CN114784320A - Environment disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method - Google Patents

Environment disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method Download PDF

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CN114784320A
CN114784320A CN202210455495.1A CN202210455495A CN114784320A CN 114784320 A CN114784320 A CN 114784320A CN 202210455495 A CN202210455495 A CN 202210455495A CN 114784320 A CN114784320 A CN 114784320A
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cooled fuel
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cell stack
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CN114784320B (en
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高艳
张文刚
梅杰
王仁康
殷聪
汤浩
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
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    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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Abstract

The invention provides an environmental disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method, which belongs to the technical field of new energy power generation, and specifically comprises the steps of respectively obtaining a reference temperature and a protection activation resistance value corresponding to a load current value according to a reference temperature-current curve and a protection activation resistance-current curve of an air-cooled fuel cell stack, regulating the temperature of the stack to the reference temperature, and measuring the activation resistance value of the stack in real time; if the activation resistance value approaches to the corresponding protection activation resistance value quickly and the trend of exceeding the protection activation resistance value exists, the corresponding reference temperature is reduced, and the operation is repeated until the activation resistance value tends to be stable, so that the cathode control of the air-cooled fuel cell is realized. According to the invention, on the basis of reference temperature control, a protection activation resistance value related to an environmental condition is introduced to obtain an environmental disturbance resistance control method, so that voltage attenuation of a galvanic pile can be effectively avoided, the service life of the galvanic pile is prolonged, and the method is favorable for being combined with specific engineering application.

Description

Environment disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of new energy power generation, and particularly relates to an environment disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method.
Background
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is one of clean energy sources, has the characteristics of high efficiency, zero pollutant emission, long endurance, low working temperature and the like, and is one of research hotspots in the field of new energy sources at present. The air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell saves auxiliary equipment for realizing the functions of cooling liquid circulation, reactant gas humidification and the like, has the advantages of light weight, high efficiency, compact structure and the like compared with the traditional fuel cell, and is considered as a future ideal power supply of a small-sized power system.
The output performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell has a great relationship with the operating temperature and the water content of the proton exchange membrane, the fuel cell stack needs to maintain proper temperature and water content during operation, and the output performance of the stack is reduced due to over-high or over-low temperature and water content. The air-cooled fuel cell has no auxiliary humidifying equipment, the water content of the electric pile membrane is mainly regulated and controlled by a cathode cooling fan, and the cooling fan is also responsible for taking away heat generated in the electric pile when conveying air to the electric pile cathode so as to control the temperature of the electric pile. The water content in the galvanic pile is indirectly influenced by the temperature, the evaporation speed of the water in the galvanic pile is influenced by the temperature, and therefore the temperature and the water content are in a coupling relation. In summary, the heat dissipation fan of the cathode of the stack has three functions, namely, air required for electrochemical reaction is conveyed to the cathode; secondly, the temperature of the electric pile is controlled by blowing air flow; and thirdly, the water content in the galvanic pile is indirectly controlled by controlling the temperature of the galvanic pile. Many documents show that the cathode reactant gas supply of air-cooled fuel cells is far enough, and therefore the main factor determining the stack performance is to control the stack temperature to a proper level by controlling the cathode's cooling fan.
No matter what specific control method is adopted to control the heat dissipation fan of the cathode, the controller needs to input a reference temperature so as to rapidly control the temperature around the reference temperature value through the heat dissipation fan. By reference temperature, it is meant the temperature at which the output voltage of the stack is at a maximum. The electric pile has different reference temperatures under different load currents, and the reference temperatures of the electric pile under different currents can be obtained through experiments. However, this relationship is only measured under a specific environmental condition, and if the environmental condition changes, the reference temperature-current relationship may deviate from the actual one. Once the deviation is too large, the controller is caused to control the temperature too high, so that the water content of the pile is reduced sharply, and the voltage is subjected to irreversible rapid decay. This is also a problem that the air-cooled fuel cell is generally considered by the academia at present, i.e. it is difficult to make the electric stack adaptive to environmental changes simply from the viewpoint of controlling the temperature. In order to prevent the irreversible and rapid attenuation of the voltage of the electric pile caused by the larger deviation of the pure reference temperature control due to the environmental influence, the invention of an air-cooling fuel cathode control method for resisting the environmental disturbance from other angles needs to be invented on the basis of the temperature control.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides an air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method capable of resisting environmental disturbance, which realizes stable high-performance output of a galvanic pile on the premise of avoiding irreversible rapid attenuation of the galvanic pile voltage caused by reference temperature control deviation.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an environmental disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve and a cathode fan, setting the load current to be a fixed value I, and starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work;
and 2, step: respectively obtaining a reference temperature and a protection activation resistance value corresponding to a load current value I according to a reference temperature-current curve and a protection activation resistance-current curve of the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
and step 3: adjusting the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack to be close to a reference temperature through a control algorithm, and measuring the activation resistance value of the air-cooled fuel cell stack in real time while adjusting the temperature;
and 4, step 4: if the activation resistance value approaches to the corresponding protection activation resistance value quickly and the trend of exceeding the protection activation resistance value exists, the corresponding reference temperature is reduced, and the situation that the activation resistance value is too high due to too high temperature, and then the voltage is subjected to irreversible quick attenuation is avoided; and then, returning to the step 3 until the activation resistance value tends to be stable, thereby realizing the cathode control of the air-cooled fuel cell.
