CN114731417B

CN114731417B - Cross-component adaptive loop filter

Info

Publication number: CN114731417B
Application number: CN202080079161.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: N.胡; V.塞雷吉恩; M.卡尔切维茨
Original assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Current assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Priority date: 2019-11-22
Filing date: 2020-11-17
Publication date: 2023-07-14
Anticipated expiration: 2040-11-17
Also published as: TW202127896A; WO2021101892A1; US20210160513A1; EP4062639A1; US11265558B2; CN114731417A

Abstract

In some examples, a method of decoding video data may include reconstructing a block of video data including chroma samples, applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples. Applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter may include determining an offset and applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample.

Description

Cross-component adaptive loop filter

Cross Reference to Related Applications

The present application claims priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 17/099,010, filed 11/16/2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/939,490, filed 11/22/2019, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to video encoding and video decoding.

Background

Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices including digital televisions, digital direct broadcast systems, wireless broadcast systems, personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, electronic book readers, digital cameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, video gaming consoles, cellular or satellite radio telephones (so-called "smartphones"), video teleconferencing devices, video streaming devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement video codec techniques such as those described in the standards defined by MPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4 part 10, advanced Video Codec (AVC), ITU-T H.265/High Efficiency Video Codec (HEVC), and extensions of these standards. By implementing such video codec techniques, a video device may more efficiently transmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digital video information.

Video coding techniques include spatial (intra-picture) prediction and/or temporal (inter-picture) prediction to reduce or eliminate redundancy inherent in video sequences. For block-based video coding, a video slice (e.g., a video picture or a portion of a video picture) may be partitioned into video blocks, which may also be referred to as a Coding Tree Unit (CTU), a Coding Unit (CU), and/or a coding node. Video blocks in an intra-coding (I) slice of a picture are encoded using spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture. Video blocks in inter-coding (P or B) slices of a picture may use spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture, or temporal prediction with respect to reference samples in other reference pictures. A picture may be referred to as a frame and a reference picture may be referred to as a reference frame.

Disclosure of Invention

In general, this disclosure describes techniques for filtering video data (e.g., reconstructed or decoded video data) using a cross-component adaptive loop filter. In some examples, the described filtering techniques may be applied to chroma samples after performing other filtering on the chroma samples. Specifically, in some examples, the cross-component adaptive loop filter may be applied to the chroma samples after the application of the Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filter and after the application of the adaptive loop filter. Cross-component adaptive loop filtering may improve video quality by adding high frequency information to the particular chroma samples being filtered based on information in the luma samples. Furthermore, the techniques of this disclosure may simplify cross-component adaptive loop filtering by applying constraints that may simplify the filtering computations and possibly reduce the number of filter coefficients required to perform cross-component adaptive loop filtering. Thus, in some examples, these techniques may also improve compression by eliminating the need to transmit one or more filter coefficients in the decoded bitstream.

In some examples, a method of decoding video data includes reconstructing a block of video data including chroma samples, applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples. Applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter may include determining an offset and applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample. In some examples, determining the offset may include determining the offset according to the following equation:

where o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the neighboring luminance sample, N-1 is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples.

In some examples, the device may be configured to decode video data. The apparatus may include a memory configured to store video data, one or more processors implemented in circuitry and in communication with the memory, an adaptive loop filter, and a cross-component adaptive loop filter. The one or more processors may be configured to reconstruct a block of video data including chroma samples, apply the adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, and apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples. To apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the one or more processors may be configured to determine an offset and apply the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample.

In some examples, an apparatus for decoding video data may include means for reconstructing a block of video data including a chroma sample, means for applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma sample, and means for applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma sample. The apparatus for applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter may include means for determining an offset as a function of a difference between a collocated luminance sample juxtaposed with a particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luminance samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luminance sample, and means for applying the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

In some examples, the disclosure describes a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a video decoding device to: reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples, applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples. To apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the instructions may be configured to cause the one or more processors to determine an offset and apply the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample.

The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video encoding and decoding system that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

Fig. 2A and 2B are conceptual diagrams illustrating an exemplary quadtree binary tree (QTBT) structure and corresponding Codec Tree Units (CTUs).

Fig. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video encoder that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video decoder that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

Fig. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an exemplary filter including a cross-component adaptive loop filter (CC-ALF) in a reconstruction stage.

Fig. 6 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an exemplary filter shape.

Fig. 7 is a conceptual diagram illustrating another exemplary filter shape.

Fig. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary encoding method.

Fig. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary decoding method.

Fig. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary filtering process using CC-ALF according to the present disclosure.

Detailed Description

The present disclosure describes techniques related to video decoding that may be performed by a video decoding device or by a video encoding device that includes a decoding loop in a video encoding process. In particular, this disclosure describes filtering techniques that may be applied to samples within a decoded video block to improve video quality. The filtering may include so-called Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filtering and adaptive loop filtering by an Adaptive Loop Filter (ALF). In addition, the filtering may include so-called cross-component adaptive loop filtering by a cross-component adaptive loop filter (CC-ALF) that filters chroma samples based on associated luma samples. Cross-component adaptive loop filtering may improve video quality by adding high frequency information to the particular chroma samples (particular chroma sample) being filtered based on information in the luma samples.

In some cases, while the technique may be used without SAO filtering, CC-ALF may also be applied to chroma samples after SAO filtering is applied and after ALF is applied. The techniques of this disclosure may simplify CC-ALF by applying constraints that may simplify the filter computations associated with CC-ALF and possibly reduce the number of filter coefficients required to perform the cross-component adaptive loop filtering process. Thus, in some examples, these techniques may also improve compression by eliminating the need to transmit one or more filter coefficients in the decoded bitstream.

In some examples, the method of decoding video data may be performed by a video decoding device or by a video encoding device that includes a reconstruction loop as part of the encoding process. The method may include reconstructing a block of video data including a chroma sample, applying ALF to the chroma sample, and applying CC-ALF to the chroma sample. Applying the CC-ALF may include determining an offset and applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample. In some examples, determining the offset includes determining the offset according to the following equation:

Where o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, f _i Is the value of the adjacent luminance sample, N-1 is the tap number of the CC-ALF, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples. The above equation may be derived by simplifying another equation, such as by applying one or more constraints to a more complex equation that may be otherwise usedAn offset is defined.

Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding and decoding system 100 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure. The technology of the present disclosure generally relates to encoding (encoding and/or decoding) video data. Generally, video data includes any data used to process video. Thus, video data may include original unencoded video, encoded video, decoded (e.g., reconstructed) video, and video metadata, such as signaling data.

As shown in fig. 1, in this example, the system 100 includes a source device 102 that provides encoded video data to be decoded and displayed by a destination device 116. Specifically, the source device 102 provides video data to the destination device 116 via the computer readable medium 110. The source device 102 and the destination device 116 may comprise any of a variety of devices, including desktop computers, notebook (i.e., laptop) computers, tablet computers, set-top boxes, hand-held telephones (such as smartphones), televisions, cameras, display devices, digital media players, video gaming machines, video streaming devices, and the like. In some cases, the source device 102 and the destination device 116 may be equipped for wireless communication, and thus may be referred to as wireless communication devices.

In the example of fig. 1, source device 102 includes video source 104, memory 106, video encoder 200, and output interface 108. Destination device 116 includes input interface 122, video decoder 300, memory 120, and display device 118. In accordance with the present disclosure, the video encoder 200 of the source device 102 and the video decoder 300 of the destination device 116 may be configured to apply techniques for filtering video data using a cross-component adaptive loop filter as described herein. Thus, source device 102 represents an example of a video encoding device, and destination device 116 represents an example of a video decoding device. In other examples, the source device and the destination device may include other components or arrangements. For example, source device 102 may receive video data from an external video source, such as an external camera. Likewise, the destination device 116 may interface with an external display device instead of including an integrated display device.

The system 100 shown in fig. 1 is merely one example. In general, any digital video encoding and/or decoding apparatus may perform techniques for filtering video data using a cross-component adaptive loop filter as described herein. The source device 102 and the destination device 116 are merely examples of such codec devices, wherein the source device 102 generates decoded video data for transmission to the destination device 116. The present disclosure refers to "codec" devices as devices that perform the codec (encoding and/or decoding) of data. Thus, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 represent examples of codec devices, specifically, a video encoder and a video decoder, respectively. In some examples, source device 102 and destination device 116 may operate in a substantially symmetrical manner such that each of source device 102 and destination device 116 includes video encoding and decoding components. Thus, the system 100 may support unidirectional or bidirectional video transmission between the source device 102 and the destination device 116, for example, for video streaming, video playback, video broadcasting, or video telephony.

In general, video source 104 represents a source of video data (i.e., original, unencoded video data) and provides a succession of pictures (also referred to as "frames") of video data to video encoder 200, which video encoder 200 encodes the data of the pictures. The video source 104 of the source device 102 may include a video capture device such as a camera, a video archive containing previously captured raw video, and/or a video feed interface that receives video from a video content provider. As a further alternative, video source 104 may generate computer graphics-based data as the source video, or a combination of live video, archived video, and computer-generated video. In each case, the video encoder 200 encodes captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video data. The video encoder 200 may rearrange pictures from the order of reception (sometimes referred to as the "display order") to the codec order for encoding and decoding. The video encoder 200 may generate a bitstream including the encoded video data. The source device 102 may then output the encoded video data onto the computer readable medium 110 via the output interface 108 for receipt and/or retrieval by an input interface 122, such as the destination device 116.

The memory 106 of the source device 102 and the memory 120 of the destination device 116 represent general purpose memory. In some examples, the memories 106, 120 may store raw video data (e.g., raw video from the video source 104) and raw decoded video data from the video decoder 300. Additionally or alternatively, the memories 106, 120 may store software instructions executable by, for example, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300, respectively. Although in this example, memory 106 and memory 120 are shown separately from video encoder 200 and video decoder 300, it should be understood that video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may also include internal memory for functionally similar or equivalent purposes. Further, the memories 106, 120 may store encoded video data, for example, data output from the video encoder 200 and input to the video decoder 300. In some examples, portions of the memory 106, 120 may be allocated as one or more video buffers, e.g., to store raw, decoded, and/or encoded video data.

