CN114742081A - Phased array antenna optimized deployment method suitable for ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of mobile communication, and relates to a phased array antenna optimized deployment method suitable for an ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system. The method comprises the following specific steps: establishing a channel model based on a phased array antenna and a multipath effect; establishing an antenna gain model under discrete conditions to accurately estimate gain, establishing an antenna gain model under simultaneous conditions to complete the estimation of a receiving field intensity value of the reader; establishing an RFID Network Planning (RNP) problem model, and providing a degree that the system is influenced by multipath based on amplitude fluctuation under a narrow band, so as to further determine an optimization objective function; an improved chicken flock algorithm which integrates an improved cock monomer turbulence strategy and a hen gray wolf updating strategy is designed to optimize the RNP problem, and an optimal deployment mode of the phased array reader antenna is obtained. Compared with the traditional RNP solution method, the method provided by the invention has obvious advantages in the aspects of reducing the complexity of the system, improving the deployment precision, improving the optimization time and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of mobile wireless communication, and relates to a phased array antenna optimized deployment method suitable for an ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system.
Background
With the coming of the internet of everything era, the demand based on the internet of things is increasing, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is widely applied to various fields as a key driving force of the internet of things, wherein the ultra-high Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is widely applied to scenes such as logistics management, warehouse management and the like by virtue of the advantages of low cost, high reading speed and the like. In a large-scale UHF RFID positioning system, the deployment problem of a reader is a key problem which needs to be solved urgently at present. How to deploy the readers and how many readers are deployed are defined as an RFID Network Planning (RNP) problem, and the RNP is considered as a large Network deployment mode conforming to the prevention principle, so as to ensure the most appropriate Quality of Service (QoS). The RNP can effectively improve the coverage rate of the system and reduce the interrogation interference between the tags and the reader by reasonably planning the layout and parameters of the reader, and has important significance for improving the performance of the UHF RFID positioning system.
In recent years, researchers have proposed various solutions to the RNP problem, but still face several challenges: 1) the existing solution to the RNP problem mainly uses a reader antenna with a fixed radiation pattern and ideal propagation conditions for channel modeling, which is not only difficult to apply in practical scenes, but also aggravates deployment difficulty; 2) existing solutions to the RNP problem typically define an objective function at a fixed operating frequency, limiting the feasibility of the solution; 3) the existing solution mainly adopts evolutionary computation and a group intelligent algorithm to solve the RNP problem, but for the complex optimization problem, the existing optimization algorithm has the problems of slow convergence, unsatisfactory optimization result and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an optimized deployment method of a phased array antenna suitable for an ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system. The invention adopts an omnidirectional dipole antenna as a tag antenna and a phased array antenna as a reader antenna to construct an RFID positioning system, completes the receiving field intensity estimation of the reader in a backward link through antenna gain modeling, provides a method for reflecting the influence of frequency selective fading on the system based on narrow-band Amplitude Fluctuation (AFN), and provides a method for optimizing and solving the RNP problem based on an improved chicken swarm algorithm, thereby solving the problems of larger positioning error, larger communication interference, larger multipath interference and larger uncovered degree in the aspect of optimized deployment of the reader in the prior art. The method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1: establishing a channel model based on a phased array antenna and a multipath effect, accurately estimating the receiving field intensity values received by a reader in a forward link and a backward link between the reader and a label, and assuming that a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is a single static system, receiving field intensity P received by the label in the forward linkr，TAnd the receiving field strength P received by the reader in the backward linkr，RCan be respectively represented as
Where κ is modulation efficiency, μTFor power transfer efficiency, pLIs a polarization loss factor, PTxIs the transmission power of the reader and is,
and
respectively representing the gains of the tag antenna and the reader antenna in the direct path, L (d) representing the path loss factor under multipath conditions, specifically
d＝{d0，d1，...，dKDenotes a distance vector, d0Distance of reader from tag on direct path, diIs the distance between the reader and the label on the ith reflection path, K is the total number of the reflection paths, lambda is the signal wavelength, eta is the path loss factor,
and
