side of the glass 01 to be attached to the plurality of vertical conveying rollers 4, the glass 01 is inclined towards the vertical conveying rollers 4, so that one side of the glass 01 attached to the plurality of vertical conveying rollers 4 is lower than the other side of the glass, and preferably the glass 01 forms an included angle of 1-5 degrees with the horizontal plane; so the energy waste of the fan 7 caused by excessive blowing is avoided.
In addition to the above embodiments, the present invention has the following control method:
step one, glass 01 enters a heating channel 2 from the previous station, and a sensor assembly 5 starts to detect the size of the glass 01; the dimensions include the length L of the glass 01 and the thickness W of the glass 01; and feeds the data back to the controller 6;
step two, the upper hot air component 1 and the lower hot air component 1 apply heating wind pressure simultaneously to enable the glass 01 to float in the heating channel 2; and the plurality of vertical conveying rollers 4 work, so that one side of the glass 01 moves towards the outlet of the heating channel 2 by being driven by the plurality of vertical conveying rollers 4 until leaving the heating channel 2. By the movement mode, the adverse effect of deformation caused by continuous heating by adopting a roller way when the glass 01 is heated to 630 ℃ is avoided. The second step specifically includes the steps of:
the controller 6 controls the feeding speed v of the glass 01 (from the vertical conveying roller 4), the length L of the glass 01, and the coordinates of each heating unit 3 according to the preset; specifically, the left side of each heating unit 3 is at a distance D3 from the inlet of the heating channel 2, and the right side of each heating unit 3 is at a distance D4 from the inlet of the heating channel 2; as shown in fig. 8, taking the heating unit 3 as an example from left to right, the left side thereof is a distance D3 from the inlet of the heating channel 2, and the right side thereof is a distance D4 from the inlet of the heating channel 2. The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the
According to formula 1: t1=d3/v
According to equation 2: t2= (d4+l)/v
The time point t1 at which the glass 01 enters each heating unit 3 and the time point t2 at which it leaves each heating unit 3 are calculated.
The controller 6 controls the heating unit 3 to work according to the time point t1 when the heating unit 3 enters, so that the fan 7 and the heating component 32 in the heating unit 3 are started; the controller 6 controls the heating unit 3 to be turned off according to a time point t2 when the glass 01 leaves a certain heating unit 3, so that the fans 7 and the heating components 32 in the heating unit 3 are turned off, the fans 7 and the heating components 32 of a plurality of heating units 3 in the range of the glass 01 are operated, and the fans 7 and the heating components 32 of the heating components 32 outside the range of the glass 01 are turned off.
In summary, the sensor, the heating units 3 and the controller 6 are effectively combined, so that the size of the glass 01 is effectively obtained, and the heating units 3 can be reasonably and effectively arranged for blowing and heating, thereby reducing the energy consumption and saving the glass tempering cost; in addition, the glass 01 is conveyed and heated in a floating state, so that the deformation of the glass 01, which is easily touched by a roller way due to softening, is avoided when the glass 01 is conveyed by the roller way; in addition, through the wind grid plate 11 that sets up makes whole wind grid plate 11 surface all can realize the blowing to glass board 01, realizes even, quick heating effect. In addition, the glass 01 can be inclined according to a set angle by the cooperation of the controller 6 and the fan 7; in addition, the glass 01 is driven to move rightwards by a plurality of vertical conveying rollers 4 contacting one side of the glass 01, so that the moving speed of the glass 01 is effectively controlled.
