CN114735680A - Graphene nanoribbon and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of carbon materials, in particular to a graphene nanoribbon and a preparation method thereof, which comprises the steps of dissolving micromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and molten salt in a solvent, and stirring in an inert atmosphere; adding a catalyst to carry out constant-temperature reaction, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished; carbonizing in an inert atmosphere, washing the carbonized product with water, and performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain the graphene nanoribbon. The graphene nanoribbon provided by the invention has a definite molecular structure, and the regulation and control of molecular weight can be realized through the control of a synthesis process, so that the regulation and control of a band gap value are further achieved; the preparation process of the molten salt carbonization method has the advantages of rich raw material sources, low production cost, simple and controllable synthesis process and easy realization of large-scale production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of carbon materials, in particular to a graphene nanoribbon and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The unique electronic band structure and outstanding mechanical properties of graphene make the graphene extremely potential in the field of field effect transistor development, but since graphene is a semi-metallic material, energy bands are overlapped at a Dirac point, no band gap exists, the switching of the transistor cannot be controlled by changing voltage like a traditional transistor, and in order to make the graphene available for preparing a field effect transistor, an energy gap needs to be introduced into the graphene. Researches show that if two-dimensional graphene is cut into one-dimensional graphene nanoribbons, a semiconductor material with a certain energy gap can be obtained.
Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) refer to ribbon-like graphene having a width of less than 100nm and a certain aspect ratio. The edge effect (such as edge configuration and edge disorder) brought by the special structure of the graphene nanoribbon enables the material to have different band gaps, and the band gap of the material can be adjusted by controlling the structure. The band gap performance of GNRs is directly dependent on their structure, and therefore, the precise synthesis of GNRs with specific widths and edge structures is a challenge to their practical implementation. There are currently two distinct routes for the preparation of GNRs: the top-down method and the bottom-up method are divided into two methods, namely, the top-down method cuts or etches graphene or a graphite precursor into graphene nanoribbons, and the second method cuts carbon nanotubes longitudinally to prepare corresponding graphene nanoribbons; the bottom-up method is divided into two methods, namely a chemical vapor deposition method and an organic synthesis method based on precursor molecules, the organic synthesis method based on the precursor molecules overcomes the defect that other methods cannot accurately control the width and edge configuration of the GNRs, the accurate control of the GNRs structure can be realized through the selection of the precursor molecules and the control of the process, and the method is the preferred method for preparing the functionalized graphene nanoribbon.
The organic synthesis method based on precursor molecules reported in the literature mainly takes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a precursor and is synthesized in situ on a metal surface in a high vacuum environment, but the precursor molecules selected by the method are complex in synthesis and high in cost, and the process for synthesizing GNRs is rigorous, so that the method is not beneficial to realizing industrialization.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a graphene nanoribbon and a preparation method thereof, and the method can realize large-scale production of the graphene nanoribbon with controllable band gap width.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a graphene nanoribbon comprises the following steps:
s1: dissolving micromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and molten salt in a solvent, and stirring for 0.5-1 h under an inert atmosphere;
the micromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon comprises one or more of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene, is a structural unit of the graphene nanoribbon, and is subjected to polymerization reaction under the action of a catalyst to generate the macromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, so that all the macromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives thereof can be used as raw materials, but have influence on the structure and performance of the product;
the fused salt comprises one or more of sodium chloride, ferric chloride, barium chloride, calcium chloride, copper chloride and potassium chloride, the fused salt has the effects of enabling the synthesis reaction to be uniformly carried out on one hand, preventing products from agglomerating in the synthesis process and the carbonization process on the other hand, ensuring that the products are graphene nanoribbons, and all inorganic salts which can stably exist in the synthesis and carbonization processes can be used as the fused salt, but have influence on the structure and the performance of the products;
the mol ratio of the micromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the molten salt is 1 (0-3),
preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the molten salt is 1 (1-2),
more preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the molten salt is 1 (1.5-2).
The solvent comprises one or more of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, dichloroethane and nitrotoluene, and on one hand, the reaction raw materials are better and uniformly contacted with each other under the action of the solvent; on the other hand, the sublimation of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon at the reaction temperature is inhibited, and the smooth proceeding of the synthesis reaction is ensured;
the amount of the inert gas used in this step is not critical, but the minimum amount thereof should be such that oxygen and water in the air do not enter the reaction system. Preferably, the inert atmosphere is nitrogen or argon, and more preferably, the inert atmosphere is a mixed gas of nitrogen and argon.