respectively representing the gains, f, of the tag antenna and the reader antenna in the ith reflection pathiRepresents the complex reflection coefficient;
step 2: high-precision antenna gain estimation is crucial to establishment of a channel model, an antenna gain model under discrete conditions is established for accurate gain estimation, a half-wave dipole antenna is used as a tag antenna and a phased-array antenna is used as a reader antenna in the ultrahigh frequency RFID system, and the gain of the tag antenna can be estimated as G if the half-wave dipole antenna meets the ideal size conditionT(θT，φT)＝1.641[cos2(0.5πcos(θT))]sin-2(θT) Wherein the long side of the tag antenna is located on the Z axis, the short side of the tag antenna is located on the X axis,
is the direction of radiation, θTAnd phiTAs a directional parameter, thetaTRepresents from
To
Angle of inclination of phiTRepresents from
To
Rotation angle between the projections of the XOY plane, the gain G of the reader antenna according to the electromagnetic field theory, assuming that the surface of the phased array reader antenna is located in the YOZ plane and the centroid is located at the pole of the coordinate systemR(θR，φR) Estimated as GR(θR，φR)＝eD(θR，φR) In which
e denotes an efficiency factor, D (θ)R，φR) Represents a directivity coefficient, S (theta)R，φR) Representing array factor, ImAnd InRepresenting the excitation amplitude along the Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively, M and N representing the array element index, M and N representing the total number of array elements along the Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively, YmAnd znRepresenting the coordinates of the array elements along the Y-axis and Z-axis, dyAnd dzThe distance difference between adjacent array elements is shown, beta and gamma respectively represent excitation phase difference along Y axis and Z axis, all phased array antennas are assumed to be in 2 x 2 structure, and then structure parameters can be determined, and if e is 1, Im＝In＝1，k＝2π/λ，dz＝dyThe coordinates of the array elements are (0, -0.25 lambda, 0.25 lambda), (0, 0.25 lambda, -0.25 lambda) and (0, -0.25 lambda) respectively at 0.5 lambda, and the gain expression of the reader antenna is G by using the principle of definite integral operationR(θR，φRβ, γ) ═ b (a · b)/(c + d), in which
And step 3: the tag antenna and the reader antenna are placed in the same Cartesian coordinate system, and the position coordinates of the tag antenna and the position coordinates of the reader antenna are respectively expressed as (x)T，yT，zT) And (x)R，yR，zR) The attitude of the tag antenna and the reader antenna are respectively expressed as
And
wherein
Is composed of
To
The angle of inclination of (a) is,
is composed of
And
the angle of rotation between the XOY plane projections,
is composed of
To
The angle of inclination of (a) is,
is composed of
And
rotation angle between XOY plane projections, and satisfy
And 4, step 4: selecting under the direct path
And
as an estimation target, (x) in a cartesian coordinate systemT，yT，zT) And (x)R，yR，zR) Determines the radiation direction
Directivity parameter thetaR、φRAnd thetaTMay be expressed as thetaR＝arccos(Y1/d0)，
Wherein
Z＝zR，T，xR，T＝xR-xT，yR，T＝yR-yT，zR，T＝zR-zT，
Will thetaR、φRAnd thetaTThe gain values of the reader antenna and the tag antenna in all directions can be accurately estimated by being brought into the antenna gain expression and the reader gain expression in the step 2;
and 5: under the selected reflection path
And
as an estimation target, a floor and a fixed baffle are used as reflection sources to simulate an indoor multipath environment,the floor can be regarded as the whole XOY plane in a Cartesian coordinate system, and the coordinates of the reflection point corresponding to the reflection phenomenon of the signal on the floor can be expressed as
In the forward link of the reflection path, the coordinates of the reflection point can be regarded as the coordinates of the label, and the coordinates of the reflection point are used
Replacing the tag coordinates (x) in the antenna gain model under simultaneous conditionsT，yT，zT) Recalculating θR、φRAnd GR(θR，φRBeta, gamma) to obtain the reader gain caused by the floor reflection surface
In the backward link of the reflection path, the coordinates of the reflection point can also be regarded as the coordinates of the label, and the coordinates of the reflection point are used
Replacing the tag coordinates (x) in the antenna gain model under simultaneous conditionsR，yR，zR) Recalculating θTAnd GT(θT，φT) The label gain caused by the floor reflection surface can be obtained
For a fixed baffle, defining the point on the plane in which it lies obeys the equation ε1xb+ε2yb+ε3zb＝ε4，xb∈[Lx，Ux]，zb∈[Lz，Uz]，ε1、ε2、ε3And ε4Is the intercept coefficient, Lx、Ux、LzAnd UzThe boundary value can determine the parameters of the fixed plane according to the scene characteristics so as to obtain the reflection point of the signal when the fixed baffle plate generates the reflection phenomenon
Resulting from the fixed baffle reflecting surface
And
subjecting the obtained
Brought into Pr，TAnd Pr，RIn the expression, the estimation of the receiving field intensity received by the reader in the forward link and the backward link is finished;
step 6: establishing an RNP (radio frequency identification technology Network Planning) problem model, taking the minimization of positioning error, the minimization of communication interference, the minimization of multipath interference and the minimization of uncovered degree as optimization targets, taking the excitation and the coordinates of array elements of each reader antenna as optimization variables, and establishing an optimization model
