CN114720226A - Carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation tool and method - Google Patents
Carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation tool and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114720226A CN114720226A CN202210300454.5A CN202210300454A CN114720226A CN 114720226 A CN114720226 A CN 114720226A CN 202210300454 A CN202210300454 A CN 202210300454A CN 114720226 A CN114720226 A CN 114720226A
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- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 20
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000005464 sample preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 3
- LTVUCOSIZFEASK-MPXCPUAZSA-N (3ar,4s,7r,7as)-3a-methyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-2-benzofuran-1,3-dione Chemical compound C([C@H]1C=C2)[C@H]2[C@H]2[C@]1(C)C(=O)OC2=O LTVUCOSIZFEASK-MPXCPUAZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- AHDSRXYHVZECER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-tris[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenol Chemical compound CN(C)CC1=CC(CN(C)C)=C(O)C(CN(C)C)=C1 AHDSRXYHVZECER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008451 emotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006533 methyl amino methyl group Chemical group [H]N(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/30—Staining; Impregnating ; Fixation; Dehydration; Multistep processes for preparing samples of tissue, cell or nucleic acid material and the like for analysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation tool and a carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation method in the technical field of carbon fiber sample preparation. Carbon fiber multifilament drawing system appearance frock includes: a fixing plate assembly for winding the carbon fiber multifilament yarn; and the tension adjusting assembly is connected with the fixed plate assembly and is used for driving the fixed plate assembly so as to apply tension to the carbon fiber multifilaments wound on the fixed plate assembly. The tension adjusting assembly drives the fixing plate assembly, so that tension is applied to the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly, the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the tool is uniformly stressed, and dependence on experience of operators is reduced; meanwhile, the device has the characteristics of simple structure, convenience in operation, low manufacturing cost and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of carbon fiber sample preparation, and particularly relates to a carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation tool and a carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation method.
Background
At present, the sample preparation method of the carbon fiber multifilament on the market is various and mainly adopts pure handwork. The pure manual sample preparation method is to wind the carbon fiber multifilament on a winding frame by hand and then carry out gum dipping and solidification. This method has various disadvantages: 1. the tension of sample preparation is not uniform, the influence of multifilament sample preparation tension on tensile test performance is large, manual winding completely depends on personnel experience to control the tension, the tension of each carbon fiber multifilament cannot be guaranteed to be consistent through manual winding, and obvious difference exists among personnel, so that the influence can cause the influence of large dispersion in groups and large difference of test performance among groups; 2. the gumming process is difficult to control, and due to the limitation of the operating environment of manual winding, the multifilament can only be wound on the frame and then gummed, and the gumming process has the risks of loosening the multifilament, rubbing a rubber box and the like, so that the test data fluctuates; 3. the dependence of the operation experience of the operator is strong, the pure manual sample preparation completely depends on the experience of the operator, the sample preparation process is lack of standard control, the normal flow of the operator and the personal emotion influence the sample preparation process, and the final reaction is reflected on the test result. Further, although the multifilament sample preparation machine has been on the market to solve the problem, it is expensive and requires high handling. Therefore, the sample preparation tool is designed to overcome the defects of non-uniform tension and personnel difference of a pure manual winding frame, and the manufacturing cost is low.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation tool and the method, the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the tool is uniformly stressed, the dependence on the experience of operators is reduced, and meanwhile, the tool is simple in structure, convenient to operate and low in manufacturing cost.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the utility model provides a carbon fiber multifilament drawing system appearance frock, includes: the fixing plate assembly is used for winding the carbon fiber multifilament; and the tension adjusting assembly is connected with the fixed plate assembly and is used for driving the fixed plate assembly so as to apply tension to the carbon fiber multifilaments wound on the fixed plate assembly.
Furthermore, the fixed plate assembly comprises a fixed plate and a plurality of upright posts arranged on the fixed plate, and each upright post is provided with at least one guide groove.
Further, the upright post is connected with the fixing plate through a bolt.
Further, the fixed plate is an angle steel.
Further, the tension adjusting assembly comprises a guide rod, and a positioning nut and an adjusting nut which are respectively in threaded connection with the guide rod; the guide rod is connected with the fixing plate in a sliding mode, and the fixing plate is located between the positioning nut and the adjusting nut.
Further, the fixing plate is provided with: the first through hole can be used for the guide rod to pass through; the second through hole can be used for the guide rod, the positioning nut and the adjusting nut to pass through; and the guide groove can be used for moving the guide rod between the first through hole and the second through hole.