Computer-readable medium 110 may represent any type of medium or device capable of transmitting encoded video data from source device 102 to destination device 116. In one example, the computer-readable medium 110 represents a communication medium to enable the source device 102 to transmit encoded video data to the destination device 116 in real-time, e.g., via a radio frequency network or a computer-based network. According to a communication standard, such as a wireless communication protocol, output interface 108 may modulate a transmission signal including encoded video data, and input interface 122 may demodulate a received transmission signal. The communication medium may include any wireless or wired communication medium, such as a Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. The communication medium may form part of a packet-based network, such as a local area network, a wide area network, or a global network such as the internet. The communication medium may include routers, switches, base stations, or any other equipment that facilitates communication from source device 102 to destination device 116.

In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded data from output interface 108 to storage device 112. Similarly, destination device 116 may access encoded data from storage device 112 via input interface 122. Storage device 112 may include any of a variety of distributed or locally accessed data storage media such as a hard disk, blu-ray disc, DVD, CD-ROM, flash memory, volatile or non-volatile memory, or any other suitable digital storage media for storing encoded video data.

In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded video data to file server 114 or another intermediate storage device that may store the encoded video generated by source device 102. The destination device 116 may access the stored video data from the file server 114 via streaming or download. File server 114 may be any type of server device capable of storing encoded video data and transmitting the encoded video data to destination device 116. File server 114 may represent a web server (e.g., for a web site), a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, a content delivery network device, or a Network Attached Storage (NAS) device. File server 114 may represent a web server (e.g., for a website), a server configured to provide file transfer protocol services, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or file delivery over unidirectional transport (FLUTE) protocol, content Delivery Network (CDN) devices, hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) servers, multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) or enhanced MBMS (eMBMS) servers, and/or Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices. The file server 114 may additionally or alternatively implement one or more HTTP streaming protocols, such as dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH), live streaming over HTTP (HLS), real-time streaming protocol (RTSP), dynamic streaming over HTTP, and the like.

The destination device 116 may access the encoded video data from the file server 114 through any standard data connection, including an internet connection. This may include a wireless channel (e.g., wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g., digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both, that are adapted to access encoded video data stored on file server 114. The file server 114 and the input interface 122 may be configured to operate in accordance with a streaming transport protocol, a download transport protocol, or a combination thereof.

Output interface 108 and input interface 122 may represent wireless transmitters/receivers, modems, wired network components (e.g., ethernet cards), wireless communication components operating according to any of a variety of IEEE 802.11 standards, or other physical components. In examples where output interface 108 and input interface 122 comprise wireless components, output interface 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to communicate data such as encoded video data in accordance with a cellular communication standard such as 4G, 4G-LTE (long term evolution), LTE-advanced, 5G, or similar standards. In some examples where output interface 108 includes a wireless transmitter, output interface 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to communicate according to other wireless standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 specification, the IEEE 802.15 specification (e.g., zigBee) ^TM ) Bluetooth (R) ^TM Standard or the like, to transfer data, such as encoded video data. In some examples, source device 102 and/or destination device 116 may include respective system-on-chip (SoC) devices. For example, source device 102 may include a SoC device that performs functionality pertaining to video encoder 200 and/or output interface 108, and destination device 116 may include a SoC device that performs functionality pertaining to video decoder 300 and/or input interface 122.

The techniques of this disclosure may be applied to video encoding and decoding to support any of a variety of multimedia applications, such as over-the-air television broadcasting, cable television transmission, satellite television transmission, internet streaming video transmission (such as dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH)), decoding of digital video encoded onto a data storage medium, digital video stored on a data storage medium, or other applications.

The input interface 122 of the destination device 116 receives the encoded video bitstream from the computer readable medium 110 (e.g., communication medium, storage device 112, file server 114, etc.). The encoded video bitstream may include signaling information defined by the video encoder 200, which is also used by the video decoder 300, such as syntax elements having values describing characteristics and/or processing of video blocks or other encoded decoding units (e.g., slices, pictures, groups of pictures, sequences, etc.). The display device 118 displays the decoded pictures of the decoded video data to a user. The display device 118 may represent any of a variety of display devices, such as a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), a plasma display, an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display, or another type of display device.

Although not shown in fig. 1, in some examples, each of the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may be integrated with an audio encoder and/or an audio decoder, and may include appropriate MUX-DEMUX units or other hardware and/or software to process multiplexed streams including audio and video in a common data stream. The MUX-DEMUX units may conform to the ITU h.223 multiplexer protocol, if applicable, or other protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may each be implemented as any of a variety of suitable encoder and/or decoder circuits, such as one or more microprocessors, digital Signal Processors (DSPs), application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or any combinations thereof. When the techniques are implemented in part in software, a device may store instructions for the software in a suitable non-transitory computer-readable medium and execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the techniques of this disclosure. Each of the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, any of which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in the respective device. Devices including video encoder 200 and/or video decoder 300 may include integrated circuits, microprocessors, and/or wireless communication devices, such as cellular telephones.

The video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate in accordance with a video codec standard, such as ITU-T h.265, also known as High Efficiency Video Codec (HEVC), or an extension thereof, such as a multiview and/or scalable video codec extension. Alternatively, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may operate according to other proprietary or industry standards, such as joint detection model (JEM) or ITU-t h.266, also known as universal video codec (VVC). However, the techniques of this disclosure are not limited to any particular codec standard.

In general, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may perform block-based encoding and decoding of pictures. The term "block" generally refers to a structure that includes data to be processed (e.g., encoded, decoded, or other forms used in the encoding process and/or decoding process). For example, a block may comprise a two-dimensional matrix of samples (which may be referred to as components) of luminance and/or chrominance data. In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may codec video data represented in YUV (e.g., Y, cb, cr) format. That is, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may codec luminance and chrominance components, which may include both red and blue hue chrominance components, instead of red, green, and blue (RGB) data for samples of a picture. In some examples, the video encoder 200 converts the received RGB formatted data to a YUV representation prior to encoding, and the video decoder 300 converts the YUV representation to RGB format. Alternatively, a preprocessing and post-processing unit (not shown) may perform these conversions.

The present disclosure may generally relate to encoding and decoding (e.g., encoding and decoding) of pictures to include processes of encoding or decoding picture data. Similarly, the present disclosure may relate to the coding of blocks of pictures to include processes of encoding or decoding data for the blocks, e.g., prediction and/or residual coding. The encoded video bitstream typically includes a series of values representing codec decisions (e.g., codec modes) and syntax elements for picture-to-block partitioning. Thus, references to a coded picture or block should generally be understood as the coding values of the syntax elements used to form the picture or block.

HEVC defines various blocks, including Coding Units (CUs), prediction Units (PUs), and Transform Units (TUs). According to HEVC, a video codec, such as video encoder 200, partitions a Coding Tree Unit (CTU) into CUs according to a quadtree structure. That is, the video codec partitions CTUs and CUs into four equal, non-overlapping squares, and each node of the quadtree has zero or four child nodes. A node without child nodes may be referred to as a "leaf node," and a CU of this leaf node may include one or more PUs and/or one or more TUs. The video codec may also partition PUs and TUs. For example, in HEVC, a Residual Quadtree (RQT) represents a partition of TUs. In HEVC, PUs represent inter prediction data, while TUs represent residual data. The intra-predicted CU includes intra-prediction information, such as an intra-mode indication.

As another example, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may be configured to operate according to JEM or VVC. According to JEM or VVC, a video codec, such as video encoder 200, partitions a picture into a plurality of Codec Tree Units (CTUs). The video encoder 200 may partition the CTUs according to a tree structure, such as a quadtree-binary tree (QTBT) structure or a multi-type tree (MTT) structure. QTBT structures remove the concept of multiple partition types, such as separation between CUs, PUs, and TUs of HEVC. The QTBT structure includes two layers: a first layer partitioned according to a quadtree partitioning and a second layer partitioned according to a binary tree partitioning. The root node of the QTBT structure corresponds to the CTU. Leaf nodes of the binary tree correspond to coding and decoding units (CUs).

In the MTT partition structure, blocks may be partitioned using a Quadtree (QT) partition, a Binary Tree (BT) partition, and one or more types of Trigeminal Tree (TT) (also referred to as Ternary Tree (TT)) partition. A trigeminal or ternary tree partition is a partition that divides a block into three sub-blocks. In some examples, a trigeminal or ternary tree partition divides a block into three sub-blocks, rather than dividing the original block by center. The partition types in the MTT (e.g., QT, BT, and TT) may be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

In some examples, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may use a single QTBT or MTT structure to represent each of the luma component and the chroma component, while in other examples, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may use two or more QTBT or MTT structures, such as one QTBT/MTT structure for the luma component and another QTBT/MTT structure for the two chroma components (or two QTBT/MTT structures for the respective chroma components).

The video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to use quadtree partitioning, QTBT partitioning, or MTT partitioning or other partitioning structures in accordance with HEVC. For purposes of explanation, a description of the techniques of this disclosure is presented with respect to QTBT partitioning. However, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may also be applied to video codecs configured to use quadtree partitioning or other types of partitioning.

In some examples, the CTU includes a Coding Tree Block (CTB) of luma samples of a picture having three sample arrays, two corresponding CTBs of chroma samples, or a monochrome picture or a CTB of samples of a picture encoded using three separate color planes and syntax structures for encoding and decoding the samples. CTBs may be blocks of N x N samples with N being a certain value, such that dividing a component into CTBs is a sort of segmentation. The component is an array or single sample from one of three arrays (luminance and two chromaticities) that make up a picture in a 4:2:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4 color format, or an array or single sample of an array that makes up a picture in a monochrome format. In some examples, the codec block is an mxn sample block with M and N being some values, such that dividing CTBs into codec blocks is a sort of partitioning.

Blocks (e.g., CTUs or CUs) may be grouped in pictures in various ways. As one example, a brick (brick) may refer to a rectangular region of CTU rows within a particular tile (tile) in a picture. A tile may be a rectangular region of CTUs within a particular tile column and a particular tile row in a picture. A tile column refers to a rectangular region of CTU whose height is equal to the picture height and whose width is specified by a syntax element (such as in a picture parameter set). The tile rows represent rectangular regions of CTUs, whose height is specified by syntax elements (e.g., in a picture parameter set), and whose width is equal to the picture width.