Wherein Ω represents a solution candidate for RNP and has Ω ═ x1，y1，β1，，γ1)，(x2，y2，β2，，γ2)，...，(xM，yM，βM，γM)]，(xm，ym) And (beta)m，γm) Respectively representing the coordinates of the mth reader antenna, and M is equal to [1, M ∈ ]]M is the number of reader antennas, F is the optimization objective function of reader deployment, and F is omega1f1+ω2f2+ω3f3+ω4f4，
The physical meaning of (A) is: performing minimum optimization on F to obtain the corresponding omega value, omega1，ω2，ω3，ω4Are respectively four subfunctions f1，f2，f3，f4Occupied weight, f1For measuring non-coverage of labels and is modeled as
Wherein N is an element of [1, N ∈]N is the total number of tags, CnThat the nth target label can be successfully positioned only when being identified by three or more readers, and f2For measuring positioning error and is modeled as
GDOPnGeometric precision factor of nth tag, f3For measuring interference caused by invalid queries and modeled as f3＝k1IT+k2IRIn which ITAverage value of interference degree of all tags by reader, IRIs the average value of the interference degree of all readers by the tags, k1And k2For setting the degree of reader interference and tag interference, f4For measuring interference caused by frequency selective fading and can be modeled as
DnRepresents the interference degree of the nth label caused by frequency selective fading
Where L is the total number of channels, Hn，m(ω) represents the channel transfer function when the mth reader antenna communicates with the nth tag,
is H of the l-th channeln，mValue of (omega), f4The lower the value of (d), the smaller the multipath interference;
and 7: designing an improved chicken flock algorithm to optimize and solve the RNP problem in the step 6, and firstly establishing an initial solution omega according to the initial pose of the reader antennaIBy searching in a predetermined searchRandom disturbance omega in optimal radiusIThereby generating an initial population P of size Q1According to step 6 f1、f2、f3And f4Calculating self adaptive values of all population individuals of the population, grading the population, dividing the whole population into a plurality of groups, wherein each group consists of a cock, a plurality of hens and chickens, and the cock is used as a leader of each group to guide the hens and the chickens to seek food and optimize;
and 8: and defining a two-dimensional contribution degree according to a sensitivity contribution degree strategy, providing an improved cock monomer turbulence strategy, and improving the optimization performance of the cock by increasing the monomer turbulence times and the sensitivity contribution degree. Wherein the improved cock-individual turbulence strategy may be described as: for each cock in the population, calculate
Obtaining a two-dimensional contribution degree alpha of each reader antennamWherein
the degree of contribution of the coverage is represented,
indicating the degree of sensitivity contribution, rmIs [0, 1 ]]Random number of inner, smThe number of the sensitive labels is that the label can be identified by three readers, two-stage evaluation is carried out to determine the single body, and in the first stage evaluation, if the label exists
The reader is defined as a single body, in the second evaluation, if all reader antennas are
All are greater than 0, then choose to have the minimum
The reader of (a) is used as a single body, and for each cock,only allowing the single body to carry out turbulence for N times while the other reader antennas keep the original position, selecting the state with the best adaptive value as the new state of the cock from the N new states, and updating the cock only when the new state is superior to the previous state;
and step 9: by utilizing a level system and a hunting mechanism in the wolf algorithm, a hen wolf updating strategy is formulated, the search capability of the hen is improved, and the updating mode of the hen is improved. Wherein, the hen gray wolf update strategy can be described as: for the ith hen in the population, three cocks (namely alpha chicken, beta chicken and delta chicken) with the minimum Euclidean distance from the current hen are selected as leaders to provide three candidate positions
And
and for
And
is provided with
Wherein
A＝2a·r1-a，C＝2r2，a＝2e(1-t)/rIn the formula (I), wherein,
denotes the W dimension position of the ith hen in the t iteration, W e [1, W]W is the dimension of the search space and satisfies W4M, Xα(t)、Xβ(t) and Xδ(t) is the position of alpha, beta and delta chickens and can be represented as Xj(t)＝[Xj，1(t)，Xj，2(t)，...，Xj，W(t)]j is formed by { alpha, beta, delta }, and the set X is { X ═ X [ ]α(t)，Xβ(t)，Xδ(t) } is the leader set of the current hen, Xα(t)、Xβ(t) and Xδ(t) the adaptation value increases in sequence, r1And r2Is [0, 1 ]]Random number within, coefficient A acting as a regulator of the search range, AjCorresponding to the coefficient A when alpha chicken, beta chicken and delta chicken are respectively taken as leaders, when | A | is greater than 1, the individual enlarges the search range to carry out global search, when | A | is less than 1, the individual narrows down the range to execute local search, a is a convergence factor used for defining A, the value of the convergence factor is reduced from 2 to 0 along with iteration, and then the position of the ith hen is
The candidate positions are averaged by a hen gray wolf updating strategy, namely
Step 10: updating the positions of all the chickens in the chicken flock by adopting a traditional chicken flock algorithm;
step 11: and performing iterative operation on the population, terminating the optimization process and outputting a final optimal deployment mode when the iterative operation times reach the upper limit, and finishing the optimal deployment of the phased array antenna of the ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system according to the mode.