In a second aspect, a carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation method is provided, where the carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool according to the first aspect includes: winding the carbon fiber multifilament on the fixed plate component; adjusting the tension adjusting assembly to enable the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly to be loosened and soaked in the glue solution; and after the carbon fiber multifilament is soaked for the specified time, the tension adjusting assembly is adjusted to apply tension meeting the requirements to the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly, and the carbon fiber multifilament with glue solution is aired.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the tension adjusting assembly drives the fixing plate assembly, so that tension is applied to the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly, the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the tool is uniformly stressed, and dependence on experience of operators is reduced;
(2) the invention has simple structure, convenient operation and low manufacturing cost;
(3) the tool can change the impregnation sequence of the carbon fiber multifilament sample preparation, impregnation is firstly carried out and then stretching is carried out, the impregnation process is controllable, the risk of loosening of the carbon fiber multifilament does not exist, meanwhile, the part of the tool for winding the carbon fiber multifilament is not polluted by glue, and a large number of cleaning processes are avoided;
(4) in the process of airing the carbon fiber multifilament after gum dipping, the tool disclosed by the invention does not need to move, and the gum solution drops in the gum plate, so that the environmental pollution is avoided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic perspective structure view of a carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of a carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool provided by an embodiment of the present invention after being wound with carbon fiber multifilaments;
fig. 3 is a first schematic view of a carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool according to an embodiment of the present invention during dipping carbon fiber multifilaments;
fig. 4 is a schematic view of a state of a carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool according to an embodiment of the present invention during gum dipping of the carbon fiber multifilament;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a state that a carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation tool provided by an embodiment of the invention is used for stretching and airing a dipped carbon fiber multifilament;
in the figure: 11. a fixing plate; 12. a column; 121. a guide groove; 13. a second through hole; 14. a guide groove; 21. a guide bar; 22. positioning a nut; 23. adjusting the nut; 3. a carbon fiber multifilament; 4 dipping the rubber plate.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.
Example 1:
as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, a carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool comprises a fixing plate assembly for winding carbon fiber multifilament; and the tension adjusting assembly is connected with the fixed plate assembly and is used for driving the fixed plate assembly so as to apply tension to the plurality of carbon fiber multifilaments wound on the fixed plate assembly.
The fixing plate assembly comprises a fixing plate 11 and a plurality of upright posts 12 mounted on the fixing plate 11, wherein each upright post 12 is provided with at least one guide groove 121. In this embodiment, three guide grooves 121 are provided on each column 12, the column 12 is used for increasing the preparation amount of the carbon fiber multifilament as much as possible to improve the preparation efficiency under the condition that the rigidity of the winding frame (the carbon fiber multifilament drawing and sampling tool) is sufficient, and the guide grooves 121 are used for fixing the carbon fiber multifilament to prevent the carbon fiber multifilament from falling off; in other embodiments, the number of the guide slots 121 formed in one of the columns 12 may be set as required;
in the embodiment, the fixing plate comprises two groups of same fixing plate components, wherein the fixing plate 11 is made of angle steel, and the upright post 12 is installed on one side of the angle steel through a bolt, so that the fixing plate is convenient to disassemble and clean; the number and spacing of the columns 12 is set by the process requirements. The angle steel form is adopted, so that the rubber dipping discs below the wire winding frame can be conveniently placed and taken, and the weight of the wire winding frame is reduced.
The tension adjusting assembly comprises a guide rod 21, a positioning nut 22 and an adjusting nut 23, wherein the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23 are respectively in threaded connection with the guide rod 21; the guide rod 21 is slidably connected to the fixing plate 11, and the fixing plate 11 is located between the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23. The guide rod 21 is used for connecting the fixing plate 11; the positioning nut 22 plays a role in fixing, prevents the fixing plate from sliding off, and has a positioning function; the adjusting nut is used for adjusting the tension applied to the carbon fiber multifilament 3, and the butterfly nut is adopted in the embodiment, so that the tension can be applied manually.
In this embodiment, the side of the angle iron where the column 12 is not installed, i.e. the side between the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23: a first through hole is provided through which the guide rod 21 can pass (in fig. 1, the guide rod 21 is located in the first through hole); a second through hole 13 for the guide rod 21, the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23 to pass through is arranged; a guide groove 14 is provided for the guide bar 21 to move between the first through hole and the second through hole 13. The diameter of the first through hole is larger than the diameter of the guide bar 21 but smaller than the maximum outer diameters of the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23 connected to the guide bar 21 in order to tighten the carbon fiber multifilaments by applying tension through the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23. The diameter of the second through hole 13 is larger than the diameter of the guide rod 21 and the maximum outer diameters of the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23 connected with the guide rod 21, so that the quick disassembly and assembly are realized, and the working efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the second through hole 13 may pass the adjusting nut 23 to loosen the carbon fiber multifilaments 3, so that the carbon fiber multifilaments 3 are impregnated into the prepreg 4, as shown in fig. 3.