In some examples, a tile may be partitioned into a plurality of bricks, each of which may include one or more rows of CTUs within the tile. Tiles that are not divided into multiple tiles may also be referred to as tiles. However, bricks that are a true subset of tiles may not be referred to as tiles.

The bricks in the picture may also be arranged in slices. A slice may be an integer number of bricks of a picture that may be contained exclusively in a single Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) unit. In some examples, a slice includes multiple complete tiles or a continuous sequence of complete tiles including only one tile.

The present disclosure may use "N x N" and "N by N" interchangeably to represent the sample dimension of a block (such as a CU or other video block) in both the vertical and horizontal dimensions, e.g., 16 x 16 samples or 16 by 16 samples. In general, a 16×16CU has 16 samples in the vertical direction (y=16), and 16 samples in the horizontal direction (x=16). Likewise, an nxn CU typically has N samples in the vertical direction and N samples in the horizontal direction, where N represents a non-negative integer value. The samples in a CU may be arranged in rows and columns. Further, a CU does not necessarily have to have the same number of samples in the horizontal direction as in the vertical direction. For example, a CU may include n×m samples, where M is not necessarily equal to N.

The video encoder 200 encodes video data of a CU representing prediction and/or residual information, as well as other information. The prediction information indicates how to predict the CU in order to form a prediction block of the CU. The residual information generally represents sample-by-sample differences between samples of the CU and the prediction block prior to encoding.

To predict a CU, video encoder 200 may typically form a prediction block for the CU by inter-prediction or intra-prediction. Inter-prediction generally refers to predicting a CU from data of a previously decoded picture, while intra-prediction generally refers to predicting a CU from previously decoded data of the same picture. To perform inter prediction, the video encoder 200 may generate a prediction block using one or more motion vectors. Video encoder 200 may typically perform a motion search to identify reference blocks that closely match the CU, e.g., in terms of differences between the CU and the reference blocks. The video encoder 200 may calculate a difference metric using Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD), sum of Square Differences (SSD), mean Absolute Difference (MAD), mean square error (MSD), or other such difference calculation to determine whether the reference block closely matches the current CU. In some examples, video encoder 200 may use unidirectional prediction or bi-directional prediction to predict the current CU.

Some examples of JEM and VVC also provide affine motion compensation modes, which may be considered inter prediction modes. In affine motion compensation mode, the video encoder 200 may determine two or more motion vectors representing non-translational motion, such as zoom in or out, rotation, perspective motion, or other irregular motion types.

To perform intra prediction, the video encoder 200 may select an intra prediction mode to generate a prediction block. Some examples of JEM and VVC provide sixty-seven intra prediction modes, including modes in various directions, as well as planar and DC modes. In general, video encoder 200 selects an intra prediction mode that describes neighboring samples of a current block (e.g., a block of a CU) from which to predict a prediction sample of the current block. Assuming that the video encoder 200 encodes CTUs and CUs in raster scan order (left to right, top to bottom), such samples may typically be above the current block, above the current block to the left, or to the left of the current block in the same picture as the current block.

The video encoder 200 encodes data representing a prediction mode of the current block. For example, for inter prediction modes, the video encoder 200 may encode data indicating which of various available inter prediction modes is used, and encode motion information for the corresponding mode. For unidirectional or bi-directional inter prediction, for example, the video encoder 200 may use Advanced Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) or merge mode to encode the motion vectors. The video encoder 200 may encode the motion vectors for the affine motion compensation mode using a similar mode.

After prediction, such as intra prediction or inter prediction of a block, the video encoder 200 may calculate residual data for the block. Residual data (such as a residual block) represents a sample-by-sample difference between a block and a predicted block for the block formed by using a corresponding prediction mode. The video encoder 200 may apply one or more transforms to the residual block to produce transformed data in the transform domain instead of the sample domain. For example, video encoder 200 may apply a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or a conceptually similar transform to the residual video data. Additionally, the video encoder 200 may apply a secondary transform after the primary transform, such as a mode dependent inseparable secondary transform (MDNSST), a signal dependent transform, a Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), and the like. The video encoder 200 generates transform coefficients after applying one or more transforms.

As described above, after generating any transform of transform coefficients, the video encoder 200 may perform quantization of the transform coefficients. Quantization generally refers to a process in which transform coefficients are quantized to reduce as much as possible the amount of data used to represent the coefficients, thereby providing further compression. By performing the quantization process, the video encoder 200 may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the coefficients. For example, the video encoder 200 may round down an n-bit value to an m-bit value during quantization, where n is greater than m. In some examples, to perform quantization, the video encoder 200 may perform a bit-wise right shift of the value to be quantized.

After quantization, the video encoder 200 may scan the transform coefficients to generate a one-dimensional vector from a two-dimensional matrix including the quantized transform coefficients. The scan may be designed to place higher energy (and therefore lower frequency) coefficients in front of the vector and lower energy (and therefore higher frequency) transform coefficients in back of the vector. In some examples, video encoder 200 may scan the quantized transform coefficients using a predetermined scan order to produce a serialized vector and then entropy encode the quantized transform coefficients of the vector. In other examples, video encoder 200 may perform adaptive scanning. After scanning the quantized transform coefficients to form a one-dimensional vector, video encoder 200 may entropy encode the one-dimensional vector, e.g., according to context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). The video encoder 200 may also entropy encode values for syntax elements describing metadata associated with the encoded video data for use by the video decoder 300 in decoding the video data.

To perform CABAC, the video encoder 200 may assign contexts within the context model to symbols to be transmitted. The context may relate to, for example, whether the adjacent value of the symbol is a zero value. The probability determination may be based on the context assigned to the symbol.

The video encoder 200 may also generate syntax data, such as block-based syntax data, picture-based syntax data, and sequence-based syntax data, for example, in a picture header, a block header, a slice header, or other syntax data, such as a Sequence Parameter Set (SPS), a Picture Parameter Set (PPS), or a Video Parameter Set (VPS), to the video decoder 300. The video decoder 300 may likewise decode this syntax data to determine how to decode the corresponding video data.

In this way, the video encoder 200 may generate a bitstream comprising encoded video data, e.g., syntax elements describing the partitioning of pictures into blocks (e.g., CUs) and prediction and/or residual information for the blocks. Finally, the video decoder 300 may receive the bitstream and decode the encoded video data. The filtering of the video data may be performed by a video encoder of the source device 102 as part of a decoding loop for generating prediction data used in the video encoding process. Filtering may also be performed by the video decoder 300 of the destination device 116. The filtering may improve video quality and may include cross-component adaptive loop filtering using one or more techniques of the present disclosure.

In general, the video decoder 300 performs a process inverse to that performed by the video encoder 200 to decode encoded video data of a bitstream. For example, the video decoder 300 may decode the values for the syntax elements of the bitstream using CABAC in a substantially similar but opposite manner to the CABAC encoding process of the video encoder 200. The syntax element may define partition information regarding the partitioning of pictures into CTUs and the partitioning of each CTU according to a corresponding partition structure, such as a QTBT structure, to define CUs of the CTU. Syntax elements may also define prediction and residual information for blocks (e.g., CUs) of video data.

The residual information may be represented by, for example, quantized transform coefficients. The video decoder 300 may inverse quantize and inverse transform the quantized transform coefficients of the block to reproduce a residual block for the block. The video decoder 300 uses the signaled prediction mode (intra prediction or inter prediction) and related prediction information (e.g., motion information for inter prediction) to form a prediction block for a block. The video decoder 300 may then combine the prediction block and the residual block (on a sample-by-sample basis) to reproduce the original block. The video decoder 300 may perform additional processing, such as performing a deblocking process to reduce visual artifacts along the boundaries of the blocks.

In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to reconstruct a block of video data and apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the reconstructed block of video data. The video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may, for example, apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter that defines and applies an offset according to the following equation:

where o is the output of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the adjacent luminance sample points of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, N is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples, and f _c Is applied to p _c Is set, the filter coefficients of the filter are values of (a).

Further, in some examples, video encoder 200 and/or video decoder 300 may be configured to reconstruct a block of video data including chroma samples, apply an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, and apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples. To apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, video encoder 200 and/or video decoder 300 may be configured to determine an offset as a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and to apply the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered. In this way, an offset may be defined and applied to each chroma-sample. In some examples, determining the offset for each chroma sample includes determining the offset according to the following equation:

Where o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the neighboring luminance samples, N-1 is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples.

The present disclosure may generally relate to "signaling" specific information, such as syntax elements. The term "signaling" may generally refer to the transmission of syntax elements and/or values of other data used to decode the encoded video data. That is, the video encoder 200 may signal values for syntax elements in the bitstream. Typically, signaling refers to generating values in the bit stream. As described above, the source device 102 may transmit the bit stream to the destination device 116 in substantially real-time (or non-real-time, such as may occur when the syntax element is stored to the storage device 112 for later retrieval by the destination device 116).

Fig. 2A and 2B are conceptual diagrams illustrating an exemplary quadtree binary tree (QTBT) structure 130 and corresponding Codec Tree Units (CTUs) 132. The solid line represents a quadtree partition and the dashed line indicates a binary tree partition. In each partition node (i.e., non-leaf node) of the binary tree, a flag is signaled to indicate which partition type (i.e., horizontal or vertical) to use, where in this example, 0 indicates a horizontal partition and 1 indicates a vertical partition. For quadtree partitioning, no indication of partition type is required, as quadtree nodes divide the block horizontally and vertically into 4 equal-sized sub-blocks. Accordingly, the video encoder 200 may encode syntax elements (such as partition information) for a region tree layer (i.e., solid line) of the QTBT structure 130 and syntax elements (such as partition information) for a prediction tree layer (i.e., broken line) of the QTBT structure 130, and the video decoder 300 may decode these syntax elements. The video encoder 200 may encode video data (such as prediction and transform data) for CUs represented by the terminal leaf nodes of the QTBT structure 130, and the video decoder 300 may decode the video data.

In general, the CTU 132 of fig. 2B may be associated with parameters defining the size of the block corresponding to the nodes of the QTBT structure 130 of the first and second layers. These parameters may include CTU size (representing the size of CTU 132 in the sample), minimum quadtree size (MinQTSize representing the minimum allowed quadtree node size), maximum binary tree size (MaxBTSize representing the maximum allowed binary tree root node size), maximum binary tree depth (MaxBTDepth representing the maximum allowed binary tree depth), and minimum binary tree size (MinBTSize representing the minimum allowed binary tree node size).