The invention discloses a phased array antenna optimized deployment method suitable for an ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system, which adopts an omnidirectional dipole antenna as a tag antenna and a phased array antenna as a reader antenna to construct the RFID positioning system, completes the receiving field intensity estimation of a reader in a backward link, takes the minimized positioning error, the minimized communication interference, the minimized multipath interference and the minimized uncovered degree as optimization targets, takes the excitation and the coordinates of array elements of the reader antennas as optimization variables, proposes amplitude fluctuation under a narrow band, and reflects the degree of frequency selective fading interference of the system. The optimization problem is solved by using an improved chicken flock algorithm, a two-dimensional contribution degree is defined according to a sensitivity contribution degree strategy, an improved cock monomer turbulence strategy is provided, optimization performance of the cock is improved by increasing the monomer turbulence times and the sensitivity contribution degree, a hen grey wolf updating strategy is formulated by using a level system and a hunting mechanism in the grey wolf algorithm, searching capacity of the hen is improved, an updating mode of the hen is improved, and overall performance of RFID network deployment is improved.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is the antenna spherical coordinates of the present invention based on discrete conditions;
FIG. 3 is the antenna spherical coordinates of the present invention based on simultaneous conditions;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the improved chicken flock algorithm of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the reader and tag deployment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the performance of seven optimization algorithms of the present invention in two different examples;
FIG. 7 is a drawing of the invention f4CDF curve of (a).
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the invention takes the omnidirectional dipole antenna as the tag antenna and the phased array antenna as the reader antenna, establishes a channel model based on the phased array antenna and the multipath effect, and accurately estimates the receiving field strength P received by the forward link tag between the reader and the tagr，TAnd the receiving field strength P received by the reader in the backward linkr，R
Where κ is modulation efficiency, μTFor power transfer efficiency, pLIs a polarization loss factor, PTxIs the transmission power of the reader and is,
and
respectively, the gain of the tag antenna and the reader antenna in the direct path, and l (d) the path loss factor under multipath conditions.
For accurate gain estimation, an antenna gain model under discrete conditions is established in a rectangular spatial coordinate system, as shown in fig. 2(a), and assuming that the half-wave dipole antenna used meets ideal dimensional conditions, the gain of the tag antenna can be estimated as
GT(θT，φT)＝1.641[cos2(0.5πcos(θT))]sin-2(θT) (3)
Wherein the long side of the tag antenna is located on the Z axis, the short side of the tag antenna is located on the X axis,
is the direction of radiation, θTAnd phiTAs a directional parameter, thetaTRepresents from
To
Angle of inclination of phiTRepresents from
To
The angle of rotation between the projections of the XOY plane. Assuming that the surface of the phased array reader antenna is located in the YOZ plane and the centroid is located at the pole of the coordinate system, as shown in FIG. 2(b), the gain G of the reader antenna is based on electromagnetic field theoryR(θR，φR) Can be estimated as
GR(θR，φR)＝eD(θR，φR) (4)
Wherein,
wherein e represents an efficiency factor, D (θ)R，φR) Represents a directivity coefficient, S (theta)R，φR) Representing array factor, ImAnd InDenote the excitation amplitude along the Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively, M and N denote the array element index, M and N denote the total array element number along the Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively, YmAnd znRepresenting the coordinates of the array elements along the Y-axis and Z-axis, dyAnd dzThe distance difference between adjacent array elements is shown, beta and gamma respectively represent excitation phase difference along Y axis and Z axis, all phased array antennas are assumed to be in 2 x 2 structure, and then structure parameters can be determined, and if e is 1, Im＝In＝1，k＝2π/λ，dz＝dyThe coordinates of the array elements are respectively (0, -0.25 lambda, 0.25 lambda), (0, 0.25 lambda, -0.25 lambda) and (0, -0.25 lambda), and the gain expression of the reader antenna is as follows by using the principle of definite integral operation
Wherein,
the reader antenna and the tag antenna shown in fig. 2 are placed in the same cartesian coordinate system to form the antenna spherical coordinates based on the simultaneous conditions shown in fig. 3, and the position coordinates of the tag antenna and the reader antenna are (x) as shown in fig. 3T，yT，zT) And (x)R，yR，zR) The attitude of the tag antenna and the reader antenna are respectively
And
wherein
Is composed of
To
The angle of inclination of (a) is,
is composed of
And
the angle of rotation between the XOY plane projections,
is composed of
To
The angle of inclination of (a) is,
is composed of
And
rotation angle between XOY plane projections, and satisfy
Selecting under the direct path
And
as an estimation target, (x) in a cartesian coordinate systemT，yT，zT) And (x)R，yR，zR) Determines the radiation direction
Directivity parameter thetaR、φRAnd thetaTCan be expressed as
θR＝arccos(Y1/d0) (8)
Wherein,
Z＝zR，T，xR，T＝xR-xT，yR，T＝yR-yT，zR，T＝zR-zT，
will thetaTTaken into equation (3), θRAnd phiRBy substituting the equation (7), the gain values of the reader antenna and the tag antenna in all directions can be accurately estimated.