When the device is used, the carbon fiber multifilament 3 with the same length is fixed between the two upright posts 12 by the same winding number of turns (see fig. 2), the guide rod 21 is adjusted at the position of the second through hole 13, the fixing plate 11 wound with the carbon fiber multifilament 3 is contracted and drawn close to loosen the carbon fiber multifilament 3, the carbon fiber multifilament 3 is soaked in the dipping plate 4 (see fig. 3), after the soaking time is reached, the fixing plate 11 is opened, the guide rod 21 is switched to the first through hole from the position of the second through hole 13, the fixing plate 11 is positioned between the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23, and the adjusting nut 23 is tightly hung by the same number of turns to ensure the consistent tension (see fig. 5). After the above process is finished, the winding frame is placed in the original position (on the rubber dipping disc 4) to air dry the carbon fiber multifilament 3, and finally the carbon fiber multifilament is placed into an oven to be cured. The process well avoids the problem of nonuniform manual winding tension; the gum dipping process is transparent and visible, and the process control can be effectively carried out in time; the part of the upright column wound with the carbon fiber multifilament is not polluted by glue solution, so that a large number of cleaning processes are avoided; after the gum dipping is finished, the gum solution is dried in situ, and the gum solution drops in a gum dipping disc, so that the environmental pollution is avoided.
Example 2:
the present embodiment differs from embodiment 1 in that, in the present embodiment, the side of the angle iron where the column 12 is not installed, that is, the side between the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23: only a first through hole is provided through which the guide bar 21 can pass. In use, movement of the fixing plate 11 along the guide rods 21 is achieved by operation of the positioning nut 22 and the adjusting nut 23, as shown in figure 4.
Example 3:
based on the carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool in embodiment 1, the embodiment provides a carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation method, including:
winding the carbon fiber multifilament on the fixed plate component;
adjusting the tension adjusting assembly to enable the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly to be loosened and soaked in the glue solution;
and after the carbon fiber multifilament is soaked for the specified time, the tension adjusting assembly is adjusted to apply tension meeting the requirements to the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly, and the carbon fiber multifilament with glue solution is aired.
Example 4
The preparation method and the performance test steps of the carbon fiber multifilament tensile sample are as follows:
the guide rod is adjusted in the first through hole, and the fixing plate is fixed by the adjusting nut. The same length of Henshengyo HF40S-12K carbon fiber multifilament yarn was cut with scissors, and then the multifilament yarn was wound between two posts with the same number of windings and fixed. With E44 epoxy resin: methyl Nadic Anhydride (MNA): methylaminomethyl (DMP-30): acetone 20: mixing the materials in a mass ratio of 18:1:36 in a rubber disc, preparing a rubber solution with a proper volume, and fully stirring to uniformly mix the rubber solution. The carbon fiber multifilament stretching sample preparation tool is erected on a gumming disc, then the adjusting nut is loosened, the guide rod is adjusted to the second through hole, the fixing plate wound with tows is contracted and drawn close through the adjusting nut to loosen the tows, and the tows are soaked in the gumming disc. After soaking for a specified time, the fixing plate is opened to a position between the positioning nut and the guide nut, the guide rod is switched to the first through hole from the second through hole, and the adjusting nut is tightly suspended with the same number of turns to ensure consistent tension. After the above process is finished, the wire winding frame is placed at the original position (on a rubber plate) to air-dry the wire bundle, and finally the wire bundle is placed into an oven to be cured at 80 ℃ for 0.5h +100 ℃ for 0.5h +120 ℃ for 1.5 h. And taking out the tool after solidification, cutting the multifilament after cooling, and sticking a paper reinforcing sheet to obtain a tensile sample. Wherein, the reagents are all commercial products.
Meanwhile, a conventional gum dipping sample preparation mode and a suspended weight sample preparation mode are adopted to carry out a contrast performance test experiment, and a plurality of groups of experiments are compared, so that the reliability of test data is ensured. The tensile properties of the carbon fiber multifilament are shown in Table 1, and are compared with HF40S-12K carbon fiber multifilament samples prepared by Jiangsu Hengshen GmbH, however, the inventive principle is applicable to carbon fiber multifilaments of various specifications.