The root node of the QTBT structure corresponding to the CTU may have four child nodes at the first layer of the QTBT structure, each of which may be partitioned according to a quadtree partition. That is, the nodes of the first layer are either leaf nodes (no child nodes) or have four child nodes. The example of QTBT structure 130 represents such nodes as including parent nodes and child nodes with solid lines for branches. If the nodes of the first layer are not greater than the maximum allowed binary tree root node size (MaxBTSize), they may be further partitioned by the corresponding binary tree. The binary tree partitioning of a node may be iterated until the partitioned node reaches a minimum allowed binary tree leaf node size (MinBTSize) or a maximum allowed binary tree depth (MaxBTDepth). An example of QTBT structure 130 represents such nodes as having dashed lines for branches. Binary leaf nodes are referred to as coding and decoding units (CUs) that are used for prediction (e.g., intra picture prediction or inter picture prediction) and transformation without any further segmentation. As discussed above, a CU may also be referred to as a "video block" or "block.

In one example of a QTBT partition structure, CTU size is set to 128×128 (luminance samples and two corresponding 64×64 chrominance samples), minQTSize is set to 16×16, maxbtsize is set to 64×64, minbtsize (for both width and height) is set to 4, and MaxBTDepth is set to 4. The quadtree partitioning is first applied to CTUs to generate quadtree leaf nodes. The quadtree nodes may have a size ranging from 16×16 (i.e., minQTSize) to 128×128 (i.e., CTU size). If the She Sicha tree node is 128×128, the leaf quadtree node is not further partitioned by the binary tree because it is over MaxBTSize (i.e., 64×64 in this example). Otherwise, the leaf quadtree nodes will be further partitioned by the binary tree. Therefore, the quadtree leaf node is also the root node for the binary tree, and the binary tree depth is 0. When the binary tree depth reaches MaxBTDepth (4 in this example), no further partitioning is permitted. When the width of the binary tree node is equal to MinBTSize (4 in this example), this means that no further horizontal partitioning is permitted. Similarly, a binary tree node with a height equal to MinBTSize means that no further vertical partitioning is permitted for that binary tree node. As described above, the leaf nodes of the binary tree are called CUs and are further processed according to predictions and transforms without further segmentation.

Fig. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder 200 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 3 is provided for purposes of explanation and should not be considered as a limitation on the techniques broadly illustrated and described in this disclosure. For purposes of explanation, the present disclosure describes video encoder 200 in the context of video codec standards, such as the HEVC video codec standard and the h.266 video codec standard being developed. However, the techniques of this disclosure are not limited to these video codec standards, and are generally applicable to video encoding and decoding.

In the example of fig. 3, video encoder 200 includes video data memory 230, mode selection unit 202, residual generation unit 204, transform processing unit 206, quantization unit 208, inverse quantization unit 210, inverse transform processing unit 212, reconstruction unit 214, filter unit 216, decoded Picture Buffer (DPB) 218, and entropy encoding unit 220. Any or all of video data memory 230, mode selection unit 202, residual generation unit 204, transform processing unit 206, quantization unit 208, inverse quantization unit 210, inverse transform processing unit 212, reconstruction unit 214, filter unit 216, DPB 218, and entropy encoding unit 220 may be implemented in one or more processors or processing circuits. For example, the elements of video encoder 200 may be implemented as one or more circuits or logic elements as part of a hardware circuit or as part of a processor ASIC of an FPGA. Furthermore, video encoder 200 may include additional or alternative processors or processing circuits to perform these and other functions.

Video data memory 230 may store video data to be encoded by components of video encoder 200. Video encoder 200 may receive video data stored in video data store 230 from, for example, video source 104 (fig. 1). DPB 218 may be used as a reference picture memory that stores reference video data for use by video encoder 200 in predicting subsequent video data. Video data memory 230 and DPB 218 may be formed from any of a variety of memory devices, such as Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), including Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. Video data memory 230 and DPB 218 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In various examples, video data store 230 may be on-chip with other components of video encoder 200, as illustrated, or off-chip with respect to those components.

In this disclosure, references to video data memory 230 should not be construed as limited to memory internal to video encoder 200 unless specifically described as such, or to memory external to video encoder 200 unless specifically described as such. Conversely, references to video data memory 230 should be understood to be reference memory storing video encoder 200 receives video data for encoding (e.g., video data for a current block to be encoded). Memory 106 of fig. 1 may also provide temporary storage for output from the various units of video encoder 200.

The various elements of fig. 3 are illustrated to aid in understanding the operations performed by video encoder 200. These units may be implemented as fixed function circuits, programmable circuits or a combination thereof. A fixed function circuit refers to a circuit that provides a specific function and is preset in an operation that can be performed. Programmable circuitry refers to circuitry that can be programmed to perform various tasks and provide flexible functionality in the operations that can be performed. For example, the programmable circuit may run software or firmware, causing the programmable circuit to operate in a manner defined by instructions of the software or firmware. Fixed function circuitry may execute software instructions (e.g., to receive parameters or output parameters) but the type of operation that fixed function circuitry performs is typically not variable. In some examples, one or more of the units may be different circuit blocks (fixed function or programmable), and in some examples, one or more of the units may be integrated circuits.

The video encoder 200 may include an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), a basic functional unit (EFU), digital circuitry, analog circuitry, and/or a programmable core formed from programmable circuitry. In examples where the operations of video encoder 200 are performed using software executed by programmable circuitry, memory 106 (fig. 1) may store instructions (e.g., object code) of the software received and executed by video encoder 200, or another memory (not shown) within video encoder 200 may store such instructions.

The video data memory 230 is configured to store received video data. The video encoder 200 may retrieve pictures of the video data from the video data memory 230 and provide the video data to the residual generation unit 204 and the mode selection unit 202. The video data in the video data memory 230 may be raw video data to be encoded.

The mode selection unit 202 comprises a motion estimation unit 222, a motion compensation unit 224 and an intra prediction unit 226. The mode selection unit 202 may include additional functional units to perform video prediction according to other prediction modes. As an example, mode selection unit 202 may include a palette unit, an intra block copy unit (which may be part of motion estimation unit 222 and/or motion compensation unit 224), an affine unit, a Linear Model (LM) unit, and the like.

The mode selection unit 202 typically coordinates multiple encoding passes to test combinations of encoding parameters and resulting rate-distortion values for such combinations. The coding parameters may include CTU-to-CU partitioning, prediction modes for the CU, transform types for the CU residual data, quantization parameters for the CU residual data, and so on. The mode selection unit 202 may finally select a combination of coding parameters having better rate-distortion values than other test combinations.

Video encoder 200 may segment pictures retrieved from video data store 230 into a series of CTUs and encapsulate one or more CTUs within a slice. The mode selection unit 202 may partition CTUs of a picture according to a tree structure, such as the QTBT structure of HEVC or the quadtree structure described above. As described above, the video encoder 200 may form one or more CUs by dividing CTUs according to a tree structure. Such CUs may also be commonly referred to as "video blocks" or "blocks.

Typically, mode selection unit 202 also controls its components (e.g., motion estimation unit 222, motion compensation unit 224, and intra prediction unit 226) to generate a prediction block for the current block (e.g., the overlapping portion of PU and TU in the current CU or HEVC). To inter-predict the current block, motion estimation unit 222 may perform a motion search to identify one or more closely matching reference blocks in one or more reference pictures (e.g., one or more previously-encoded pictures stored in DPB 218). Specifically, the motion estimation unit 222 may calculate a value indicating that the potential reference block is similar to the current block, for example, according to a Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD), a Sum of Squared Differences (SSD), a Mean Absolute Difference (MAD), a mean square error (MSD), and the like. The motion estimation unit 222 may generally perform these calculations using sample-by-sample differences between the current block and the reference block under consideration. The motion estimation unit 222 may identify the reference block with the lowest value from these calculations, indicating the reference block that most closely matches the current block.

The motion estimation unit 222 may form one or more Motion Vectors (MVs) defining the position of a reference block in a reference picture relative to a current block in a current picture. The motion estimation unit 222 may then provide the motion vectors to the motion compensation unit 224. For example, for unidirectional inter prediction, the motion estimation unit 222 may provide a single motion vector, while for bi-directional inter prediction, the motion estimation unit 222 may provide two motion vectors. The motion compensation unit 224 may then generate a prediction block using the motion vector. For example, the motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data of the reference block using the motion vector. As another example, if the motion vector has fractional sample precision, the motion compensation unit 224 may interpolate values for the prediction block according to one or more interpolation filters. Furthermore, for bi-directional inter prediction, the motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data for the two reference blocks identified by the respective motion vectors and combine the retrieved data, e.g., by point-wise averaging or weighted averaging.

As another example, for intra prediction or intra prediction codec, the intra prediction unit 226 may generate a prediction block according to samples adjacent to the current block. For example, for directional modes, intra-prediction unit 226 may typically mathematically combine the values of neighboring samples and populate these calculated values in a defined direction across the current block to produce a predicted block. As another example, for the DC mode, the intra prediction unit 226 may calculate an average value of neighboring samples of the current block and generate the prediction block to include the resulting average value for each sample of the prediction block.

The mode selection unit 202 supplies the prediction block to the residual generation unit 204. The residual generation unit 204 receives the original, unencoded version of the current block from the video data store 230 and the prediction block from the mode selection unit 202. The residual generation unit 204 calculates a sample-by-sample difference between the current block and the prediction block. The resulting sample-by-sample difference defines the residual block of the current block. In some examples, residual generation unit 204 may also determine differences between sample values in the residual block to generate the residual block using Residual Differential Pulse Code Modulation (RDPCM). In some examples, residual generation unit 204 may be formed using one or more subtractor circuits that perform binary subtraction.

In examples where mode selection unit 202 partitions a CU into PUs, each PU may be associated with a luma prediction unit and a corresponding chroma prediction unit. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support PUs having various sizes. As described above, the size of a CU may refer to the size of a luma codec block of the CU, and the size of a PU may refer to the size of a luma prediction unit of the PU. Assuming that the size of a particular CU is 2nx2n, the video encoder 200 may support 2 nx2n or nxn PU sizes for intra prediction and 2 nx2n, 2 nx N, N x 2N, N xn or similar symmetric PU sizes for inter prediction. The video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may also support asymmetric partitioning of PU sizes of 2nxnu, 2nxnd, nl×2n, and nr×2n for inter prediction.