S2: adding a catalyst, reacting at a constant temperature of 0-80 ℃ for 1-10 h, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished;
the catalyst comprises Lewis acid, the Lewis acid can catalyze small-molecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to carry out polymerization reaction and can catalyze the synthesized product to carry out dehydrocyclization so as to generate a graphene nanoribbon, and all compounds which have catalytic action on the polymerization reaction of the small-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and derivatives thereof can be used as the catalyst, but have influence on the molecular weight and the structure of the product;
preferably, the catalyst comprises one or more of aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, cupric chloride, boron trifluoride, and titanium tetrachloride;
the molar ratio of the micromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the catalyst is 1 (0.5-4),
preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the catalyst is 1 (0.5-3),
more preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the catalyst is 1 (1-2);
preferably, the constant temperature reaction temperature is 10-60 ℃, the time is 2-6 h,
more preferably, the constant temperature reaction temperature is 20-40 ℃ and the time is 3-5 h.
S3: carbonizing the product of S2 at 650-1000 ℃ for 1-3h under an inert atmosphere, washing the carbonized product with water, and performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain the graphene nanoribbon.
Preferably, the carbonization temperature is 650-800 ℃, the time is 1-2h,
more preferably, the carbonization temperature is 650-750 ℃, and the time is 1-2 h.
The invention also aims to provide a graphene nanoribbon which has the relative molecular mass of 500-2000, the width of 1-2 nm, the length of 3.0-15 nm, the band gap width of 2.3-6 eV and the main molecular structure of
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1) in the preparation method provided by the invention, the synthetic reaction mechanism is that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cation polymerization and the friedel-crafts alkylation reaction coexist, the problem that polymers are difficult to generate in the prior art by Lewis acid catalyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polymerization is solved, and the expected full-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds with different molecular weights can be synthesized through the optimized cooperation of a solvent and a catalyst;
2) in the preparation method provided by the invention, the synthesis reaction occurs in a molten salt medium, the raw material solution can be fully diffused in a system, and the generated solid or semi-solid large molecular weight fused ring aromatic hydrocarbon is attached to the molten salt compound, so that the homogenization of the molecular weight of the product is facilitated; on the other hand, agglomeration and bonding of products due to large n-shaped bonds can be avoided, excessive liquid molten salt can promote further dispersion of the graphene nanoribbons in the carbonization process, and a stripping process after graphene synthesis in the prior art is saved;
3) the graphene nanoribbon provided by the invention has a definite molecular structure, and the regulation and control of molecular weight can be realized through the control of a synthesis process, so that the regulation and control of a band gap value are further achieved; the preparation process of the molten salt carbonization method has the advantages of rich raw material sources, low production cost, simple and controllable synthesis process and easy realization of large-scale production.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a mass spectrum and a molecular structure of the graphene nanoribbon prepared in example 1;
fig. 2 is a mass spectrum and a molecular structure of the graphene nanoribbon prepared in example 2;
fig. 3 is a mass spectrum and a molecular structure of the graphene nanoribbon prepared in example 3;
fig. 4 is an atomic force microscope photograph of the graphene nanoribbon prepared in example 1;
fig. 5 is an atomic force microscope photograph of the graphene nanoribbon prepared in example 3.
Detailed Description
The terms as used herein:
"prepared from … …" is synonymous with "comprising". The terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," "contains," "containing," or any other variation thereof, as used herein, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus.
When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is expressed as a range, preferred range, or as a range of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. For example, when the range "1 ~ 5" is disclosed, the ranges described should be construed to include the ranges "1 ~ 4", "1 ~ 3", "1 ~ 2 and 4 ~ 5", "1 ~ 3 and 5", and the like. When a range of values is described herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof and all integers and fractions within the range.
"and/or" is used to indicate that one or both of the illustrated conditions may occur, e.g., a and/or B includes (a and B) and (a or B).