Under the selected reflection path
And
as an estimation object, a floor and a certain fixed baffle are used as reflection sources to simulate an indoor multipath environment, wherein the floor can be regarded as the whole XOY plane in a Cartesian coordinate system, and the coordinates of a reflection point corresponding to the reflection phenomenon of a signal on the floor can be expressed as
In the forward link of the reflection path, the coordinates of the reflection point can be regarded as the coordinates of the label, and the coordinates of the reflection point are used
Instead of the label coordinates (x) shown in fig. 3T，yT，zT) By recalculating equations (7), (8) and (9), the reader gain caused by the floor reflection surface can be obtained
In the backward link of the reflection path, the coordinates of the reflection point can also be regarded as the coordinates of the label, and the coordinates of the reflection point are used
Instead of the label coordinates (x) shown in fig. 3R，yR，zR) By recalculating equations (3) and (10), the tag gain caused by the floor reflection surface can be obtained
For a fixed baffle, defining the point on the plane in which it lies obeys the equation ε1xb+ε2yb+ε3zb＝ε4，xb∈[Lx，Ux]，zb∈[Lz，Uz]In which epsilon1、ε2、ε3And epsilon4Is the intercept coefficient, Lx、Ux、LzAnd UzThe parameters of the fixed plane can be determined according to the scene characteristics to obtain the reflection point of the signal when the fixed baffle plate generates the reflection phenomenon
Resulting from the fixed baffle reflecting surface
And
subjecting the obtained
And (3) substituting the received signal strength into the formula (1) and the formula (2) to complete the estimation of the received signal strength received by the reader in the forward link and the backward link.
In order to optimize the RNP problem, an RNP problem model is established, positioning error minimization, communication interference minimization, multipath interference minimization and uncovered degree minimization are used as optimization targets, array element excitation and coordinates of each reader antenna are used as optimization variables, and an optimization model is established
Wherein Ω represents a solution candidate of RNP and is represented by ═ x [ [ (x)1，y1，β1，，γ1)，(x2，y2，β2，，γ2)，...，(xM，yM，βM，γM)]，(xm，ym) And (beta)m，γm) Respectively representing the coordinates of the mth reader antenna, M ∈ [1, M ∈]M is the number of reader antennas, F is reader deployedOptimizing an objective function, F ═ ω1f1+ω2f2+ω3f3+ω4f4，
Represents that F is subjected to minimum optimization to obtain the corresponding value of omega1，ω2，ω3，ω4Are respectively four subfunctions f1，f2，f3，f4Occupied weight, f1For measuring non-coverage of labels and is modeled as
Wherein N is an element of [1, N ∈]N is the total number of tags, CnThat the nth target label can be successfully positioned only when being identified by three or more readers, and f2For measuring positioning error and is modeled as
GDOPnGeometric precision factor of nth tag, f3For measuring interference caused by invalid queries and modeled as f3＝k1IT+k2IRIn which ITAverage value of interference degree of all tags by reader, IRIs the average value of the interference degree of all readers by the tags, k1And k2For setting the degree of reader interference and tag interference, f4For measuring interference caused by frequency selective fading and can be modeled as
DnIndicates the interference degree caused by frequency selective fading of the nth tag, f4The lower the value of (c), the smaller the multipath interference.
An improved chicken flock algorithm is designed to optimize and solve the RNP problem, and an initial solution omega is established according to the initial pose of a reader antennaIBy randomly perturbing Ω within a predetermined optimization radiusIThereby generating the scale of QprimaryStarting population P1According to f in the optimization objective function1、f2、f3And f4Calculating self adaptive values of all population individuals of the population, grading the population, dividing the whole population into a plurality of groups, wherein each group consists of a cock, a plurality of hens and chicks, the cock is used as a leader of each group, guiding the hens and the chicks to seek food and optimize, defining two-dimensional contribution degrees according to a sensitive contribution degree strategy, providing an improved single-cock turbulence strategy, improving optimization performance of the cock by increasing the times of single turbulence and the sensitive contribution degrees, making a chamotte updating strategy by using a grading system and a hunting mechanism in a chamotte algorithm, improving searching capacity of the hens, improving an updating mode of the hens, and updating positions of all the chicks in the chicken flock by using a traditional chicken flock algorithm.
As shown in fig. 4, iterative operation is performed on the population, when the number of iterative operation reaches an upper limit, the optimization process is terminated and a final optimal deployment mode is output, and the phased array antenna optimized deployment of the ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system is completed according to the mode.