Further, the control algorithm is a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control algorithm, a predictive control algorithm, an active disturbance rejection control algorithm, and the like.
Further, step 3 is to measure the activation resistance value of the air-cooled fuel cell stack in real time and monitor the load current value in real time, and if the load current value changes to I ', the cathode control is performed by using I' as the load current value according to the method of steps 2-4.
Further, the reference temperature-current curve is obtained by the following steps:
step A1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve, and adjusting the hydrogen inlet pressure to a fixed value which enables the output performance of the electric pile to be good, wherein the specific value depends on a fuel cell system;
step A2: starting a cathode fan to provide oxygen for the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step A3: setting the load current as a fixed value I, and starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work;
step A4: the cathode fan speed is controlled by the duty cycle of a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal by adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM signal to PAThe temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is stably kept at a lower level of about 30 ℃;
step A5: with PAThe method is characterized in that the initial value is delta P, the delta P is a fixed step length, the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is kept stable and is used as a judgment standard for carrying out next descending, the cathode fan PWM signal is gradually reduced in a stepped mode, so that the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is gradually increased in a stepped mode, and the output voltage of the stack is changed during observationChanging a curve until the output voltage of the electric pile begins to decay rapidly, and stopping the step-down of the PWM signal of the cathode fan, wherein the temperature corresponding to the maximum value of the output voltage of the electric pile is the reference temperature when the load current value is I;
step A6: setting the load current as different fixed values, respectively repeating the steps A4-A5 to obtain reference temperatures under different load current values, and drawing to obtain a reference temperature-current curve.
Further, Δ P is 1% to 10%, which is selected based on the actual condition of the air-cooled fuel cell stack used, and the smaller Δ P, the higher the measurement accuracy of the experiment, but at the same time, the time cost of the experiment also increases accordingly.
Further, the obtaining step of the protection activation resistance-current curve is as follows:
step B1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve, and adjusting the hydrogen inlet pressure to a fixed value which enables the output performance of the electric pile to be good, wherein the specific value depends on a fuel cell system;
step B2: starting a cathode fan to provide oxygen for the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step B3: setting the load current as a fixed value I, and starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work;
step B4: the rotating speed of the cathode fan is controlled by the duty ratio of the PWM signal, and the duty ratio of the PWM signal of the cathode fan is adjusted to PAThe temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is stably kept at a lower level of about 30 ℃;
step B5: applying alternating disturbance current with the amplitude of X percent of the load current to the air-cooled fuel cell stack, and measuring and calculating to obtain the activation resistance of the current air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step B6: with PAWhen the delta P is a fixed step length as an initial value, and the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is kept stable as a judgment standard for carrying out next descending, the PWM signal of the cathode fan is gradually reduced in a stepped manner, so that the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is gradually increased in a stepped manner; testing the activation resistance of each step process until the output voltage of the electric pile begins to decay rapidly, and stopping the step decreasingThe method comprises the following steps that (1) according to a polar fan PWM signal, the activation resistance measured at the last time before the output voltage of a galvanic pile begins to quickly attenuate is the protection activation resistance when the load current value is I;
step B7: setting the load current as different fixed values, respectively repeating the steps B4-B6 to obtain the protection activation resistance under different load current values, and drawing to obtain a protection activation resistance-current curve.
Further, X is 1-10, and the value range is an industry common standard.