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples, but those skilled in the art will understand that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A preparation method of a graphene nanoribbon comprises the following steps:
s1: using a DF-101S type oil bath as a reaction device, using methyl silicone oil as an oil bath medium, adding 6.4g of naphthalene and 5.8g of sodium chloride (molar ratio is 1:2) into a 250mL three-neck flask, adding 100mL of dichloromethane, introducing nitrogen at room temperature of 25 ℃ for bubbling, connecting a gas outlet pipe with a silicone oil seal, and stirring for 0.5 h;
s2: adding 13.3g of aluminum chloride (the molar ratio of naphthalene to aluminum chloride is 1:2), reacting for 6 hours at constant temperature under the conditions of nitrogen protection and stirring, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished;
s3: putting the reaction product into a 100ml crucible and placing the crucible in a carbonization furnace, heating to 800 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the nitrogen atmosphere, keeping the temperature constant for 1.5h for carbonization, cooling to room temperature under the nitrogen atmosphere, taking out the carbonized product, washing the carbonized product for 5 times by deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min by using ethanol as a dispersion medium, and drying at 80 ℃ to obtain black solid powder, namely the product graphene nanobelt, wherein the mass spectrum and the molecular structure are shown in figure 1, and the atomic force electron microscope photograph is shown in figure 4.
Example 2
A preparation method of a graphene nanoribbon comprises the following steps:
s1: using a DF-101S type oil bath as a reaction device, using methyl silicone oil as an oil bath medium, adding 10.1 g of pyrene and 8.1g of ferric chloride (the molar ratio is 1:1) into a 250mL three-neck flask, adding 100mL of dichloroethane, introducing argon at room temperature of 25 ℃ for bubbling, connecting a gas outlet pipe with a silicone oil seal, and stirring for 1 h;
s2: adding 3.35g of boron trifluoride (the molar ratio of pyrene to boron trifluoride is 1:1), heating to 60 ℃ under the conditions of argon protection and stirring, reacting for 3 hours at constant temperature, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished;
s3: putting the reaction product into a 100ml crucible and placing the crucible in a carbonization furnace, heating to 1000 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the argon atmosphere, keeping the temperature constant for 1h for carbonization, cooling to room temperature under the argon atmosphere, taking out the carbonized product, washing the carbonized product for 5 times by using deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min by using ethanol as a dispersion medium, and drying at 80 ℃ to obtain black solid powder, namely the product graphene nanoribbon, wherein the mass spectrogram and the molecular structure are shown in figure 2.
Example 3
A preparation method of a graphene nanoribbon comprises the following steps:
s1: using a DF-101S type oil bath as a reaction device, using methyl silicone oil as an oil bath medium, adding 8.9g of anthracene and 0.82g of a mixture of barium chloride and potassium chloride (the molar ratio is 1:0.1) into a 250mL three-neck flask, adding 100mL of nitrotoluene, introducing nitrogen and argon at room temperature of 25 ℃ for bubbling, connecting a gas outlet pipe with a silicone oil seal, and stirring for 0.8 h;
s2: adding 3.35g of copper chloride (the molar ratio of anthracene to copper chloride is 1:0.5), heating to 80 ℃ under the conditions of nitrogen and argon protection and stirring, reacting for 1 hour at constant temperature, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished;
s3: placing the reaction product into a 100ml crucible to be placed in a carbonization furnace, heating to 650 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the atmosphere of nitrogen and argon, keeping the temperature constant for 3 hours for carbonization, cooling to room temperature under the atmosphere of nitrogen and argon, taking out the carbonized product, washing the carbonized product for 5 times by using deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes by using ethanol as a dispersion medium, drying at 80 ℃ to obtain black solid powder, namely the product graphene nanobelt, wherein the mass spectrogram and the molecular structure are shown in figure 3, and the atomic force electron microscope photo is shown in figure 5.
Example 4
A preparation method of a graphene nanoribbon comprises the following steps:
s1: using a DF-101S type oil bath pot as a reaction device, using methyl silicone oil as an oil bath medium, adding 7.1g of methylnaphthalene and 16.5g of calcium chloride (molar ratio is 1:3) into a 250mL three-neck flask, adding 100mL of trichloromethane, introducing nitrogen at room temperature of 25 ℃ for bubbling, connecting a gas outlet pipe with a silicone oil seal, and stirring for 0.6 h;
s2: adding 32.4g of ferric trichloride (the molar ratio of methylnaphthalene to ferric trichloride is 1:4), cooling to 0 ℃ under the conditions of nitrogen protection and stirring, reacting for 10 hours at constant temperature, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished;
s3: and putting the reaction product into a 100ml crucible and placing the crucible in a carbonization furnace, heating to 700 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the nitrogen atmosphere, keeping the temperature constant for 2 hours for carbonization, cooling to room temperature under the nitrogen atmosphere, taking out the carbonized product, washing the carbonized product for 5 times by using deionized water, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes by using ethanol as a dispersion medium, and drying at 80 ℃ to obtain black solid powder, namely the graphene nanoribbon.