TABLE 1 tensile Properties of carbon fiber multifilaments
1. In order to ensure the reliability of the test comparison, the multifilament used in the test is taken from the same ingot of HF40S-12K fiber;
2. tensile modulus was measured using a contact extensometer.
Example 5
HF30F-24K carbon fiber tow of Hengshen GmbH, Jiangsu, was sampled in the same manner as in example 4, and the tensile properties of the carbon fiber multifilaments are shown in Table 2, in which the samples were prepared by conventional dipping.
TABLE 2
1. In order to ensure the reliability of test comparison, the multifilament used in the test is taken from the same ingot of HF30F-24K fiber;
2. tensile modulus was measured using a contact extensometer.
As can be seen from the comparison result, the tensile strength test value of the HF40S-12K carbon fiber prepared by the invention is superior to that of the conventional mode and the mode of hanging heavy objects, and the dispersion is stable; the tensile strength test value of the HF30F-24K carbon fiber prepared by the invention is superior to that of the conventional mode, and the test value is discrete and stable; it benefits from the tension consistency of the invention and the preparation mode of adjusting the tension after dipping and avoiding tension reduction. The tensile modulus test value of the carbon fiber prepared by the invention is basically equivalent to that of the conventional mode and the mode of hanging heavy objects.
The method changes the gum dipping sequence of the traditional carbon fiber multifilament sample preparation, adopts the process of gum dipping first and then stretching, has controllable gum dipping process, does not have the risk of loosening the carbon fiber multifilament, simultaneously has no dirt of glue solution at the part of a tool for winding the carbon fiber multifilament, and avoids a large amount of cleaning processes; in the process of airing the carbon fiber multifilament after gum dipping, the tool disclosed by the invention does not need to move, and the gum solution drops in the gum plate, so that the environmental pollution is avoided.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, it is possible to make various improvements and modifications without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and those improvements and modifications should be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a carbon fiber multifilament drawing system appearance frock which characterized in that includes:
the fixing plate assembly is used for winding the carbon fiber multifilament;
and the tension adjusting assembly is connected with the fixed plate assembly and is used for driving the fixed plate assembly so as to apply tension to the carbon fiber multifilaments wound on the fixed plate assembly.
2. The carbon fiber multifilament drawing and sampling tool according to claim 1, wherein the fixing plate assembly comprises a fixing plate and a plurality of upright posts installed on the fixing plate, and each upright post is provided with at least one guide groove.
3. The carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool according to claim 2, wherein the upright post is connected with the fixing plate through a bolt.
4. The carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool according to claim 2, wherein the fixing plate is an angle steel.
5. The carbon fiber multifilament drawing and sample preparation tool according to claim 2, wherein the tension adjusting assembly comprises a guide rod, a positioning nut and an adjusting nut, wherein the positioning nut and the adjusting nut are respectively in threaded connection with the guide rod; the guide rod is connected with the fixing plate in a sliding mode, and the fixing plate is located between the positioning nut and the adjusting nut.
6. The carbon fiber multifilament drawing and sample preparation tool according to claim 5, wherein the fixing plate is provided with:
the first through hole can be used for the guide rod to pass through;
the second through hole can be penetrated by the guide rod, the positioning nut and the adjusting nut;
and the guide groove can be used for moving the guide rod between the first through hole and the second through hole.
7. A carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation method is characterized in that the carbon fiber multifilament drawing sample preparation tool of any one of claims 1 to 6 is adopted, and comprises the following steps:
winding the carbon fiber multifilament on the fixed plate component;
adjusting the tension adjusting assembly to enable the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly to be loosened and soaked in the glue solution;
and after the carbon fiber multifilament is soaked for the specified time, the tension adjusting assembly is adjusted to apply tension meeting the requirements to the carbon fiber multifilament wound on the fixing plate assembly, and the carbon fiber multifilament with glue solution is aired.
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CN116625867A (en) * | 2023-07-12 | 2023-08-22 | 阳谷华东特种电缆有限公司 | Cable insulation sheath performance detection equipment |
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CN116625867A (en) * | 2023-07-12 | 2023-08-22 | 阳谷华东特种电缆有限公司 | Cable insulation sheath performance detection equipment |
CN116625867B (en) * | 2023-07-12 | 2024-01-23 | 阳谷华东特种电缆有限公司 | Cable insulation sheath performance detection equipment |
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