Further, the frequency range of the alternating disturbance current is 0.2-500 Hz.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the invention provides an environmental disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method, which analyzes the reasons of voltage attenuation of a galvanic pile from a deeper angle, and obtains an environmental disturbance resistant control method by introducing a protection activation resistance value related to an environmental condition on the basis of reference temperature control, thereby effectively avoiding the voltage attenuation of the galvanic pile and prolonging the service life of the galvanic pile; the method can realize full-automatic control through programming, has simple and efficient implementation process, is favorable for being combined with specific engineering application, and is convenient for actually solving the problem of the air-cooled fuel cell in the engineering application.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a temperature change curve of an air-cooled fuel cell stack corresponding to a PWM signal of a step-down cathode fan when a load current value is 10A in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating a change curve of the stack output voltage corresponding to the PWM signal of the step-down cathode fan when the load current value is 10A according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a flowchart of acquiring the reference temperature when the load current value is 10A in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an application of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to an air-cooled fuel cell system in example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 5 is an activation resistance variation curve corresponding to a PWM signal of a step-down cathode fan when a load current value is 15A in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a flowchart of obtaining the protection activation resistance when the load current value is 15A in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a control block diagram of the control method of the air-cooled fuel cell cathode resisting environmental disturbance according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a control flowchart of the method for controlling the cathode of the air-cooled fuel cell resisting environmental disturbance according to embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
The following non-limiting examples are presented to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to more fully understand the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Example 1
The embodiment provides an air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method resisting environmental disturbance, which is implemented based on a control block diagram shown in fig. 7, and a flowchart shown in fig. 8, and includes the following steps:
step 1: and opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve and a cathode fan, setting the load current to be a fixed value I, and starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work.
And 2, step: the controller respectively obtains the corresponding reference temperature T when the load current value is I according to the reference temperature-current curve and the protection activation resistance-current curve of the air-cooled fuel cell stack1And a protective activation resistance value R1。
And step 3: the temperature sensor measures the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack in real time, and the controller controls the cathode fan through a PID control algorithm to regulate the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack to a reference temperature T1Nearby; and (3) adjusting the temperature, simultaneously measuring the activation resistance value of the air-cooled fuel cell stack by the electrochemical impedance spectrum measuring instrument in real time, and monitoring the load current value in real time.
And 4, step 4: if the activation resistance value is fast toward the corresponding protection activation resistance value R1Approaching and having a protective activation resistance value exceededR1The controller decreases the corresponding reference temperature to T1- Δ T, avoiding an irreversible rapid decay of the voltage due to an excessively high activation resistance caused by an excessively high temperature; then go back to step 3 if T1At a reference temperature of- Δ T, the activation resistance value still rapidly changes to the corresponding protection activation resistance value R1Approaching and exceeding the protective activation resistance value R1The controller continues to lower the corresponding reference temperature to T1-2 Δ T until the activation resistance value levels off.
And 5: if the load current value changes to I 'in the control process of the step 4, obtaining the corresponding reference temperature T when the load current value is I' according to the method of the step 22And a protective activation resistance value R2And (5) performing cathode control by referring to the methods in the step (3) to the step (4), and finally realizing the cathode control of the air-cooled fuel cell.
The obtaining process of the reference temperature-current curve specifically comprises the following steps:
step A1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve, and adjusting the hydrogen inlet pressure to 20 KPa;
step A2: starting a cathode fan, setting the PWM to be 10%, and providing oxygen for the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step A3: setting the load current as a fixed value of 10A, starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work, and outputting a constant current of 10A;
step A4: adjusting the PWM signal of the cathode fan to 50% to keep the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack stable at 30 ℃;
step A5: taking 50% as an initial value and 5% as a fixed step length, keeping the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack stable as a judgment standard for carrying out next descending, gradually descending the cathode fan PWM signal, wherein the number of times of the step descending is K, so that the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is gradually increased in a step mode, the temperature change curve is shown in figure 1, the change curve of the output voltage of the stack in the period is observed, as shown in figure 2, until the output voltage of the stack starts to be rapidly attenuated, namely point B in figure 2, the step descending of the cathode fan PWM signal is stopped, the temperature corresponding to the maximum value of the output voltage of the stack in the period, namely the temperature corresponding to point A in figure 2 (point A in figure 1), is used as a reference temperature when the load current value is 10A, and the flow chart is shown in figure 3;
step A6: setting the load current as different fixed values (15A, 20A, 25A, 30A and 35A), respectively repeating the steps A4-A5 to obtain reference temperatures under different load current values, and drawing to obtain a reference temperature-current curve.
The process for acquiring the protection activation resistance-current curve specifically comprises the following steps:
step B1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve, and adjusting the hydrogen inlet pressure to 20 KPa;
step B2: starting a cathode fan, setting the PWM to be 10%, and providing oxygen for the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step B3: setting the load current as a fixed value 15A, starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work, and outputting a constant current 15A;
step B4: adjusting the PWM signal of the cathode fan to 50% to keep the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack stable at 30 ℃;
step B5: based on the system shown in fig. 4, an electrochemical impedance spectrum measuring instrument is adopted to apply alternating disturbance current with the amplitude of 5% of the load current, namely 0.05 x 15A, to the air-cooled fuel cell stack, the frequency range of the alternating disturbance current is 0.2-500 Hz, and the activation resistance of the current air-cooled fuel cell stack is obtained through measurement and calculation;
step B6: taking 50% as an initial value and 5% as a fixed step length, taking the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack to be kept stable as a judgment standard for carrying out next descending, and gradually descending a cathode fan PWM signal to enable the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack to be gradually increased in a step mode; testing the activation resistance of each step process, wherein the change curve is shown in fig. 5 until the output voltage of the electric pile begins to decay rapidly, stopping the step-down of the PWM signal of the cathode fan corresponding to the point B in fig. 5, and taking the activation resistance measured for the last time before the output voltage of the electric pile begins to decay rapidly as the protection activation resistance when the load current value is 15A corresponding to the point A in fig. 5, wherein the flow chart is shown in fig. 6;
step B7: setting the load current as different fixed values (10A, 20A, 25A, 30A and 35A), respectively repeating the steps B4-B6 to obtain the protection activation resistance under different load current values, and drawing to obtain a protection activation resistance-current curve.