In examples where the mode selection unit 202 does not further partition the CUs into PUs, each CU may be associated with a luma codec block and a corresponding chroma codec block. As above, the size of a CU may refer to the size of a luma codec block of the CU. The video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may support CU sizes of 2nx2n, 2nxn, or nx2n.

For other video coding techniques, such as intra block copy mode coding, affine mode coding, and Linear Model (LM) mode coding, as a few examples, the mode selection unit 202 generates a prediction block for the current block being coded via a corresponding unit associated with the coding technique. In some examples, such as palette mode codec, the mode selection unit 202 may not generate a prediction block, but rather generate a syntax element indicating a manner of reconstructing a block based on the selected palette. In such a mode, the mode selection unit 202 may provide these syntax elements to the entropy encoding unit 220 to encode it.

As described above, the residual generation unit 204 receives video data for the current block and the corresponding prediction block. Then, the residual generating unit 204 generates a residual block for the current block. To generate the residual block, the residual generation unit 204 calculates a sample-by-sample difference between the prediction block and the current block.

The transform processing unit 206 applies one or more transforms to the residual block to generate a block of transform coefficients (referred to herein as a "block of transform coefficients"). The transform processing unit 206 may apply various transforms to the residual block to form a block of transform coefficients. For example, transform processing unit 206 may apply a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), a direction transform, a Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), or a conceptually similar transform to the residual block. In some examples, transform processing unit 206 may perform multiple transforms on the residual block, e.g., a primary transform and a secondary transform, such as a rotational transform. In some examples, transform processing unit 206 does not apply a transform to the residual block.

The quantization unit 208 may quantize the transform coefficients in the block of transform coefficients to generate a block of quantized transform coefficients. The quantization unit 208 may quantize transform coefficients of the block of transform coefficients according to a Quantization Parameter (QP) value associated with the current block. The video encoder 200 (e.g., via the mode selection unit 202) may adjust the degree of quantization applied to the transform coefficient block associated with the current block by adjusting the QP value associated with the CU. Quantization may introduce information loss and, as a result, the quantized transform coefficients may have lower precision than the original transform coefficients generated by the transform processing unit 206.

The inverse quantization unit 210 and the inverse transform processing unit 212 may apply inverse quantization and inverse transform, respectively, to the quantized transform coefficient block to reconstruct a residual block from the transform coefficient block. The reconstruction unit 214 may generate a reconstructed block corresponding to the current block (although possibly with some degree of distortion) based on the reconstructed residual block and the prediction block generated by the mode selection unit 202. For example, the reconstruction unit 214 may add samples of the reconstructed residual block to corresponding samples of the prediction block generated from the mode selection unit 202 to generate a reconstructed block.

The filter unit 216 may perform one or more filtering operations on the reconstructed block. For example, the filter unit 216 may perform a deblocking operation to reduce blocking artifacts along CU edges. The operation of the filter unit 216 may be skipped in some examples. In addition, the filter unit 216 may be configured to perform the cross-component adaptive loop filter technique described below. For example, filter unit 216 may be configured to apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the reconstructed block of video data, which may include defining and applying an offset according to the following equation:

Where o is offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the sample point of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, N is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples, and f _c Is applied to p _c Is set, the filter coefficients of the filter are values of (a).

In some examples, filter unit 216 may include an ALF and a CC-ALF. In addition, in some cases, the filter unit 206 may also include an SAO filter. Filter unit 216 may apply ALF to chroma samples of the reconstructed video block and CC-ALF to chroma samples. In some examples, SAO filtering may also be performed prior to application of the ALF and the CC-ALF. To apply cross-component adaptive loop filtering, filtering unit 216 may be configured to determine an offset, and apply the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, where the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample. In some examples, determining and applying the offset may include determining and applying the offset according to the following equation:

Video encoder 200 stores the reconstructed block in DPB 218. For example, in examples where the operation of filter unit 216 is not required, reconstruction unit 214 may store the reconstructed block to DPB 218. In examples where the operation of filter unit 216 is required, filter unit 216 may store the filtered reconstructed block to DPB 218. Motion estimation unit 222 and motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve a reference picture from DPB 218, which is formed from reconstructed (and possibly filtered) blocks, to inter-predict a block of a subsequently encoded picture. In addition, intra-prediction unit 226 may use the reconstructed block in DPB 218 of the current picture to intra-predict other blocks in the current picture.

In general, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode syntax elements received from other functional components of video encoder 200. For example, the entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode the quantized transform coefficient block from the quantization unit 208. As another example, the entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode a prediction syntax element (e.g., motion information for inter prediction or intra mode information for intra prediction) from the mode selection unit 202. The entropy encoding unit 220 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations on syntax elements that are another example of video data to generate entropy encoded data. For example, the entropy encoding unit 220 may perform a Context Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) operation, a CABAC operation, a variable-to-variable (V2V) length coding operation, a syntax-based context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC) operation, a Probability Interval Partitioning Entropy (PIPE) coding operation, an exponential Golomb coding operation, or another type of entropy coding operation on the data. In some examples, entropy encoding unit 220 may operate in a bypass mode in which syntax elements are not entropy encoded.

The video encoder 200 may output a bitstream that includes entropy encoded syntax elements required to reconstruct blocks of slices or pictures. In particular, the entropy encoding unit 220 may output a bitstream.

The above operations are described with respect to blocks. This description should be understood as the operation for the luma codec block and/or the chroma codec block. As described above, in some examples, the luma and chroma codec blocks are luma and chroma samples of a CU. In some examples, the luma and chroma codec blocks are luma and chroma samples of the PU.

In some examples, for a chroma codec block, the operations performed with respect to a luma codec block need not be repeated. As one example, the operation of identifying Motion Vectors (MVs) and reference pictures for luma codec blocks need not be repeated for identifying MVs and reference pictures for chroma blocks. In contrast, MVs for luma codec blocks may be scaled to determine MVs for chroma blocks, and reference pictures may be the same. As another example, the intra prediction process may be the same for both luma and chroma codec blocks.

Video encoder 200 represents an example of a device configured to encode video data, including a memory configured to store video data, and one or more processing units implemented in circuitry and configured to reconstruct blocks of video data. In particular, the one or more processors may apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to reconstructed blocks of video data. Applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter may include determining and applying an offset according to the following equation:

In some examples, video encoder 200 may be configured to reconstruct a block of video data including chroma samples, apply an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, and apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples. To apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, video encoder 200 may be configured to determine an offset as a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and apply the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered. In some examples, determining the offset includes determining the offset according to the following equation:

Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder 300 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure. Fig. 4 is provided for purposes of explanation, and not limitation, of the techniques broadly illustrated and described in the present disclosure. For purposes of illustration, this disclosure describes a video decoder 300 described in terms of techniques of JEM, VCC, and HEVC. However, the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by video codec devices configured as other video codec standards.

In the example of fig. 4, video decoder 300 includes a Coded Picture Buffer (CPB) memory 320, an entropy decoding unit 302, a prediction processing unit 304, an inverse quantization unit 306, an inverse transform processing unit 308, a reconstruction unit 310, a filter unit 312, and a Decoded Picture Buffer (DPB) 314. Any or all of CPB memory 320, entropy decoding unit 302, prediction processing unit 304, inverse quantization unit 306, inverse transform processing unit 308, reconstruction unit 310, filter unit 312, and DPB 314 may be implemented in one or more processors or processing circuits. For example, the elements of video decoder 300 may be implemented as one or more circuits or logic elements as part of a hardware circuit or as part of a processor ASIC of an FPGA. The one or more processors are communicatively coupled to a memory (e.g., memory 120 of fig. 1) that stores video data being encoded (e.g., data being decoded). Furthermore, the video decoder 300 may include additional or alternative processors or processing circuits to perform these and other functions.

The prediction processing unit 304 includes a motion compensation unit 316 and an intra prediction unit 318. The prediction processing unit 304 may include additional units to perform prediction in accordance with other prediction modes. As an example, the prediction processing unit 304 may include a palette unit, an intra block copy unit (which may form part of the motion compensation unit 316), an affine unit, a Linear Model (LM) unit, and the like. In other examples, video decoder 300 may include more, fewer, or different functional components.

The CPB memory 320 may store video data, such as an encoded video bitstream, to be decoded by components of the video decoder 300. For example, video data stored in the CPB memory 320 may be obtained from the computer-readable medium 110 (fig. 1). The CPB memory 320 may include CPBs that store encoded video data (e.g., syntax elements) from an encoded video bitstream. Also, the CPB memory 320 may store video data other than syntax elements of the decoded pictures, such as temporary data representing outputs from various units of the video decoder 300. DPB 314 typically stores decoded pictures that video decoder 300 may output and/or use as reference video data when decoding subsequent data or pictures of an encoded video bitstream. CPB memory 320 and DPB 314 may be formed from any of a variety of memory devices, such as DRAM, including SDRAM, MRAM, RRAM or other types of memory devices. CPB memory 320 and DPB 314 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In various examples, CPB memory 320 may be on-chip with other components of video decoder 300, or off-chip with respect to those components.

Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, video decoder 300 may retrieve decoded video data from memory 120 (fig. 1). That is, memory 120 may store data with CPB memory 320 as discussed above. Also, when some or all of the functions of video decoder 300 are implemented in software to be executed by the processing circuitry of video decoder 300, memory 120 may store instructions to be executed by video decoder 300.

The various units shown in fig. 4 are illustrated to aid in understanding the operations performed by video decoder 300. These units may be implemented as fixed function circuits, programmable circuits or a combination thereof. Similar to fig. 3, a fixed function circuit refers to a circuit that provides a specific function and is preset in an operation that can be performed. Programmable circuitry refers to circuitry that can be programmed to perform various tasks and provide flexible functionality in the operations that can be performed. For example, the programmable circuit may run software or firmware, causing the programmable circuit to operate in a manner defined by instructions of the software or firmware. Fixed function circuitry may execute software instructions (e.g., to receive parameters or output parameters) but the type of operation that fixed function circuitry performs is typically not variable. In some examples, one or more of the units may be different circuit blocks (fixed function or programmable), and in some examples, one or more of the units may be integrated circuits.

