CN114797800A - Adsorbent for removing toxin in body of uremia patient and preparation method - Google Patents
Adsorbent for removing toxin in body of uremia patient and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
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- A61M1/3679—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by absorption
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Abstract
The invention relates to an adsorbent for eliminating toxin in uremia patients and a preparation method thereof, wherein the adsorbent is obtained by polymerizing styrene, divinyl benzene, acrylic acid with benzyl and diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate. The adsorbent and the preparation method mainly remove the middle and large molecular toxins represented by beta 2 microglobulin by adsorption, can simultaneously adsorb protein-bound toxins and small molecular toxins, have simple preparation process and are suitable for large-scale popularization and application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological medicines, and particularly relates to an adsorbent for removing toxins in uremia patients and a preparation method thereof.
Background
It is estimated that over 120 million people worldwide suffer from end-stage renal disease (ESRD), with the number of patients growing at a rate of 6% to 7% per year. Uremic syndrome is directly related to disability rate and mortality of patients. Among the known uremic toxins, protein-bound toxins account for about 24%. Numerous studies have shown that protein-bound toxins are involved in the progression of chronic renal failure (CKD), and underlie renal interstitial fibrosis and cardiovascular complications of CKD. Uremia is a series of complex clinical complex diseases caused by the gradual irreversible decline of renal function caused by various renal diseases in the body, which finally results in the loss of renal function and the failure of timely discharge and mass accumulation of metabolic wastes in the body. Uremia may cause complications of water electrolyte and acid-base metabolism disorder, cardiovascular diseases, nervous system diseases, respiratory system diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, skin itch and the like of patients, and seriously affects physical and psychological health and life safety of the patients. At present, the concentration of more than 200 substances in the body of a patient with uremia is known to be higher than that of a normal person, and the three types of substances mainly comprise small molecular toxins, medium and large molecular toxins and protein-bound toxoids, so that dozens of substances possibly having uremia toxic effects are discovered, such as advanced glycosylation products (AGEs) and homocysteine (Hcy) are increased and are independent risk factors for causing heart diseases. Beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2-MG) accumulation causes amyloidosis and carpal tunnel syndrome, parathyroid hormone (PTH) accumulation causes renal bone disease, ectopic calcification, and increased IL-6 accumulation causes systemic chronic inflammatory responses, and more studies show that the inflammatory responses are related to arteriosclerosis and malnutrition.
Blood purification is still the main method for treating uremia clinically at present, including Hemodialysis (HD), Hemoperfusion (HP) and hemodialysis combined hemoperfusion (HF + HP), etc., wherein hemodialysis is the principle of diffuse biology, mainly used for removing small molecular substances such as urea, creatinine and the like in a patient body, but has poor effect on removing middle-large molecular toxins and protein-bound toxoid. The blood perfusion is a treatment method for removing pathogenic substances in blood and recovering the normal index of the blood to achieve blood purification by means of extracorporeal circulation and a specific adsorption device. Compared with hemodialysis which mainly removes solutes in a diffusion mode, hemoperfusion not only has higher removal effect on poisons with high protein binding rate and fat-soluble poisons, but also has certain effect of removing free poisons in blood, can effectively remove small molecular toxins such as middle-large molecular toxins (such as beta 2-MG, PTH, IL-6 and the like), protein-bound toxoid (sulfuric acid on cresol (IS), Hcy, AGEs and the like) and creatinine in uremia patients, has better application value, and IS worthy of clinical popularization and application.
The blood perfusion technology is widely applied to the fields of first aid of poisoning, kidney disease, liver disease and critical disease, and the principle is that the blood of a patient is led to extracorporeal circulation by means of power and is contacted with an adsorbent with a special adsorption function in a blood perfusion device to remove endogenous or exogenous toxicants or pathogenic substances in the blood of the patient, so that the aim of purifying the blood is fulfilled. The blood perfusion requires good blood compatibility, strong specificity, large adsorption capacity and the like of the adsorbent, wherein the key is the selection of the ligand and the carrier.
For example, chinese granted patent CN108371945B discloses an adsorbent for removing middle and large molecular toxins from uremic patients, which is a functional adsorbent consisting of two parts, i.e., a carrier and a ligand, wherein the carrier is an activated mesoporous styrene type resin, the ligand is ethylenediamine, and the ligand in the adsorbent is covalently coupled with the carrier.