The proposed method is illustrated by establishing two different configurations of RNP instances R59 and I59, where R59 is a regularly distributed scenario and I59 is an irregularly distributed scenario, according to the environment shown in fig. 5, where in each instance the conveyor belt is fixed within a 24m x 16m area and is assumed to consist of a certain number of uniform meshes. Each grid is considered a target tag and the system can define tag density in an instance by adjusting the spacing between adjacent grids. Each example contained 59 tags with a tag spacing of 1.5 m. Selecting 16 readers for optimal deployment, wherein the working frequency range of each reader is 902.75MHz to 927.25MHz, the interval between adjacent channels is 0.5MHz, the frequency range is 50 channels in total, and all the channels are selected for calculating f4Selecting 915MHz center frequency to calculate f1、f2And f3，PTx＝27dBm，
|Г|2＝0.1，κ＝0.5，μT＝1，ρLWhere η is 1, 0.5, 2.5m for the reader height and 1m for the tag height.
Selecting a Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO), an Adaptive Particle Swarm Algorithm (APSO), a bird Swarm Algorithm (Brid Swarm Algorithm, BSA), a Wolf Algorithm (Grey Wolf Optimizer, GWH), a Chicken Swarm Algorithm (CSO) and an improved Chicken Swarm Algorithm (Monomer-Particle-Chicken Swarm Optimization, MPCSO) which combines a cock Monomer turbulence strategy and a hen Particle update strategy as comparison algorithms, verifying the performance of the improved Chicken Swarm Algorithm (Enhanced Chicken Swarm optimized on Grey Wolf, EGCSO) which combines the improved cock Monomer turbulence strategy with the traditional Chicken Swarm Algorithm, and performing GCSO updating on the traditional Chicken Swarm Algorithm. As shown in fig. 6, it can be seen that the convergence rate of MPCSO is better than that of PSO, APSO, BSA, GWO, and CSO, and it is not easy to fall into the locally optimal solution, specifically, in R59, the performance difference between EGCSO and MPCSO is 0.3481 times, and in I59, the performance difference between EGCSO and MPCSO is as high as 0.4993 times, so the improved chicken swarm algorithm proposed by the present invention has significant superiority in optimizing RNP problem.
In order to verify the objective function f4For the necessity of RNP problem optimization, the invention selects PSO, CSO and EGCSO optimization example I59, and fig. 7 is f4The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of (1), wherein the solid curve represents introducing F into the objective Function F4The dashed curve indicates that F is not introduced into the objective function F4And (4) optimizing. It can be seen from fig. 7 that there is some performance difference between the solid and dashed lines of each algorithm, and that f is introduced4Optimized EGCSO, f4Has a value of 0.0482 for the absence of f incorporation4Optimized EGCSO, f4Has a value of 0.1648. Therefore, F is introduced into the objective function F4The interference of frequency selective fading to the system can be effectively reduced.
Claims (2)
1. A phased array antenna optimized deployment method suitable for an ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system comprises the following specific steps:
step 1: establishing a channel model based on a phased array antenna and a multipath effect, accurately estimating a receiving field intensity value received by a reader in a forward link and a backward link between the reader and a label, and assuming that a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is a single static system, receiving field intensity P received by the label in the forward linkr，TAnd the receiving field strength P received by the reader in the backward linkr，RCan be respectively represented as
Where κ is modulation efficiency, μTFor power transfer efficiency, pLIs a polarization loss factor, PTxIs the transmission power of the reader and is,
and
respectively representing the gains of the tag antenna and the reader antenna in the direct path, L (d) representing the path loss factor under multipath conditions, specifically
Representing a distance vector, d0Distance of reader from tag on direct path, diIs the distance between the reader and the label on the ith reflection path, K is the total number of the reflection paths, lambda is the signal wavelength, eta is the path loss factor,
and
respectively representing the gain, Γ, of the tag antenna and reader antenna in the ith reflection pathiRepresenting a complex reflection coefficient;
step 2: high-precision antenna gain estimation is crucial to establishment of a channel model, an antenna gain model under discrete conditions is established for accurate gain estimation, a half-wave dipole antenna is used as a tag antenna and a phased-array antenna is used as a reader antenna in the ultrahigh frequency RFID system, and the gain of the tag antenna can be estimated as G if the half-wave dipole antenna meets the ideal size conditionT(θT，φT)＝1.641[cos2(0.5πcos(θT))]sin-2(θT) Wherein the long side of the tag antenna is located on the Z axis, the short side of the tag antenna is located on the X axis,
is the direction of radiation, θTAnd phiTAs a directional parameter, θTRepresents from
To
Angle of inclination of phiTRepresents from
To
Rotation angle between the projections of the XOY plane, the gain G of the reader antenna according to the electromagnetic field theory, assuming that the surface of the phased array reader antenna is located in the YOZ plane and the centroid is located at the pole of the coordinate systemR(θR，φR) Estimated as GR(θR，φR)＝eD(θR，φR) In which