The video decoder 300 may include an ALU, an EFU, a digital circuit, an analog circuit, and/or a programmable core formed of programmable circuits. In examples where the operations of video decoder 300 are performed by software running on programmable circuits, on-chip or off-chip memory may store instructions (e.g., object code) of the software received and run by video decoder 300.

The entropy decoding unit 302 may receive encoded video data from the CPB and entropy decode the video data to reproduce syntax elements. The prediction processing unit 304, the inverse quantization unit 306, the inverse transformation processing unit 308, the reconstruction unit 310, and the filter unit 312 may generate decoded video data based on syntax elements extracted from a bitstream.

Typically, video decoder 300 reconstructs the pictures on a block-by-block basis. The video decoder 300 may perform a reconstruction operation (where the block currently being reconstructed (i.e., decoded), may be referred to as a "current block") on each block separately.

The entropy decoding unit 302 may entropy decode syntax elements defining quantized transform coefficients of the quantized transform coefficient block, as well as transform information, such as Quantization Parameter (QP) and/or transform mode indication(s). The inverse quantization unit 306 may determine a quantization degree using a QP associated with the quantized transform coefficient block and, as such, an inverse quantization degree for the inverse quantization unit 306 to apply. The inverse quantization unit 306 may, for example, perform a bit-wise left shift operation to inversely quantize the quantized transform coefficients. The inverse quantization unit 306 may thus form a transform coefficient block including the transform coefficients.

After the inverse quantization unit 306 forms the transform coefficient block, the inverse transform processing unit 308 may apply one or more inverse transforms to the transform coefficient block to generate a residual block associated with the current block. For example, the inverse transform processing unit 308 may apply an inverse DCT, an inverse integer transform, an inverse Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), an inverse rotation transform, an inverse direction transform, or another inverse transform to the transform coefficient block.

Further, the prediction processing unit 304 generates a prediction block from the prediction information syntax element entropy-decoded by the entropy decoding unit 302. For example, if the prediction information syntax element indicates that the current block is inter-predicted, the motion compensation unit 316 may generate the prediction block. In this case, the prediction information syntax element may indicate the reference picture in DPB 314 from which the reference block is retrieved, and a motion vector that identifies the position of the reference block in the reference picture relative to the current block in the current picture. Motion compensation unit 316 may generally perform the inter-prediction process in a substantially similar manner as described for motion compensation unit 224 (fig. 3).

As another example, if the prediction information syntax element indicates that the current block is intra-predicted, the intra-prediction unit 318 may generate the prediction block according to the intra-prediction mode indicated by the prediction information syntax element. Again, intra-prediction unit 318 may generally perform an intra-prediction process in a manner substantially similar to that described for intra-prediction unit 226 (fig. 3). Intra-prediction unit 318 may retrieve data for neighboring samples of the current block from DPB 314.

The reconstruction unit 310 may reconstruct the current block using the prediction block and the residual block. For example, the reconstruction unit 310 may add samples of the residual block to corresponding samples of the prediction block to reconstruct the current block.

The filter unit 312 may perform one or more filtering operations on the reconstructed block. For example, the filter unit 312 may perform a deblocking operation to reduce blocking artifacts along edges of the reconstructed block. The operation of the filter unit 312 is not necessarily performed in all examples. In addition, the filter unit 312 may be configured to perform the cross-component adaptive loop filtering technique described below. For example, the filter unit 312 may be configured to apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to apply an offset to each chroma sample. The offset may be defined according to the following equation:

where o is offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the sample point of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, N is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples and is f _c Application to p _c Is set, the filter coefficients of the filter are values of (a).

In some examples, filter element 312 may include an ALF and a CC-ALF. In addition, the filter unit 312 may include an SAO filter. Filter unit 206 may apply ALF to chroma samples of the reconstructed video block and CC-ALF to chroma samples. SAO performs SAO filtering before ALF and CC-ALF are applied. To apply cross-component adaptive loop filtering, filtering unit 312 may be configured to determine an offset as a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and to apply the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered. An offset may be defined and applied for each chroma sample based on the collocated luma sample and the neighbors of the collocated luma sample. In some examples, applying the CC-ALF includes applying an offset defined according to the following equation:

Where o defines offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the neighboring luma samples applied by CC-ALF, N-1 is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples.

Video decoder 300 may store the reconstructed block in DPB 314. For example, in an example where the operation of filter unit 312 is not performed, reconstruction unit 310 may store the reconstructed block to DPB 314. In an example of performing the operation of filter unit 312, filter unit 312 may store the filtered reconstructed block to DPB 314. As described above, DPB 314 may provide reference information to prediction processing unit 304, such as samples of a current picture for intra prediction and previous decoded pictures for subsequent motion compensation. Further, video decoder 300 may output the decoded pictures (e.g., decoded video) from DPB 314 for subsequent presentation on a display device, such as display device 118 of fig. 1.

In this way, the video decoder 300 represents an example of a video decoding apparatus including: a memory configured to store video data; implemented in circuitry and configured to: reconstructing the block of video data and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to one or more processing units of the reconstructed block of video data. In some cases, the offset may be defined according to the following equation:

In some examples, video decoder 300 may be configured to reconstruct a block of video data including chroma samples, apply an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, and apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples. For each chroma sample, to apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter, video decoder 300 may be configured to determine an offset as a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and to apply the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered. In some examples, determining the offset includes determining the offset according to the following equation:

where o defines offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the neighboring luminance samples applied by the cross-component adaptive loop filter, N-1 is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples.

A tool called cross-component adaptive loop filter (CC-ALF) is proposed in the following: misra et al, "Cross-component adaptive Filter for chroma (Cross-Component Adaptive Loop Filter for Chroma)", joint Video Expert Team (JVET) ITU-T SG 16WP 3 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, conference 15: gothenburg, SE, 7.about.3-12 days 2019 (hereinafter referred to as "JHET-O0636"). The CC-ALF may operate as part of an Adaptive Loop Filter (ALF) (e.g., as performed by filter unit 216 of fig. 3 or filter unit 312 of fig. 4). CC-ALF refines each chroma sample using luma samples. The CC-ALF tool may be controlled by information in the bitstream and the information may include filter coefficients for determining an offset (e.g., signaled in an Adaptive Parameter Set (APS)) applied to each chroma sample and a mask (mask) controlling the application of filters for the sample blocks. As shown in fig. 5, video encoder 200 and/or video decoder 300 may be configured to perform CC-ALF in a reconstruction loop (e.g., by filter unit 216 of fig. 3 or filter unit 312 of fig. 4).

In JVET-O0636, each filter coefficient is represented as a fixed point decimal number. Specifically, the filter coefficients represent the fractional part using the lower 10 bits. The video encoder 200 may be configured to signal each coefficient with an exponential-golomb (EG) codec, the order of which depends on the coefficient positions in the filter template.

Multiple filter shapes may be used for the CC-ALF. For example, a 4×3 filter 68 as shown in fig. 6 may be used for the CC-ALF. Alternatively, a 5×5 filter 70 as shown in fig. 7 may be used for the CC-ALF. These and other filter shapes and sizes may be used for the CC-ALF.

When CC-ALF is applied to chroma samples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may use luminance samples located around the collocated luminance samples (e.g., adjacent luminance samples) in such a way that the collocated luminance samples will be located at the center of the filter. For example, in the filter shape shown in fig. 6, the video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may map the collocated luminance sample to position f2 in the filter. In the filter shape shown in fig. 7, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may map collocated luminance samples to position f6 in the filter.

In some examples, the offset (o) applied by the CC-ALF may be represented as follows:

wherein f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the sample point and N is the number of taps (or length) of the filter. A different offset may be determined for each chroma sample, in some cases the offset may be different for Cr and Cb samples. The filter used to determine the offset may have different filter coefficients for Cr than for Cb in some cases, and Cr and Cb samples may use filters with similar filter coefficients in some cases.

Previous techniques for CC-ALF may be sub-optimal in terms of implementation complexity, compression efficiency, and/or video quality. The present disclosure describes techniques for CC-ALF that may increase codec efficiency and reduce complexity of CC-ALF implementation.

In one example, equation (1) shown above may be reformulated as shown in equation (2) below. That is, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may be configured to determine the offset (o) of the CC-ALF using the following equation.

Wherein p is _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples, and f _c Is applied to p _c Is set, the filter coefficients of the filter are values of (a). For example, c=2 in fig. 6, and c=6 in fig. 7.

In one example of the present disclosure, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to apply one or more constraints to

Is a value of (2). The constraint may be fixed or signaled at the sequence/picture/slice/sub-picture/APS/filter level.

In another example of the present disclosure, provision is made for

When signaling the filter coefficient f _i When i= … N-1, only N-1 coefficients can be signaled and the last coefficient can be inferred with these signaled coefficients. Let->

0≤i≤N-2,0≤j _i N-1 represents the coefficients of those signaling. The video decoder 300 can infer that coefficients not present in the bitstream are +>

When it is determined that the coefficient not existing in the bit stream has a value of

When video decoder 300 may apply cropping, it may be:

where min_coeff is f _i Max_coeff is f _i Is set to the maximum allowable value of (a).

The information about which filter coefficients are not present in the bitstream may be fixed or signaled in the bitstream, e.g. at sequence/picture/slice/sub-picture/APS/filter level.

In one example, equation (2) shown above may be reformulated as shown in equation (3) below. That is, the video encoder 200 and the video decoder 300 may be configured to determine the offset (o) of the CC-ALF using the following equation:

a. In one example, s may be equal to 1, (3) as follows

b. In another example, s may be equal to 0, (3) as follows

With respect to equations 1-4, the example shown in equation 5 may achieve efficiency in video codec. For example, by eliminating the case of i=c from the summation, the processing can be simplified. Furthermore, since the case of i=c is illustrated from the summation in equation 5, this means that any filter coefficients associated with the center position fc (e.g., f2 in fig. 6 or f6 in fig. 7) can also be eliminated from the decoded bitstream, which can improve compression without any negative impact on video quality. Equation 5 may be derived by applying the constraint s=0 to equation 3.