Example 5
A preparation method of a graphene nanoribbon comprises the following steps:
s1: using a DF-101S type oil bath pot as a reaction device, using methyl silicone oil as an oil bath medium, adding 8.9g of phenanthrene and 10g of copper chloride (the molar ratio is 1:1.5) into a 250mL three-neck flask, adding 100mL of tetrachloromethane, introducing nitrogen at room temperature of 25 ℃ for bubbling, connecting a gas outlet pipe with a silicone oil seal, and stirring for 0.7 h;
s2: adding 28.5g of titanium tetrachloride (the molar ratio of phenanthrene to titanium tetrachloride is 1:3), heating to 40 ℃ under the conditions of nitrogen protection and stirring, reacting for 5 hours at constant temperature, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished;
s3: and putting the reaction product into a 100ml crucible and placing the crucible in a carbonization furnace, heating to 900 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the nitrogen atmosphere, keeping the temperature constant for 2.5 hours for carbonization, cooling to room temperature under the nitrogen atmosphere, taking out the carbonized product, cleaning the carbonized product with deionized water for 5 times, performing ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes by taking ethanol as a dispersion medium, and drying at 80 ℃ to obtain black solid powder, namely the graphene nanoribbon product.
Test example 1
Ultraviolet absorption spectra of the graphene nanoribbons prepared in examples 1 to 3 were measured using an ultraviolet-visible spectrum analyzer electrically classified by a Shanghainegaceae instrument L5S and band gap widths were calculated, and the results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 band gap widths of graphene nanoribbons
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that while some embodiments herein include some features included in other embodiments, rather than other features, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention and form different embodiments. For example, in the claims above, any of the claimed embodiments may be used in any combination. The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of graphene nanoribbons is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: dissolving micromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and molten salt in a solvent, and stirring in an inert atmosphere;
s2: adding a catalyst to perform a constant temperature reaction, and taking out a product after the reaction is finished;
s3: and carbonizing the product of S2 in an inert atmosphere, washing the carbonized product with water, and performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain the graphene nanoribbon.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein step S1 satisfies one or more of the following conditions:
a. the small molecule condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon comprises one or more of condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons of naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene;
b. the molten salt comprises one or more of sodium chloride, ferric chloride, barium chloride, calcium chloride, copper chloride and potassium chloride;
c. the solvent comprises one or more of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, dichloroethane and nitrotoluene.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein step S1 further satisfies one or more of the following conditions:
d. the inert atmosphere comprises nitrogen and/or argon;
e. the stirring time is 0.5-1 h.
4. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the molten salt is 1 (0-3),
preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the molten salt is 1 (1-2),
more preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the molten salt is 1 (1.5-2).
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst of step S2 comprises a lewis acid;
preferably, the catalyst comprises one or more of aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, cupric chloride, boron trifluoride, and titanium tetrachloride.
6. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the catalyst is 1 (0.5-4),
preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the catalyst is 1 (0.5-3),
more preferably, the molar ratio of the small-molecule polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to the catalyst is 1 (1-2).
7. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the isothermal reaction temperature in step S2 is 0-80 ℃ for 1-10 h,
preferably, the constant temperature reaction temperature is 10-60 ℃, the time is 2-6 h,
more preferably, the constant temperature reaction temperature is 20-40 ℃ and the time is 3-5 h.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbonization temperature in step S3 is 650-1000 ℃ for 1-3h,
preferably, the carbonization temperature is 650-800 ℃, the time is 1-2h,
more preferably, the carbonization temperature is 650-750 ℃ and the time is 1-2 h.
9. The graphene nanoribbon is characterized in that the relative molecular mass of the graphene nanoribbon is 500-2000, the width is 1-2 nm, the length is 3.0-15 nm, and the band gap width is 2.3-6 eV.
10. The graphene nanoribbon of claim 9, wherein the graphene nanoribbon has a primary molecular structure of
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