For another example, chinese granted patent CN107876031B discloses a blood purification adsorbent for uremia, which is a carbon nanotube/nano silica/polystyrene resin composite microsphere prepared through suspension polymerization, chloromethylation reaction, post-crosslinking reaction and surface modification, wherein the carbon nanotube and the nano silica are dispersed in the polystyrene resin, the polystyrene resin has a porous crosslinking structure, and the surface modification makes the surface of the adsorbent grafted with at least one of polyethylene glycol, amino acid, polypeptide or polyglycerol.
In addition, the chinese granted patent CN111957304B discloses a macroporous adsorption resin for hemoperfusion, the preparation method of which comprises free radical polymerization, surface grafting step and post-crosslinking reaction in sequence. The macroporous adsorption resin provided by the invention is used for treating uremia as an adsorbent for blood perfusion, and comprises white balls formed by styrene monomers, polyvinyl monomers and third monomers, wherein polyvinylpyrrolidone is grafted on the surfaces of the white balls, and the ultrahigh crosslinked macroporous adsorption resin is formed through post-crosslinking reaction.
In view of the above-mentioned prior art, all of them require a subsequent modification reaction, which makes the preparation process of the adsorbent complicated. In addition, there is still room for improvement in how to remove middle-large molecular toxins represented by β 2 microglobulin.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the reasons, the invention provides an adsorbent for removing toxins in uremia patients and a preparation method thereof, which mainly remove middle and large molecular toxins represented by beta 2 microglobulin by adsorption and can adsorb protein-bound toxins and small molecular toxins. Specifically, in order to achieve the purpose of the present invention, the following technical solutions are proposed:
the invention relates to an adsorbent for removing toxins in uremic patients, which is characterized in that the adsorbent is obtained by polymerizing styrene, divinyl benzene, acrylic acid with benzyl and diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate monomers.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the acrylic acid with benzyl group refers to benzylacrylic acid.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the average particle size of the adsorbent is 0.3 to 1.2mm, preferably 0.4 to 0.9 mm; the mean pore diameter of the adsorbent is from 10 to 20nm, preferably from 12 to 16nm, particularly preferably from 14 to 16 nm. By controlling the average pore size of the adsorbent within the preferred range of the present invention, enhanced clearance of the adsorbent from the uremic patient's body is facilitated.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the adsorbent has a specific surface area of 700m 2 More than g; preferably 710m 2 More than g. The upper limit of the specific surface is not particularly specified, but from the viewpoint of production, the specific surface is 850m 2 The ratio of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms is less than g. By controlling the specific surface area of the adsorbent within the preferred range of the present invention, the adsorption agent can be used to improve the removal of toxins from uremic patients.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the monomer weight ratio of styrene, divinylbenzene, acrylic acid with benzyl group and diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate is 100: 10-30: 2-7: 3-10.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing the above adsorbent, comprising the steps of:
(1) adding styrene, divinylbenzene, benzyl acrylic acid and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate into a 1500mL reaction vessel, then adding a mixed solvent of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline, stirring and mixing uniformly, adding benzoyl peroxide after the solution is uniform and transparent, and continuing stirring until the benzoyl peroxide is completely dissolved to obtain a mixed oil phase;
(2) mixing polyvinyl alcohol and deionized water, and heating until the polyvinyl alcohol is fully dissolved to obtain a water phase;
(3) pouring the mixed oil phase into the water phase, reacting at 75-80 ℃ under the condition of stirring, filtering after the reaction is finished, washing the sphere with hot water, and extracting the pore-forming agent to obtain the polystyrene carrier microsphere with the mesoporous structure.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the volume ratio of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline in the porogen is 6-8: 2-3: 1-2; the weight ratio of the pore-foaming agent to the polymerization monomer is 1-4: 1.
the invention also relates to the application of the adsorbent in preparing the adsorbent for removing toxin in uremia patients.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the toxin comprises a middle-macromolecule toxin of one or more of β 2-MG, PTH, Cys C and IL-6.
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the toxin further comprises one or more protein-bound toxins selected from the group consisting of p-cresol sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, leptin, retinol-binding protein, glycosylation products, homocysteine, and small molecule toxins represented by creatinine and uric acid.
Advantageous effects
The adsorbent and the preparation method of the invention mainly remove the middle and large molecular toxins represented by beta 2 microglobulin by adsorption, can simultaneously adsorb protein-bound toxins and small molecular toxins, and have low adsorption rate to total protein, thereby showing that the adsorbent has high selective adsorption effect to toxins. In addition, the adsorbent disclosed by the invention is simple in preparation process and suitable for large-scale popularization and application.
Detailed Description
In order to further understand the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise specified, the reagents involved in the examples of the present invention are all commercially available products, and all of them are commercially available.