e denotes an efficiency factor, D (θ)R，φR) Represents a directivity coefficient, S (theta)R，φR) Representing array factor, ImAnd InRepresenting the excitation amplitude along the Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively, M and N representing the array element index, M and N representing the total number of array elements along the Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively, YmAnd znRepresenting the coordinates of the array elements along the Y-axis and Z-axis, dyAnd dzThe distance difference between adjacent array elements is shown, beta and gamma respectively represent excitation phase difference along Y axis and Z axis, all phased array antennas are assumed to be in 2 x 2 structure, and then structure parameters can be determined, and if e is 1, Im＝In＝1，k＝2π/λ，dz＝dyThe coordinates of the array elements are (0, -0.25 lambda, 0.25 lambda), (0, 0.25 lambda, -0.25 lambda) and (0, -0.25 lambda) respectively at 0.5 lambda, and the gain expression of the reader antenna is G by using the principle of definite integral operationR(θR，φRβ, γ) ═ b (a · b)/(c + d), in which
And step 3: the tag antenna and the reader antenna are placed in the same Cartesian coordinate system, and the position coordinates of the tag antenna and the position coordinates of the reader antenna are respectively expressed as (x)T，yT，zT) And (x)R，yR，zR) The attitude of the tag antenna and the reader antenna are respectively expressed as
And
wherein
Is composed of
To
The angle of inclination of (a) is,
is composed of
And with
The angle of rotation between the XOY plane projections,
is composed of
To
The angle of inclination of (a) is,
is composed of
And
rotation angle between XOY plane projections, and satisfy
And 4, step 4: selecting under the direct path
And
as an estimation target, (x) in a cartesian coordinate systemT，yT，zT) And (x)R，yR，zR) Determines the radiation direction
Directivity parameter thetaR、φRAnd thetaTMay be expressed as thetaR＝arccos(Y1/d0)，
Wherein
Z＝zR，T，xR，T＝xR-xT，yR，T＝yR-yT，zR，T＝zR-zT，
Will thetaR、φRAnd thetaTAntenna gain expression and reader brought into step 2In the gain expression, the gain values of the reader antenna and the tag antenna in all directions can be accurately estimated;
and 5: under the selected reflection path
And
as an estimation object, a floor and a fixed baffle are used as reflection sources to simulate an indoor multipath environment, wherein the floor can be regarded as the whole XOY plane in a Cartesian coordinate system, and the coordinates of a reflection point corresponding to the reflection phenomenon of a signal on the floor can be expressed as
In the forward link of the reflection path, the coordinates of the reflection point can be regarded as the coordinates of the label, and the coordinates of the reflection point are used
Replacing the tag coordinates (x) in the antenna gain model under simultaneous conditionsT，yT，zT) Recalculate θR、φRAnd GR(θR，φRBeta, gamma) to obtain the reader gain caused by the floor reflection surface
In the backward link of the reflection path, the coordinates of the reflection point can also be regarded as the coordinates of the label, and the coordinates of the reflection point are used
Replacing the tag coordinates (x) in the antenna gain model under simultaneous conditionsR，yR，zR) Recalculating θTAnd GT(θT，φT) The tag gain caused by the floor reflection surface can be obtained
For a fixed baffle, defining the point on the plane in which it lies obeys the equation ε1xb+ε2yb+ε3zb＝ε4，xb∈[Lx，Ux]，zb∈[Lz，Uz]In which epsilon1、ε2、ε3And epsilon4Is an intercept coefficient, Lx、Ux、LzAnd UzThe parameters of the fixed plane can be determined according to the scene characteristics to obtain the reflection point of the signal when the fixed baffle plate generates the reflection phenomenon
Resulting from the fixed baffle reflecting surface
And
subjecting the obtained
Brought into Pr，TAnd Pr，RIn the expression, the estimation of the receiving field intensity received by the reader in the forward link and the backward link is finished;
step 6: establishing an RNP (radio frequency identification technology Network Planning) problem model, taking the minimization of positioning error, the minimization of communication interference, the minimization of multipath interference and the minimization of uncovered degree as optimization targets, taking the excitation and the coordinates of array elements of each reader antenna as optimization variables, and establishing an optimization model
Wherein Ω represents a solution candidate of RNP and has a value of [ (x)1，y1，β1，，γ1)，(x2，y2，β2，，γ2)，...，(xM，yM，βM，γM)]，(xm，ym) And (beta)m，γm) Respectively representing the coordinates of the mth reader antenna, M ∈ [1, M ∈]M is the number of reader antennas, F is the optimization objective function of reader deployment, and F is omega1f1+ω2f2+ω3f3+ω4f4，
The physical meaning of (A) is: performing minimum optimization on F to obtain the corresponding omega value, omega1，ω2，ω3，ω4Are respectively four subfunctions f1，f2，f3，f4Occupied weight, f1For measuring non-coverage of labels and is modeled as
Wherein N is an element of [1, N ∈]N is the total number of tags, CnThat the nth target label can be successfully positioned only when being identified by three or more readers, f2For measuring positioning error and modeled as
GDOPnGeometric precision factor of nth tag, f3For measuring interference caused by invalid queries and modeled as f3＝k1IT+k2IRIn which ITAverage value of interference degree of all tags by reader, IRIs the average value of the interference degree of all readers by the tags, k1And k2For setting the degree of reader interference and tag interference, f4For measuring interference caused by frequency selective fading and can be modeled as