Therefore, the invention effectively overcomes various defects in the prior art and has high industrial utilization value.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention and its effectiveness, and are not intended to limit the invention. Modifications and variations may be made to the above-described embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications and variations of the invention be covered by the claims, which are within the ordinary skill of the art, be within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (5)
1. An area-controllable air-float heating device, comprising:
the device comprises two groups of hot air assemblies which are arranged vertically and oppositely, wherein a gap is formed between the two groups of hot air assemblies to form a heating channel for conveying and heating glass, each group of hot air assemblies consists of a plurality of heating units which are arranged in an array, each heating unit comprises an air box, a fan connected with the air box and a heating assembly arranged in the air box, and an air outlet is formed in the side face, facing the heating channel, of the air box;
the plurality of vertical conveying rollers are uniformly arranged along the heating channel and distributed on the same side of the hot air component below;
a sensor assembly disposed at an inlet of the heating channel for detecting width, thickness and length dimensions of the glass;
the controller is connected with all the heating units and the sensor assemblies, and is connected with the fans and the heating assemblies of the heating units in a communication manner to control the heating assemblies and the fans in each heating unit to be started or closed; the sensor assembly feeds the detected size data of the glass back to the controller, the controller is provided with the feeding speed of the glass in advance, the controller calculates the time point when the glass runs to each heating unit and the time point when the glass leaves each heating unit according to the feeding speed, the detected size data of the glass and the position coordinates of each heating unit, and the heating units matched with the glass in size are controlled to be started so as to realize air floatation conveying and heating of the glass; the controller controls the start of the fan and the heating component in a certain heating unit according to the time point when the glass moves to the heating unit, and controls the close of the fan and the heating component in the heating unit according to the time point when the glass leaves the heating unit, so that the controller controls the opening and closing of the heating units.
2. An area-controllable air-floatation heating apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein: each group of hot air components comprises air grid plates arranged at the air outlet side of the air box, the air grid plates are in a concave-convex alternately distributed wavy shape, wherein air outlet holes are formed in the convex surface, and the concave surface is used as an air exhaust surface.
3. An area-controllable air-floatation heating apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein: and a plurality of rows of air outlet holes are formed in the convex surface along the conveying direction of the heating channel, and the exhaust directions of the two rows of air outlet holes positioned on the edge side are inclined towards the concave surface side.
4. An area-controllable air-floatation heating apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein: in the direction perpendicular to the glass conveying direction, the glass inclines to the side of the vertical conveying roller and forms an included angle of 1-5 degrees with the horizontal plane.
5. A method of controlling an area-controllable air-float heating apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising:
step one, conveying the glass from a previous station to an inlet of the heating channel, detecting the width and length dimensions of the glass by the sensor assembly, and feeding back to the controller;
step two, the controller controls the heating unit matched with the glass size to start according to the detected glass size data, so that the glass is conveyed in an air-floating mode and heated;
the second step comprises the following steps: the controller is used for calculating the time point when the glass moves to each heating unit and the time point when the glass leaves each heating unit according to the feeding speed, the length dimension detected in the first step and the position coordinates of each heating unit, and controlling the opening and closing of each heating unit.
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CN202110087651.9A CN114804610B (en) | 2021-01-22 | 2021-01-22 | Area-controllable air floatation heating device and control method thereof |
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CN202110087651.9A CN114804610B (en) | 2021-01-22 | 2021-01-22 | Area-controllable air floatation heating device and control method thereof |
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CN114804610B true CN114804610B (en) | 2024-01-26 |
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CN104211288A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2014-12-17 | 中国南玻集团股份有限公司 | Glass tempering processing system and glass air cushion heating device thereof |
CN105271666A (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2016-01-27 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Air-floating heating device and method used for toughening glass |
CN107161698A (en) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-09-15 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Glass air-floatation opposite side conveying device and glass air-floatation opposite side carrying method |
CN110698045A (en) * | 2019-11-05 | 2020-01-17 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Multi-zone temperature-controllable air-flotation thin glass heating device and working method thereof |
CN211255684U (en) * | 2019-11-05 | 2020-08-14 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Controllable air supporting of multizone temperature heats thin glass's device |
Family Cites Families (1)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014109237A1 (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2014-07-17 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Manufacturing method and manufacturing device for toughened glass |
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2021
- 2021-01-22 CN CN202110087651.9A patent/CN114804610B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104211288A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2014-12-17 | 中国南玻集团股份有限公司 | Glass tempering processing system and glass air cushion heating device thereof |
CN105271666A (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2016-01-27 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Air-floating heating device and method used for toughening glass |
CN107161698A (en) * | 2017-06-08 | 2017-09-15 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Glass air-floatation opposite side conveying device and glass air-floatation opposite side carrying method |
CN110698045A (en) * | 2019-11-05 | 2020-01-17 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Multi-zone temperature-controllable air-flotation thin glass heating device and working method thereof |
CN211255684U (en) * | 2019-11-05 | 2020-08-14 | 中国建材国际工程集团有限公司 | Controllable air supporting of multizone temperature heats thin glass's device |
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