As mentioned, fig. 5 shows one example of a filter that may correspond to the filter unit 216 of the video encoder 200 or the filter unit 312 of the video decoder 300. The filter shown in fig. 5 may be considered a combination of filters (e.g., SAO, ALF, and CC-ALF). SAO luma unit 50 performs SAO filtering on luma samples, and SAO Cb unit 52 and SAO Cr unit 54 perform SAO filtering on chroma samples. ALF luma unit 56 performs ALF on luma samples, and ALF chroma unit 58 performs ALF on chroma samples.

Sometimes, the chroma samples lack high frequency information included in the luma samples. Thus, cross-component adaptive loop filtering may improve video quality by adding high frequency information to the particular chroma samples being filtered based on information in the luma samples. Specifically, collocated luminance samples (and spatial neighbors of the collocated luminance samples) may be used to filter chrominance samples. To perform CC-ALF, CC-ALF Cb unit 60 and CC-ALF Cr unit 62 may generate offsets that are added to chroma samples via

adders

64 and 66, which may be considered part of the CC-ALF. In this way, an offset to a chroma sampling point may be defined based on luminance information. The offset may be based on luminance samples that are spatially adjacent to collocated luminance samples that are collocated with respect to the chroma sample being filtered, adding high frequency information to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

Chroma samples are typically sampled differently than luma samples. The location of the "collocated luma samples" for the current chroma sample may be determined or calculated based on the chroma sub-sampling rate and type. For chroma samples (x, y), for example, when the video sequence is a 4:2:0 sequence, the collocated luma samples may be (2 x,2 y). Alternatively, for chroma samples (x, y), the collocated luma samples may be (2 x, y) when the sequence is 4:2:2. In yet another example, when the sequence is 4:4:4 (meaning that the chroma samples are sampled similarly to the luma samples), the collocated luma samples may be (x, y).

The filtering shown in fig. 5 may be performed by video encoder 200 or video decoder 300 after reconstructing the block of video data. In this case, the video data may include chroma samples. In accordance with the present disclosure, ALF chroma unit 58 may include ALF applied to chroma samples. CC-ALF Cb unit 60 and CC-ALF Cr unit 62 may include a cross-component adaptive loop filter that determines an offset to be applied to each of the samples of the chroma sample block. Specifically, CC-ALF Cb unit 60 and CC-ALF Cr unit 62 may generate offsets that are applied to chroma samples via

adders

66 and 64. Applying the CC-ALF filter may include determining an offset (via CC ALF Cb unit 60 or via CC ALF Cr unit 62) and applying the offset to the particular chroma samples being filtered (via adder 66 or via adder 64) in accordance with the present disclosure. Further, according to the present disclosure, the offset may be defined as a function of the difference between a collocated luminance sample that is collocated with a particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luminance samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luminance sample.

In some examples, CC ALF Cb unit 60 and CC ALF Cr unit 62 may define the offset according to the following equations:

where o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the adjacent luminance sample, N-1 is the tap number of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples. This corresponds to equation 5 above, which may achieve efficiency in video codec. For example, by eliminating the case of i=c from the summation, the processing can be simplified. Furthermore, since the case of i=c is illustrated from the summation in equation 5, this means that any filter coefficients associated with the center position fc (e.g., f2 in fig. 6 or f6 in fig. 7) can also be eliminated from the decoded bitstream, which can improve compression without any negative impact on video quality. Again, equation 5 may be derived by applying the constraint s=0 to equation 3. Applying the offset of the CC ALF may include adding the determined offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

Since the filter coefficients associated with the center position fc (e.g., f2 in fig. 6 or f6 in fig. 7) may also be eliminated from the decoded bitstream, in some examples, the video decoding apparatus may be configured to receive N-1 filter coefficients as part of the encoded bitstream, wherein the N-1 filter coefficients include coefficients associated with a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and wherein the N-1 filter coefficients do not include any coefficients associated with the collocated luma sample.

In some examples, a video decoding device (e.g., video decoder 300) may be configured to receive N-1 filter coefficients as part of an encoded bitstream, and the video decoding device may infer values of at least one filter coefficient of a cross-component adaptive loop filter. For example, inferring the value may include inferring a filter coefficient associated with the collocated luma sample (which may be needed for other filtering even if such a filter coefficient is not used according to equation 3).

As an example, the cross-component adaptive loop filter may define a filter shape as shown in fig. 6 or 7, although other filter shapes may be used. The filter shown in fig. 6 may comprise a 4 x 3 filter, where f2 corresponds to a "center" position, which also corresponds to the position of the sample being filtered. The filter shown in fig. 7 may comprise a 5 x 5 filter, where f6 corresponds to a "center" position, which also corresponds to the position of the sample being filtered. These or other filter shapes or sizes may be used in accordance with the present disclosure.

As described above, in some cases, SAO filtering may be performed in addition to ALF and CC-ALF. In some cases, SAO filtering may be applied to chroma samples prior to applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter. Fig. 5 also illustrates this feature whereby SAO Cb unit 52 and SAO Cr unit 54 perform SAO filtering on chroma samples before ALF chroma unit 58 performs ALF filtering on chroma samples and before CC ALF Cb unit 60 and adder 66 perform CC-ALF filtering on chroma samples and before CC ALF Cr unit 62 and adder 64 perform CC-ALF filtering on chroma samples.

Fig. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for encoding a current block. The current block may include the current CU. Although described with respect to video encoder 200 (fig. 1 and 3), it should be understood that other devices may be configured to perform a method similar to fig. 8.

In this example, video encoder 200 initially predicts the current block (350). For example, the video encoder 200 may form a prediction block of the current block. The video encoder 200 may then calculate a residual block for the current block (352). To calculate the residual block, the video encoder 200 may calculate the difference between the original, non-encoded block and the predicted block of the current block. The video encoder 200 may then transform and quantize the coefficients of the residual block (354). Next, video encoder 200 may scan the quantized transform coefficients of the residual block (356). During or after scanning, the video encoder 200 may entropy encode the transform coefficients (358). For example, the video encoder 200 may encode the transform coefficients using CAVLC or CABAC. Video encoder 200 may then output the entropy encoded data of the block (360).

After transforming and quantizing the residual block, video encoder 200 may reconstruct the current block of video data (362). Video encoder 200 may then apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the reconstructed block (364), for example, using equations (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5) defined by the offset above. As described above, equation (5) may have advantages for defining an offset relative to other equations. Again, equation 5 may be derived by applying the constraint s=0 to equation 3. This may reduce the number of filter coefficients needed to perform the cross-component adaptive loop filtering process by avoiding the need to send filter coefficients associated with the center location. Thus, in some examples, by using equation 5 for the CC-ALF process, the technique may also improve compression by eliminating the need to transmit one or more filter coefficients in the decoded bitstream.

Fig. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for decoding a current block of video data. The current block may include the current CU. Although described with respect to video decoder 300 (fig. 1 and 4), it should be understood that other devices may be configured to perform a method similar to that of fig. 9.

The video decoder 300 may receive entropy encoded data of the current block, such as entropy encoded prediction information and entropy encoded data of transform coefficients of a residual block corresponding to the current block (370). The video decoder 300 may decode the entropy encoded data to determine prediction information of the current block and reproduce coefficients of the residual block (372). The video decoder 300 may predict the current block (374), for example, using an intra or inter prediction mode indicated by the prediction information of the current block, to calculate a prediction block for the current block. The video decoder 300 may then inverse scan the reproduced coefficients (376) to create blocks of quantized transform coefficients. The video decoder 300 may then inverse quantize and inverse transform the transform coefficients to generate a residual block (378). The video decoder 300 may finally decode the current block by combining the prediction block and the residual block (380).

After decoding (e.g., reconstructing) the block of video data, video decoder 300 may then apply a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the reconstructed block (382), e.g., defining and applying an offset according to equations (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5) above. Again, equation (5) may have the advantage of defining an offset relative to other equations, and equation 5 may be derived by applying the constraint s=0 to equation 3. Using equation 5 for the CC-ALF process may reduce the number of filter coefficients needed to perform the cross-component adaptive loop filtering process by avoiding the need to send filter coefficients associated with the center location. Thus, in some examples, by using equation 5 for the CC-ALF process, the technique may also improve compression by eliminating the need to transmit one or more filter coefficients in the decoded bitstream.

Fig. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary filtering process using CC-ALF according to the present disclosure. Although described with respect to video decoder 300 (fig. 1 and 4), it should be understood that other devices may be configured to perform a method similar to that of fig. 9. For example, a video encoder (fig. 1 and 3) may also perform techniques that are part of the reconstruction loop of the encoding process.

As shown in fig. 10, video decoder 300 reconstructs a block of video data including chroma samples (402). Video decoder 300 applies Adaptive Loop Filtering (ALF) to chroma samples (403), and in some cases may perform other filtering, such as SAO filtering, on chroma samples. In accordance with the present disclosure, the video decoder 300 performs cross-component filtering. In particular, video decoder 300 may determine a cross component offset for each of the chroma samples in the block of video data (406), and may apply the offset for each of the chroma samples (408). These offsets may be defined as described herein, such as according to the following equations:

where o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the adjacent luminance sample, N-1 is the tap number of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples. This corresponds to equation 5 above, which may achieve efficiency in video codec.

The following clauses may demonstrate one or more aspects of the present disclosure:

clause 1-a method of decoding video data, the method comprising: reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples; applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, wherein applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter includes: determining an offset; and applying the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample.

Clause 2-the method of clause 1, wherein determining the offset comprises determining the offset according to the following equation:

wherein o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the neighboring luminance samples, N-1 is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples.

Clause 3-the method of clause 1 or 2, further comprising: receiving N-1 filter coefficients as part of the encoded bitstream, wherein the N-1 filter coefficients include filter coefficients associated with the plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and wherein the N-1 filter coefficients do not include any coefficients associated with the collocated luma sample.

The method of clause 4-any of clauses 1-3, wherein applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter comprises applying a 4 x 3 filter.

Clause 5-the method of any of clauses 1-4, further comprising: receiving N-1 filter coefficients as part of an encoded bitstream; and inferring a value of at least one filter coefficient of the cross-component adaptive loop filter.

Clause 6-the method of clause 5, wherein inferring the value comprises inferring filter coefficients associated with the collocated luminance sample.

Clause 7-the method of any of clauses 1-6, further comprising: a Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filter is applied to the chroma samples prior to applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter.