Example 1:
(1) adding 100g of styrene, 20g of divinylbenzene, 3g of benzylacrylic acid and 5g of diethylaminoethyl methacrylate into a 1500mL reaction vessel, then adding 500mL of a mixed solvent of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline (the volume ratio is 6: 2: 1), stirring and mixing uniformly, adding 2g of benzoyl peroxide after the solution is uniform and transparent, and continuing stirring until the benzoyl peroxide is completely dissolved to obtain a mixed oil phase;
(2) mixing 10g of polyvinyl alcohol and 500g of deionized water, and heating to 45 ℃ to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol to obtain a water phase;
(3) and pouring the mixed oil phase into the water phase, reacting for 8 hours at the rotating speed of 100rpm and the temperature of 78 ℃, filtering after the reaction is finished, washing the spheres with hot water, and extracting a pore-forming agent to obtain the polystyrene carrier microsphere with the mesoporous structure. The average particle diameter of the microspheres is 0.65mm, the average pore diameter is 15.3nm, and the specific surface area is 721m 2 /g。
Example 2:
(1) adding 100g of styrene, 20g of divinylbenzene, 5g of benzylacrylic acid and 5g of diethylaminoethyl methacrylate into a 1500mL reaction vessel, then adding 500mL of a mixed solvent of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline (the volume ratio is 6: 2: 1), stirring and mixing uniformly, adding 2g of benzoyl peroxide after the solution is uniform and transparent, and continuing stirring until the benzoyl peroxide is completely dissolved to obtain a mixed oil phase;
(2) mixing 10g of polyvinyl alcohol and 500g of deionized water, and heating to 45 ℃ to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol to obtain a water phase;
(3) and pouring the mixed oil phase into the water phase, reacting for 8 hours at the rotating speed of 100rpm and the temperature of 80 ℃, filtering after the reaction is finished, washing the spheres with hot water, and extracting a pore-forming agent to obtain the polystyrene carrier microsphere with the mesoporous structure. The average particle diameter of the microspheres is 0.63mm, the average pore diameter is 14.6nm, and the specific surface area is 714m 2 /g。
Example 3:
(1) adding 100g of styrene, 20g of divinylbenzene, 5g of benzylacrylic acid and 3g of diethylaminoethyl methacrylate into a 1500mL reaction vessel, then adding 500mL of a mixed solvent of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline (the volume ratio is 6: 2: 1), stirring and mixing uniformly, adding 2g of benzoyl peroxide after the solution is uniform and transparent, and continuing stirring until the benzoyl peroxide is completely dissolved to obtain a mixed oil phase;
(2) mixing 10g of polyvinyl alcohol and 500g of deionized water, and heating to 45 ℃ to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol to obtain a water phase;
(3) pouring the mixed oil phase into the water phase, reacting for 8h at the rotating speed of 100rpm and the temperature of 80 ℃, filtering after the reaction is finished, washing the sphere with hot water, and extracting the pore-forming agent to obtain the polystyrene type carrier microsphere with the mesoporous structure. The average particle diameter of the microspheres is 0.68mm, the average pore diameter is 12.3nm, and the specific surface area is 724m 2 /g。
Example 4:
(1) adding 100g of styrene, 20g of divinylbenzene, 3g of benzylacrylic acid and 9g of diethylaminoethyl methacrylate into a 1500mL reaction vessel, then adding 500mL of a mixed solvent of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline (the volume ratio is 6: 2: 1), stirring and mixing uniformly, adding 2g of benzoyl peroxide after the solution is uniform and transparent, and continuing stirring until the benzoyl peroxide is completely dissolved to obtain a mixed oil phase;
(2) mixing 10g of polyvinyl alcohol and 500g of deionized water, and heating to 45 ℃ to fully dissolve the polyvinyl alcohol to obtain a water phase;
(3) and pouring the mixed oil phase into the water phase, reacting for 8 hours at the rotating speed of 100rpm and the temperature of 75 ℃, filtering after the reaction is finished, washing the spheres with hot water, and extracting a pore-forming agent to obtain the polystyrene carrier microsphere with the mesoporous structure. The average particle diameter of the microspheres is 0.62mm, the average pore diameter is 14.7nm, and the specific surface area is 744m 2 /g。
Comparative example 1:
same as example 1, except that diethylaminoethyl methacrylate was not added. The average particle diameter of the prepared microspheres is 0.78mm, the average pore diameter is 12.3nm, and the specific surface area is 678m 2 /g。
Comparative example 2:
the same as in example 1, except that no benzylacrylic acid was added. The average grain diameter of the prepared microsphere is 0.68mm, the average pore diameter is 11.4nm, and the specific surface area is 654m 2 /g。
Example of adsorption effect test:
plasma solutions containing beta 2-MG 40MG/L, PTH 1. mu.g/L, IL-6 100ng/L, IS 50MG/L, Leptin 100. mu.g/L, Hcy 10MG/L and Crea 100MG/L were prepared from bovine plasma. 0.5mL of each of the adsorbents prepared in examples 1 to 4 and comparative examples 1 to 2 was put into a centrifuge tube, 5mL of the above plasma solution was added, sealed, and adsorbed by shaking in a shaker at 37 ℃ for 2 hours. After the adsorption was completed, the supernatant was taken to measure the concentrations of each toxin and total protein, the adsorption rate of the adsorbent to each toxin was calculated from the difference in concentration before and after the adsorption, and the above experiments were repeated three times to obtain an average value, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 adsorption ratio (%), of each toxin, by adsorbent
| Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Example 4 | Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 | |
| β2-MG | 88 | 86 | 82 | 85 | 72 | 65 |
| PTH | 87 | 88 | 85 | 87 | 77 | 76 |
| IL-6 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 88 | 72 | 67 |
| IS | 92 | 90 | 89 | 91 | 68 | 77 |
| Leptin | 91 | 89 | 86 | 88 | 80 | 82 |
| Hcy | 87 | 85 | 84 | 86 | 80 | 81 |
| Crea | 47 | 47 | 44 | 46 | 32 | 35 |
| TP | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 7 |
Note:
(1) beta 2-MG, PTH, IL-6 represent middle-macromolecule toxins
(2) IS, Leptin, Hcy represent protein-binding toxins
(3) Crea stands for small molecule toxin
(4) TP is total protein, representing adsorption selectivity.
Test results show that the adsorbent has higher adsorption rate for large molecular toxins, protein-bound toxins and small molecular toxins in serum, and has lower selective adsorption rate for total proteins, so that the adsorbent has better selective adsorption effect for toxins.
The foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the present invention, but is not intended to limit the invention thereto. Modifications and variations of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. An adsorbent for removing toxins from uremic patients, characterized in that said adsorbent is obtained by polymerizing styrene, divinylbenzene, acrylic acid with benzyl group and diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate monomers.
2. The adsorbent of claim 1, wherein the acrylic acid with benzyl groups is benzyl acrylic acid.
3. The adsorbent according to claim 1, having an average particle diameter of 0.3 to 1.2mm, an average pore diameter of 10 to 20 nm; the average pore diameter is preferably 12 to 16 nm.
4. The adsorbent according to claim 1, having a specific surface area of 700m 2 More than g; preferably 710m 2 More than g.
5. The adsorbent according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the monomer weight ratio of styrene, divinylbenzene, acrylic acid with benzyl group and diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate is 100: 10-30: 2-7: 3-10.
6. A process for the preparation of the adsorbent according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising the steps of:
(1) adding styrene, divinylbenzene, benzyl acrylic acid and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate into a 1500mL reaction vessel, then adding a mixed solvent of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline as a pore-foaming agent, uniformly stirring and mixing, adding benzoyl peroxide after the solution is uniform and transparent, and continuously stirring until the benzoyl peroxide is completely dissolved to obtain a mixed oil phase;
(2) mixing polyvinyl alcohol and deionized water, and heating until the polyvinyl alcohol is fully dissolved to obtain a water phase;
(3) pouring the mixed oil phase into the water phase, reacting at 75-80 ℃ under the condition of stirring, filtering after the reaction is finished, washing the sphere with hot water, and extracting the pore-forming agent to obtain the polystyrene carrier microsphere with the mesoporous structure.
7. The preparation method according to claim 6, wherein the volume ratio of toluene, ethyl acetate and gasoline in the pore-foaming agent is 6-8: 2-3: 1-2; the weight ratio of the pore-foaming agent to the polymerization monomer is 1-4: 1.
8. use of the adsorbent according to any one of claims 1 to 5 for the preparation of an adsorbent for the elimination of toxins in uremic patients.
9. The use of claim 8, wherein the toxin comprises a large molecule toxin of one or more of β 2-MG, PTH, Cys C, and IL-6.
10. The use of claim 8 or 9, wherein the toxin further comprises one or more protein-bound toxins selected from the group consisting of p-cresol sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, leptin, retinol-binding protein, glycosylation products, homocysteine, and small molecule toxins represented by creatinine and uric acid.
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