DnIndicating that the nth tag is due to frequency selective fadingDegree of interference caused, f4The lower the value of (d), the smaller the multipath interference;
and 7: designing an improved chicken flock algorithm to optimize and solve the RNP problem in the step 6, and firstly establishing an initial solution omega according to the initial pose of the reader antennaIBy randomly perturbing Ω within a predetermined optimization radiusIThereby generating an initial population P of size Q1According to step 6 f1、f2、f3And f4Calculating self adaptive values of all population individuals of the population, grading the population, dividing the whole population into a plurality of groups, wherein each group consists of a cock, a plurality of hens and chickens, and the cock is used as a leader of each group and guides the hens and the chickens to carry out foraging and optimizing behaviors;
and step 8: defining a two-dimensional contribution degree according to a sensitivity contribution degree strategy, providing an improved cock monomer turbulence strategy, and improving optimization performance of the cock by increasing the monomer turbulence times and the sensitivity contribution degree, wherein the improved cock monomer turbulence strategy can be described as follows: for each cock in the population, calculate
Obtaining a two-dimensional contribution degree alpha of each reader antennamWherein, in the process,
the degree of contribution of the coverage is represented,
representing the degree of sensitivity contribution, rmIs [0, 1 ]]Random number of inner, smThe number of the sensitive labels is that the label can be identified by three readers, two-stage evaluation is carried out to determine the single body, and in the first stage evaluation, if the label exists
The reader is defined as a single body, and in the second evaluation, if all the readers are used for a dayOf wires
All are greater than 0, then choose to have the minimum
The reader is used as a single body, for each cock, only the single body is allowed to be updated for N times, while other reader antennas keep the original position, in N new states, the state with the best adaptive value is selected as the new state of the cock, and only when the new state is superior to the previous state, the cock is updated;
and step 9: utilizing a level system and a hunting mechanism in the wolf algorithm to formulate a hen wolf updating strategy, improving the searching capability of the hen and improving the updating mode of the hen, wherein the hen wolf updating strategy can be described as follows: for the ith hen in the population, three cocks (namely alpha chicken, beta chicken and delta chicken) with the minimum Euclidean distance from the current hen are selected as carriers to provide three candidate positions
And
and to
And
is provided with
Wherein
A＝2a·r1-a，C＝2r2，a＝2e(1-t)/rIn the formula (I), wherein,
denotes the W dimension position of the ith hen in the t iteration, W e [1, W]W is the dimension of the search space and satisfies W4M, Xα(t)、Xβ(t) and Xδ(t) is the position of alpha, beta and delta chickens and can be represented as Xj(t)＝[Xj，1(t)，Xj，2(t)，...，Xj，W(t)]j is formed by { alpha, beta, delta }, and the set X is { X ═ Xα(t)，Xβ(t)，Xδ(t) } is the set of leaders of the current hen, Xα(t)、Xβ(t) and Xδ(t) the adaptation value increases in order of r1And r2Is [0, 1 ]]Random number within, coefficient A acting as a regulator of the search range, AjCorresponding to the coefficient A when alpha chicken, beta chicken and delta chicken are respectively taken as leaders, when | A | is greater than 1, the individual enlarges the search range to carry out global search, when | A | is less than 1, the individual narrows down the range to execute local search, a is a convergence factor used for defining A, the value of the convergence factor is reduced from 2 to 0 along with iteration, and then the position of the ith hen is
Averaging the candidate positions by a hen gray wolf updating strategy, namely
Step 10: updating the positions of all the chickens in the chicken flock by adopting a traditional chicken flock algorithm;
step 11: and performing iterative operation on the population, terminating the optimization process and outputting a final optimal deployment mode when the iterative operation times reach the upper limit, and finishing the optimal deployment of the phased array antenna of the ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system according to the mode.
2. A phased array antenna optimized deployment method suitable for an ultrahigh frequency RFID positioning system is characterized in that interference f caused by frequency selective fading in step 64Can be described as: based on transmitted signals from readers in the forward link and readers in the backward linkThe amplitude | H (omega) | of the channel transfer function is calculated from the received signal, the evaluation is based on the amplitude fluctuation in the narrow band for quantizing | H (omega) |, the amplitude fluctuation in the narrow band is defined as the amplitude fluctuation in the narrow band for a single tag
Where L is the total number of channels, Hn，m(ω) represents the channel transfer function when the mth reader antenna communicates with the nth tag,
is H of the l-th channeln，mValue of (ω), further f4Is defined as
DnThe interference degree of the nth label caused by frequency selective fading is shown, the smaller the absolute value of H (omega) of the system is, the smaller f4The lower the value of (c), the less the system is affected by frequency selective fading.
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