Clause 8-the method of any of clauses 1-7, wherein the offset adds high frequency information to the particular chroma sample being filtered based on luminance samples of spatial neighbors that are the collocated luminance sample.

Clause 9-the method of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the method is performed by a video decoder.

Clause 10-the method of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the method is performed by a video encoder as part of a reconstruction loop of the encoding process.

Clause 11-the method of any of clauses 1-10, wherein applying the offset comprises adding the determined offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

Clause 12-an apparatus configured to decode video data, the apparatus comprising: a memory configured to store video data; one or more processors implemented in circuitry and in communication with the memory; an adaptive loop filter; and a cross-component adaptive loop filter, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples; applying the adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, wherein to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the one or more processors are configured to: determining an offset; and applying the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample.

Clause 13-the device of clause 12, wherein, to determine the offset, the one or more processors are configured to determine the offset according to the following equation:

wherein o defines offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the neighboring luminance samples, N-1 is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples.

The apparatus of clause 14-clause 12 or 13, wherein the one or more processors are configured to receive N-1 filter coefficients as part of the encoded bitstream, wherein the N-1 filter coefficients include filter coefficients associated with the plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and wherein the N-1 filter coefficients do not include any coefficients associated with the collocated luma sample.

Clause 15-the device of any of clauses 12-14, wherein, to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the one or more processors are configured to apply a 4 x 3 filter.

Clause 16-the device of any of clauses 12-15, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: receiving N-1 filter coefficients as part of an encoded bitstream; and inferring a value of at least one filter coefficient of the cross-component adaptive loop filter.

Clause 17-the device of clause 16, wherein the one or more processors are configured to infer filter coefficients associated with the collocated luma samples.

Clause 18-the device of any of clauses 12-17, further comprising a Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filter, wherein the one or more processors are configured to: the SAO filter is applied to the chroma samples before the cross-component adaptive loop filter is applied.

Clause 19-the apparatus of any of clauses 12-18, wherein the offset adds high frequency information to the particular chroma sample being filtered based on luminance samples of spatial neighbors that are the collocated luminance sample.

The apparatus of clause 20-any of clauses 12-19, wherein the apparatus comprises a video decoder device comprising a display configured to display the decoded video data comprising the filtered chroma samples.

The apparatus of clause 21-any of clauses 12-19, wherein the apparatus comprises a video encoder apparatus configured to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter as part of a reconstruction loop of the encoding process.

Clause 22-the device of any of clauses 12-20, wherein, in applying the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered, the one or more processors are configured to add the determined offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

Clause 23-an apparatus for decoding video data, comprising: means for reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples; means for applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and means for applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, wherein the means for applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter comprises: means for determining an offset; and means for applying the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample.

Clause 24-the device of clause 23, wherein the means for determining the offset comprises means for determining the offset according to the following equation:

Clause 25-a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a video decoding device to: reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples; applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples, wherein to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the instructions are configured to cause the one or more processors to: determining an offset; and applying the offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample.

Clause 26-the computer-readable medium of clause 25, wherein, to determine the offset, the instructions cause the one or more processors to determine the offset according to the following equation:

wherein o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the adjacent luminance sample point, N-1 is the intersectionThe number of taps of the fork component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance samples.

Clause 27-a method of encoding and decoding video data, the method comprising: reconstructing a block of video data; and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the reconstructed block of video data according to the following equation:

where p is the offset applied by the cross-component adaptive loop filter, f _i Is the filter coefficient, o _i Is the value of the sample point of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, N is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, p _c Is the value of the juxtaposed luminance sample point, and f _c Is applied to p _c Is set, the filter coefficients of the filter are values of (a).

The method of clause 28-27, wherein the cross-component adaptive loop filter is a 4 x 3 filter.

Clause 29-the method of clause 28, wherein c is equal to 2.

The method of clause 30-27, wherein the cross-component adaptive loop filter is a 5 x 5 filter.

Clause 31-the method of clause 30, wherein c is equal to 6.

Clause 32-the method of clause 27, further comprising: constraint

Is a value of (2).

Clause 33-the method of clause 27, further comprising: a value of at least one filter coefficient of the cross-component adaptive loop filter is inferred.

Clause 34-a method of encoding and decoding video data, the method comprising: reconstructing a block of video data; and applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the reconstructed block of video data according to the following equation:

where o is the offset applied by the cross-component adaptive loop filter, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the sample point of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, N is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the juxtaposed brightness sample point p _c Is a value of (2).

Clause 35-the method of clause 34, wherein s is equal to 1.

Clause 36-the method of clause 34, wherein s equals 0.

The method of clause 37-any of clauses 27-36, wherein the encoding and decoding comprises decoding.

The method of clause 38-any of clauses 27-36, wherein the codec comprises a code.

Clause 39-an apparatus for encoding and decoding video data, the apparatus comprising one or more components for performing the method of any of clauses 27-38.

Clause 40-the device of clause 39, wherein the one or more components comprise one or more processors implemented in a circuit.

Clause 41-the device of clause 39 or 40, further comprising a memory for storing the video data.

Clause 42-the device of any of clauses 39-41, further comprising a display configured to display the decoded video data.

Clause 43-the device of any of clauses 39-42, wherein the device comprises one or more of a camera, a computer, a mobile device, a broadcast receiver device, or a set top box.

Clause 44-the device of any of clauses 39-43, wherein the device comprises a video decoder.

Clause 45-the device of any of clauses 39-43, wherein the device comprises a video encoder.

Clause 46-a computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors to perform the method of any of clauses 27-36.

Clause 47-any combination of the techniques described in this disclosure.

It may be appreciated that certain acts or events of any of the techniques described herein can be performed in a different order, may be added, combined, or omitted altogether, depending on the example (e.g., not all of the described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the technique). Further, in some examples, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially.

In one or more examples, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, these functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. The computer-readable medium may include a computer-readable storage medium corresponding to a tangible medium, such as a data storage medium, or a communication medium including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, for example, according to a communication protocol. In this manner, a computer-readable medium may generally correspond to (1) a non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage medium, or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for use in implementing the techniques described in this disclosure. The computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital Subscriber Line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes Compact Disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital Versatile Disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

The instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Thus, the terms "processor" and "processing circuitry" as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. Additionally, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided in dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Moreover, these techniques may be implemented entirely in one or more circuits or logic elements.

The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses including a wireless handset, an Integrated Circuit (IC), or a group of ICs (e.g., a chipset). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as noted above, the various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a set of interoperable hardware units including one or more processors as noted above, in combination with appropriate software and/or firmware.

Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A method of decoding video data, the method comprising:

reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples;

applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and

a cross-component adaptive loop filter is applied to the chroma samples,

wherein applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter comprises:

determining an offset; and

applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, wherein determining the offset comprises determining the offset according to the following equation:

wherein o defines the offset, f _i Is the filter coefficient, p _i Is the value of the neighboring luminance samples, N-1 is the number of taps of the cross-component adaptive loop filter, and p _c Is the value of the collocated luminance sample.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving N-1 filter coefficients as part of an encoded bitstream, wherein the N-1 filter coefficients include filter coefficients associated with the plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and wherein the N-1 filter coefficients do not include any coefficients associated with the collocated luma sample.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter comprises applying a 4 x 3 filter.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving N-1 filter coefficients as part of an encoded bitstream; and

a value of at least one filter coefficient of the cross-component adaptive loop filter is inferred.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein inferring the value comprises inferring a filter coefficient associated with the collocated luma sample.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filtering is applied to the chroma samples prior to applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the offset is based on the luminance sample points that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luminance sample point adding high frequency information to the particular chroma sample point being filtered.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed by a video decoder.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed by a video encoder as part of a reconstruction loop of an encoding process.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the offset comprises adding the determined offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

11. An apparatus configured to decode video data, the apparatus comprising:

a memory configured to store video data;

one or more processors implemented in circuitry and in communication with the memory;

an adaptive loop filter;

and a cross-component adaptive loop filter, wherein the one or more processors are configured to:

reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples;

applying the adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and

the cross-component adaptive loop filter is applied to the chroma samples,

wherein, to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the one or more processors are configured to:

determining an offset; and

applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, wherein to determine the offset, the one or more processors are configured to determine the offset according to the following equation:

12. The device of claim 11, wherein the one or more processors are configured to receive N-1 filter coefficients as part of the encoded bitstream, wherein the N-1 filter coefficients include filter coefficients associated with the plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, and wherein the N-1 filter coefficients do not include any coefficients associated with the collocated luma sample.

13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the one or more processors are configured to apply a 4 x 3 filter.

14. The device of claim 11, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:

receiving N-1 filter coefficients as part of an encoded bitstream; and

15. The device of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are configured to infer filter coefficients associated with the collocated luminance samples.

16. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filter, wherein the one or more processors are configured to:

the SAO filter is applied to the chroma samples prior to applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter.

17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the offset is based on luminance samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luminance sample adding high frequency information to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

18. The device of claim 11, wherein the device comprises a video decoder device comprising a display configured to display decoded video data comprising the filtered chroma samples.

19. The device of claim 11, wherein the device comprises a video encoder device configured to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter as part of a reconstruction loop of an encoding process.

20. The device of claim 11, wherein, in applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, the one or more processors are configured to add the determined offset to the particular chroma sample being filtered.

21. An apparatus for decoding video data, comprising:

means for reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples;

means for applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and

means for applying a cross-component adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples,

wherein the means for applying the cross-component adaptive loop filter comprises:

means for determining an offset; and

means for applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, wherein the means for determining the offset comprises means for determining the offset according to the following equation:

22. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a video decoding device to:

reconstructing a block of video data comprising chroma samples;

applying an adaptive loop filter to the chroma samples; and

a cross-component adaptive loop filter is applied to the chroma samples,

wherein, to apply the cross-component adaptive loop filter, the instructions are configured to cause the one or more processors to:

determining an offset; and

applying the offset to a particular chroma sample being filtered, wherein the offset is a function of a difference between a collocated luma sample collocated with the particular chroma sample being filtered and a plurality of neighboring luma samples that are spatial neighbors of the collocated luma sample, wherein to determine the offset, the instructions cause the one or more processors to determine the offset according to the following equation: