CN114715985A - Electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon - Google Patents

Electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon Download PDF

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CN114715985A
CN114715985A CN202210379547.1A CN202210379547A CN114715985A CN 114715985 A CN114715985 A CN 114715985A CN 202210379547 A CN202210379547 A CN 202210379547A CN 114715985 A CN114715985 A CN 114715985A
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mycelium
derived carbon
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desalination system
desalination
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赵琛
张会刚
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Nanjing University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
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Abstract

The invention discloses an electrochemical desalination system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon, which comprises a power supply and a desalination unit, wherein the desalination unit comprises an electrode tank, a cathode and an anode are arranged in the electrode tank, and active substances of the cathode and the anode are mycelium-derived carbon materials prepared by carbonizing mycelium. The invention provides a method for electrochemical desalination by using fungal mycelium-derived carbon for the first time, which can greatly improve the desalination speed while improving the desalination amount per unit mass, reduce the cycle period and time cost, and is beneficial to resource utilization and environmental protection.

Description

Electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon
Technical Field
The invention relates to an electrochemical desalting system, in particular to an electrochemical desalting system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon.
Background
As the demand for fresh water increases, many seawater desalination technologies are being adopted to solve the problem of fresh water supply. Widely used desalination techniques include membrane distillation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange and electrodialysis, all of which have certain disadvantages. The membrane distillation and the reverse osmosis adopt heat energy and pressure energy as desalination energy sources, and the energy density is high; ion exchange and electrodialysis require the use of expensive ion exchange membranes, and fragile membranes represent a significant cost.
The capacitive deionization desalination (CDI) is a technology for desalinating and desalinating seawater by using salt ions in an electric double-layer capacitive material electro-adsorption solution. CDI traditionally relies on inexpensive activated carbon electrodes for desalination. The industrial activated carbon has uneven particles and very low specific surface area, which seriously affects the desalting effect, and when the industrial activated carbon works in the environment with high salinity and high voltage, the activated carbon is also corroded to a certain extent. The capacitive property of the CDI carbon-based material directly affects the desalting effect, and good capacitive property requires high specific surface area, excellent hydrophilicity, high conductivity, fast ion adsorption response and long-term stability, so that it is required to develop a carbon material which is simple and easy to prepare to meet the above advantageous characteristics.
The biochar is usually obtained by carbonizing a biomass precursor at a medium temperature (400-800 ℃), the biochar keeps the original structure of the biomass, but the porosity is poor and the activity is low, and the unprocessed biochar only has limited desalting performance. Biochar can form a unique three-dimensional interconnected porous structure because of its ease of chemical activation treatment. The modified derivative carbon has the advantages of high specific surface area, large pore volume, well-tailored pore size and the like, and the general modified biochar comprises various pore structures. The biological carbon contains nutrient substances and can form self-doping, and the heteroatom can improve the surface property of carbon pores and form a high-polarity and hydrophilic center. However, some biomass materials in organisms, because they originate from functionalized different tissues, may not facilitate the processes of adsorption, desorption and transport of ions.
Compared with other technologies, the low desalination energy consumption of the CDI process is very beneficial, but how to improve the desalination performance and desalination cycle speed of the carbon material is a big problem to realize the industrial application of the CDI process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the invention aims to provide an electrochemical desalination system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon, which can greatly improve the desalination speed and reduce the cycle period and time cost.
The technical scheme is as follows: the electrochemical desalination system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon comprises a power supply and a desalination unit, wherein the desalination unit comprises an electrode tank, a cathode and an anode are arranged in the electrode tank, and active substances of the cathode and the anode are mycelium-derived carbon materials prepared by carbonizing mycelium.
Wherein the electrochemical desalination system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon further comprises a salt for desaltingA conveying mechanism for conveying the aqueous solution into the electrode tank; the conveying mechanism is preferably a conveying pump; the power supply is preferably a constant voltage power supply. The cathode and the anode are arranged in parallel in the electrode tank, the separator is arranged between the cathode and the anode, and the separator can be arranged between the cathode and the anode if necessary. The electrode groove is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet. The saline solution and the electrode tank form a loop, the liquid flow pipe is connected to the water inlet and the water outlet of the electrode tank, and the other two ends of the liquid flow pipe are respectively connected with the conveying mechanism and the saline solution. The anode and the cathode are respectively connected with the positive pole and the negative pole of a constant voltage power supply. Wherein, the area of the cathode and the anode is preferably 10cm multiplied by 10cm, and the electrode distance is preferably 1 cm; the flow rate of the saline solution and the flow in the electrode groove is 10-50 mL min-1. The electrolyte in the electrode tank is a saline solution to be desalted; specifically, the NaCl solution with high concentration or Na solution+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Cr3+、Cl-、SO4 2-、PO4 3-Soluble substance solution composed of any two or more ions; the concentration of the introduced brine is preferably 200-5000 mg/L; the voltage applied is preferably 0.8-1.4V, more preferably 1.0-1.4V.
Wherein the mycelium is carbonized and then subjected to pore-forming by a pore-forming agent to obtain the mycelium; wherein the carbonization and pore-forming processes are carried out in an inert atmosphere.
The specific steps for preparing the mycelium-derived carbon material are as follows: carbonizing the mycelium powder for 1.5-5 h at 300-600 ℃ in an inert atmosphere to obtain mycelium carbon powder; and (3) mixing the mycelium carbon powder with a pore-forming agent, activating for 2-5 hours at 650-900 ℃ in an inert atmosphere, washing and drying to obtain the mycelium derived carbon material. Wherein the mass ratio of the pore-forming agent to the carbonized mycelium is 2: 1-8: 1, and more preferably 2: 1-5: 1; the carbonization temperature is 300-600 ℃, the time is 1.5-5 h, and the carbonization temperature is more preferably 500-600 ℃; the activation temperature is 650-900 ℃, the activation time is 2-5 h, and the activation temperature is more preferably 700-900 ℃. The mass of the mycelium derived carbon material accounts for 10-30% of the total mass of the precursor mycelium.
Wherein the mycelium is one of Ganoderma, needle mushroom, Pholiota nameko, Auricularia, Tremella, Volvariella volvacea, Russula hirsuta, Tricholoma, Leucopaxillus, Tricholoma matsutake, Boletus, Armillaria mellea, Poria, Polyporus or Omphalia.
The mycelium is field collected, a waste strain of a farm or artificially cultured and grown, and the artificial culture is obtained by culturing sporophytes.
The mycelium obtained by culturing the sporophyte comprises the following steps:
(1) obtaining sporophytes to prepare a sporophyte suspension; culturing the sporophyte suspension in potato glucose agar culture medium; the nutrient substances in the potato dextrose agar culture medium comprise: peptone, sucrose, yeast extract, phosphate, magnesium salt, vitamins, ammonium salt;
(2) the first stage is as follows: placing the culture medium on a rotary vibration sieve for culturing for 6-9 days;
(3) and a second stage: and mixing a small amount of fermentation liquor obtained in the first stage with the initial sporophyte suspension according to the mass ratio of 1: 7-1: 9, culturing for 3-6 days in the same environment as that of the first stage, washing, and drying to obtain a mycelium membrane.
Wherein in the step (1), the pH value of the culture medium is adjusted to 5.5-6.5; the content of the peptone is 3-20 g L-1(ii) a The content of the sucrose is 15-50 g L-1(ii) a The contents of yeast extract, phosphate and magnesium salt are respectively 0.5-5 g L-1(ii) a The content of the vitamin is 0.01-0.10 g L-1(ii) a The content of ammonium salt is 1-10 g L-1. Wherein, the vitamin is preferably vitamin B1; the ammonium salt can be replaced by glutamic acid; the phosphate can be replaced by monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate.
In the step (3), the mycelium pellicle obtained after culture is cut into small pieces or blocks, and is washed, dried and crushed to obtain mycelium powder for later use.
The preparation of the cathode and anode from mycelium derived carbon material comprises the steps of:
the mycelium derived carbon material is mixed with a binder, a conductive agent and an organic solvent to prepare slurry, and the slurry is coated on a conductive substrate and dried to prepare the conductive carbon material. Wherein the mass ratio of the mycelium derived carbon to the binder to the conductive agent is 8: 1: 1; the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene or a cation exchange membrane; the conductive agent is acetylene black or carbon black; the conductive substrate is a titanium mesh, titanium foam, carbon paper or carbon cloth.
The principle is as follows: CDI process performance based on electric double layer capacitance depends on the carbon pore properties, connectivity structure, surface properties and large specific surface area of the carbon material. The invention adopts a targeting thinking to find a carbon material suitable for a CDI process, and mycelium is an organ for transferring substances and transporting nutrition in fungus strains, just as the CDI process for migrating and adsorbing ions in industrial application. For the biochar system of the mycelium, the invention optimizes the pore structure and surface properties by various means. The method mainly comprises the following points:
(1) CDI desalination is carried out by utilizing a mycelium transport system endowed by nature, and a natural biological transport organ has a high-order structure which is difficult to synthesize by a conventional chemical method; (2) provides a method for culturing mycelium, which uses a shake flask-static culture two-step method to grow the mycelium. In the process of shaking the flask, the mycelia of the ganoderma are wound together and are gradually crosslinked into a fibrous reticular hypha membrane from the spherical dispersion; (3) the synthesis is guided by the carbon material characteristics required by the CDI process, and the high-nitrogen culture and micropore forming processes exist in the process of preparing mycelium derived carbon, so that the surface property and the specific surface area are optimized.
It is due to the above several designs that the structure from the biological top layer gives the mycelium derived carbon CDI system an advantage in desalination. The abundant interconnected pore structure is beneficial to the transmission of liquid flow in the carbon matrix and accelerates the migration of ions; the super high specific surface area provides enough micropore adsorption sites, and ions are easily captured by carbon pores; the high nitrogen atom doping property enables the carbon surface to be more fully contacted with liquid, enhances the ion anchoring, and the mycelium-derived carbon has good conductivity. During electrochemical adsorption, the transmission behaviors of ions and electrons are greatly optimized, so that the mycelium-derived carbon system has ultrahigh salt adsorption speed (up to 12.31mg g)-1min-1Three times that of the common carbon material), the saturated adsorption amount is also obviously improved. In the patent CN111087054A, the biological straw derived carbon is used as the active material of CDI, and the saturated adsorption capacity is maintained at 10.65mg g because the common straw does not have the above characteristic advantages-1The mycelium-derived carbon CDI system can achieve 24.20mg g under similar conditions, slightly higher than commercial activated carbon-1High saturation adsorption capacity of (2).
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable effects: (1) the invention provides a method for electrochemical desalination by using fungal mycelia for the first time, which can greatly improve the desalination speed while improving the desalination amount per unit mass, reduce the cycle period and time cost, and is beneficial to resource utilization and environmental protection. (2) The mycelium derived carbon is used as an active electrode of the CDI desalination system, and the CDI desalination system is formed by the electric double layer capacitance of the carbon net and can be used for removing salt ions in water. (3) Mycelium is easy to adsorb metal ions in soil, and the formed mycelium-derived carbon has an interwoven network for transporting water or ions and is suitable for CDI application. (4) Mycelium-derived carbon is a natural ion transport system with more than twice the capacity of commercial activated carbon electrodes to remove salt ions, and more than four times the maximum rate of salt ion removal. (5) The device disclosed by the invention is simple and novel in construction, low in cost, convenient to realize and capable of well realizing the desalting effect. (6) Mycelium is different from the edible part of fungi, which generally exists underground and is not industrially valuable for production and use. The waste mycelium is used as an active material of an electrode for electrochemical desalination, and is an effective way for assisting resource utilization, quality improvement and efficiency improvement.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an electrochemical desalination cycle system as shown in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a photograph of a mycelial membrane in example 1;
FIG. 3 is an SEM photograph of the mycelium powder after the mycelium membrane of example 1 has been pulverized;
FIG. 4 is an SEM photograph of the mycelium-derived carbon material of example 1;
FIG. 5 is a TEM image of the mycelium-derived carbon material of example 1;
FIG. 6 is a plot of the desalination cycle obtained in example 1, the conductivity recording the concentration change of the solution, and the current showing the response of the desalination system under applied voltage;
FIG. 7 is a plot of the desalination capacities of the mycelium-derived carbon CDI system and the commercial activated carbon CDI system of example 1;
FIG. 8 is a plot of the desalination rate of the mycelium-derived carbon CDI system and a commercial activated carbon CDI system of example 1;
FIG. 9 is a desalination capacity curve indicated by groups 1 to 3 in Table 1;
FIG. 10 is a desalination capacity curve indicated by groups 3-5 in Table 1;
FIG. 11 is a graph of the saturated adsorption capacity of the mycelium-derived carbon electrode at different NaCl concentrations in example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below.
Example 1
As shown in FIG. 1, the invention provides an electrochemical desalination system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon, which comprises a power supply, a desalination unit and a conveying mechanism for conveying a saline solution to be desalinated into the desalination unit. The power supply of this embodiment is a constant voltage power supply. The desalination unit of this embodiment includes an electrode tank, in which a cathode and an anode are disposed in parallel, and active materials of the cathode and the anode are mycelium derived carbon materials. The cathode and the anode are fixed by using a separator, the separator is of a frame structure, the thickness of the separator is approximate to the distance between the two electrodes, and the thickness of the separator is 1cm in the embodiment; and a diaphragm is arranged in the middle of the frame to prevent short circuit. The baffle of this embodiment is silicon-based baffle, and conveying mechanism is the peristaltic pump. The area of the cathode and the anode is 10cm × 10 cm. The liquid flow pipe is connected with the electrode tank and the peristaltic pump.
The mycelium derived carbon material is prepared by carbonizing mycelium and then performing pore-forming by a pore-forming agent. Wherein the mycelium is obtained by culturing sporophyte of Ganoderma. The method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) suspending Ganoderma spore in waterPlacing on potato glucose agar culture medium, adding 5g L-1Peptone, 35g L-12.5g L-11g L, and-1KH of2PO4、0.5g L-1MgSO (2) of4、0.05g L-1Vitamins B1 and 5g L-1(NH4)2SO4Adjusting the pH value to 6;
the first stage is as follows: placing the culture medium on a rotary vibration sieve at 28 deg.C, setting the rotation speed at 150rpm, and culturing for 7 days;
and a second stage: a small amount of the fermentation broth obtained in the first stage was mixed with the initial mycelium suspension at a mass ratio of 1:9 and cultured for 5 days in the same environment. After 12 days of culture, washing 3 times of the grown mycelium mycoderm with distilled water, then cutting into small pieces, washing dirt on the surface with water, drying at 60 ℃, and mechanically crushing after drying to obtain micron-sized mycelium powder;
(2) carbonizing the obtained mycelium powder at 500 ℃ for 2 h to obtain mycelium carbon powder;
(3) KOH with mycelium carbon powder at a ratio of 4:1, activating for 3 hours at 800 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere, cleaning the product, and drying at 60 ℃ to obtain a mycelium derived carbon material, namely an active material, which is marked as C500A800K 4.
The preparation method of the cathode and the anode of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
mixing mycelium-derived carbon material, binder and conductive agent in a ratio of 8: 1: 1, adding the mixture into a polyvinylpyrrolidone solvent, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min to prepare slurry, uniformly dripping the slurry on a carbon fiber felt, and drying at 60 ℃ to obtain mycelium derived carbon electrodes serving as a cathode and an anode respectively. The binder in this example was polyvinylidene fluoride, and the conductive agent was acetylene black.
As shown in figure 2 and micron-sized mycelium powder in figure 3, mycelium in the mycelium membrane is provided with a plurality of antennae, and the unique structure enables the antennae to be mutually communicated after the mycelium is carbonized to form a three-dimensional communicated network structure.
The morphology of the mycelium-derived carbon material is shown in fig. 4 and 5. FIG. 4 is an SEM image of a mycelium-derived carbon material prepared by this method, and it can be observed that the mycelium is composed of carbon tubes, and these tubular filaments are interlaced with each other to form a three-dimensionally connected ion transport network. FIG. 5 is a TEM image of the mycelium-derived carbon material prepared by the method, and it can be seen that the outer diameter of the tubular structure is 600nm and the inner hollow pores are 150 to 200 nm. The pipe wall is provided with a plurality of holes with the thickness of 50-100 nm.
A desalting process:
500mg L of the solution was introduced into the whole system-1Adjusting parameters of a peristaltic pump to ensure that the liquid flow velocity is 20ml min-1And the solution circulates in the whole system to form an electrochemical desalting system. As shown in fig. 6, the circuit is turned on, a voltage is applied to two electrodes of the desalination unit, and an ion adsorption cycle is performed on the electrochemical desalination system under a constant voltage reaction condition, wherein in the three cycle processes, the voltage is respectively set to 0.8V, 1.0V, and 1.2V, the cathode tank starts to adsorb sodium ions in the solution after the voltage is applied, the chloride ions are adsorbed in the anode tank, and the solution concentration in the circulation system decreases and the conductivity decreases as the ions are collected on the electrodes. The power supply is cut off, the anode and the cathode discharge ions, the concentration of the solution rises, and the conductivity rises. The above process is repeated, and the brine purification and ion enrichment cycle can be realized. FIGS. 7 and 8 show the comparison of the desalting ability and desalting rate of the mycelium-derived carbon showing 24.20mg g/g and the commercial activated carbon, respectively-1Saturated adsorption amount of (2) and 12.31mg g-1min-1Compared with 9.58mg g of commercial activated carbon-1And 2.54mg g- 1min-1The performance of (c).
To test the desalting effect at different voltages, the voltage was set to 1.0V, 1.2V, and 1.4V in this order, and the brine concentration was maintained at 500mg L-1The specific parameters are shown in table 1; to test the effect of desalination at different brine concentrations, the brine concentrations were sequentially set at 500mg L-1、200mg L-1、800mg L-1The holding voltage is 1.4V, andthe body parameters are shown in table 1. The test data obtained from the test groups of different voltages and different brine concentrations are shown in fig. 9 and 10, where the ordinate in fig. 9 represents the mass of the salt adsorbed by the active material per unit mass, and the highest value represents the saturated adsorption amount; the mycelium-derived carbon CDI systems of this example were at 1.4V, 800, 500 and 200mg L-1The saturated adsorption amounts of the components in the solution were 28.2, 24.0 and 17.3mg g-1At 500mg L-1Saturated adsorption amounts at 1.4, 1.2 and 1.0V were 24.2, 20.1 and 16.0mg g, respectively-1。
FIG. 11 is a curve of saturated adsorption capacity of the present example under different NaCl solutions, illustrating that the CDI system can be applied with a voltage of 0.8V-1.4V, and the concentration of desalted brine can be controlled within 200mg L-1-5000mg L-1。
TABLE 1
Group of Operating voltage (V) Saline concentration (mg/L)
1 1.0 500
2 1.2 500
3 1.4 500
4 1.4 200
5 1.4 800
Example 2
On the basis of the embodiment 1, different from the embodiment 1, the carbonization is carried out at 600 ℃, the pore-forming is activated at 800 ℃, wherein the mass ratio of KOH to mycelium powder is 4: 1; the product was designated as C600A800K 4.
Example 3
On the basis of example 1, different from example 1, carbonization is carried out at 500 ℃, pore-forming is activated at 700 ℃, and the mass ratio of KOH to mycelium powder is 4: 1; the product was designated as C500A700K 4.
Example 4
On the basis of example 1, different from example 1, carbonization is carried out at 500 ℃, pore forming is activated at 900 ℃, and the mass ratio of KOH to mycelium powder is 4: 1; the product was designated C500A900K 4.
Example 5
On the basis of the embodiment 1, different from the embodiment 1, carbonization is carried out at 500 ℃, and pore forming is activated at 800 ℃, wherein the mass ratio of KOH to mycelium powder is 2: 1; the product was designated as C500A800K 2.
Example 6
On the basis of the embodiment 1, different from the embodiment 1, carbonization is carried out at 500 ℃, and pore forming is activated at 800 ℃, wherein the mass ratio of KOH to mycelium powder is 5: 1; the product was designated as C500A800K 5.
The performance of a CDI system depends primarily on surface area, pore structure, and capacitance characteristics. The mycelium-derived carbon materials of examples 1-6 were subjected to the relevant tests and the results of the tests on commercial activated carbon carbons are given, in particular, in table 2 below.
Table 2 shows the performance parameters of carbonization at 500-600 ℃, pore forming at 700-900 ℃ and the mass ratio of KOH to carbon of 2: 1-5: 1. Saturated adsorption capacityAt 1.4V and 500mg L-1The mycelium-derived carbon materials obtained in examples 1 to 6 all had a desalting effect much higher than that of commercial activated carbon, as measured with sodium chloride solution of (5). Generally, carbonization temperature has little influence on performance, and excessively high pore-forming temperature and excessively high KOH addition amount increase the reaction degree of the carbon surface of the mycelium and KOH, and the micropore volume tends to decrease and the average pore diameter tends to increase. Low pore forming temperatures and KOH addition levels may result in incomplete reaction. The test data in Table 2 show that the mycelium-derived carbon material of the present invention is a good molding template, easily gives a connected structure with a high specific surface area, and is suitable for CDI desalination.
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0003592159930000081

Claims (10)

1. An electrochemical desalination system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon comprises a power supply and a desalination unit, wherein the desalination unit comprises an electrode tank, and a cathode and an anode are arranged in the electrode tank.
2. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 1, wherein the mycelium-derived carbon material is prepared by carbonizing mycelium and then forming pores with a pore-forming agent.
3. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 1, wherein the mycelium in the mycelium-derived carbon material is obtained by direct collection or culture of sporophytes.
4. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 1, wherein the mycelium of the mycelium-derived carbon material is one of ganoderma lucidum, flammulina velutipes, pholiota nameko, black fungus, tremella, volvariella volvacea, coprinus comatus, tricholoma matsutake, toad, boletus, armillaria mellea, poria cocos, polyporus umbellatus, or omphalia.
5. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 2, wherein the mass ratio of the pore-forming agent to the carbonized mycelium is 2:1 to 8: 1.
6. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 1, wherein the carbonization temperature is 300 to 600 ℃ for 1.5 to 5 hours.
7. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 2, wherein the pore-forming temperature is 650 ℃ to 900 ℃ for 2 to 5 hours.
8. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 3, wherein the mycelium is obtained by culturing sporozoites by the steps of:
(1) obtaining sporophytes to prepare a sporophyte suspension; culturing the sporophyte suspension in potato glucose agar culture medium; the nutrient substances in the potato dextrose agar culture medium comprise: peptone, sucrose, yeast extract, phosphate, magnesium salt, vitamins, ammonium salt;
(2) the first stage is as follows: placing the culture medium on a rotary vibrating screen for culturing;
(3) and a second stage: and mixing the fermentation liquor obtained in the first stage with the initial sporophyte suspension according to the mass ratio of 1: 7-1: 9, culturing in the same environment as that of the first stage to obtain a mycelium membrane, and crushing to obtain mycelium powder.
9. The electrochemical desalination system constructed from mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 8, wherein the peptone is contained in an amount of 3 to 20g L in the step (1)-1(ii) a The content of the sucrose is 15-50 g L-1(ii) a The contents of yeast extract, phosphate and magnesium salt are respectively 0.5-5 g L-1(ii) a The content of the vitamin is 0.01-0.10 g L-1(ii) a The content of ammonium salt is 1-10 g L-1。
10. The electrochemical desalination system constructed by mycelium-derived carbon according to claim 8, wherein the first stage of the culturing in the step (2) is performed for 6 to 9 days; in step (3), the second stage culture is carried out for 3-6 days.
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