Finally, although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. An environmental disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve and a cathode fan, setting the load current to be a fixed value I, and starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work;
step 2: respectively obtaining a reference temperature and a protection activation resistance value corresponding to a load current value I according to a reference temperature-current curve and a protection activation resistance-current curve of the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
and step 3: adjusting the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack to a reference temperature through a control algorithm, and simultaneously measuring the activation resistance value of the air-cooled fuel cell stack in real time;
and 4, step 4: if the activation resistance value approaches to the corresponding protection activation resistance value quickly and the trend of exceeding the protection activation resistance value exists, the corresponding reference temperature is reduced; and then, returning to the step 3 until the activation resistance value tends to be stable, thereby realizing the cathode control of the air-cooled fuel cell.
2. The method for controlling the cathode of the air-cooled fuel cell resistant to environmental disturbance according to claim 1, wherein the load current value is monitored in real time in step 3, and if the load current value changes to I ', cathode control is performed according to the method of steps 2 to 4 by using I' as the load current value.
3. The environmentally disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method according to claim 1, wherein the control algorithm is a PID control algorithm, a predictive control algorithm, or an active disturbance rejection control algorithm.
4. The environmental disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method according to claim 1, wherein the reference temperature-current curve is obtained by:
step A1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve, and adjusting the hydrogen inlet pressure;
step A2: starting a cathode fan to provide oxygen for the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step A3: setting the load current as a fixed value I, and starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work;
step A4: by adjusting the duty cycle of the cathode fan PWM signal to PAKeeping the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack at 30 ℃;
step A5: with PAWhen the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is kept stable, the cathode fan PWM signal is stepped down to enable the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack to be stepped up until the output voltage of the stack begins to attenuate rapidly, the stepped down reduction of the cathode fan PWM signal is stopped, and the temperature corresponding to the maximum value of the output voltage of the stack in the period is the reference temperature when the load current value is I;
step A6: setting the load current as different fixed values, respectively repeating the steps A4-A5 to obtain reference temperatures under different load current values, and drawing to obtain a reference temperature-current curve.
5. The environmental disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method according to claim 4, wherein Δ P is 1% to 10%.
6. The environmental disturbance resistant air-cooled fuel cell cathode control method according to claim 1, wherein the protective activation resistance-current curve is obtained by:
step B1: opening an anode hydrogen inlet valve and adjusting the hydrogen inlet pressure;
step B2: starting a cathode fan to provide oxygen for the air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step B3: setting the load current as a fixed value I, and starting the air-cooled fuel cell stack to work;
step B4: by adjusting the duty cycle of the cathode fan PWM signal to PAKeeping the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack at 30 ℃;
step B5: applying alternating current disturbance current with the amplitude being X percent of the load current to the air-cooled fuel cell stack, and measuring and calculating to obtain the activation resistance of the current air-cooled fuel cell stack;
step B6: with PAWhen the delta P is a fixed step length as an initial value, and the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is kept stable as a judgment standard for carrying out next descending, the PWM signal of the cathode fan is gradually reduced in a stepped manner, so that the temperature of the air-cooled fuel cell stack is gradually increased in a stepped manner; testing the activation resistance of each step process until the output voltage of the electric pile begins to decay rapidly, stopping the step-down reduction of the PWM signal of the cathode fan, and obtaining the last measured activation resistance before the output voltage of the electric pile begins to decay rapidly, namely the protection activation resistance when the load current value is I;
step B7: setting the load current as different fixed values, respectively repeating the steps B4-B6 to obtain the protection activation resistance under different load current values, and drawing to obtain a protection activation resistance-current curve.
7. The method for controlling a cathode of an air-cooled fuel cell according to claim 6, wherein X is 1 to 10.
8. The method for controlling the cathode of the air-cooled fuel cell resistant to environmental disturbance according to claim 6, wherein the frequency range of the AC disturbance current is 0.2-500 Hz.
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聂巍 等: "燃料电池动力系统氢气压力控制策略研究" *

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