CN114702326B

CN114702326B - Ceramic composite material bow rod, preparation method and application

Info

Publication number: CN114702326B
Application number: CN202210216787.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 刘持栋; 付志强; 穆阳阳; 成来飞
Original assignee: Northwestern Polytechnical University
Current assignee: Northwestern Polytechnical University
Priority date: 2022-03-07
Filing date: 2022-03-07
Publication date: 2023-06-09
Anticipated expiration: 2042-03-07
Also published as: CN114702326A

Abstract

The invention relates to a ceramic composite material bow stick, a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the field of string instruments; the bow rod comprises a hollow rod of carbon fiber or ceramic fiber, and an interface layer and a ceramic matrix which are sequentially deposited on the surface of the hollow rod. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly designing and preparing an inner die with a bow rod, then preparing a fiber woven body on the inner die with the bow rod, then sequentially depositing an interface layer and a ceramic matrix, and processing to a designed size to obtain the ceramic composite material bow rod. The bow rod prepared by the invention can obviously improve the elasticity and the vibration transmission speed of the bow, so that the feedback of the bow to the vibration is quicker and clearer; meanwhile, the problems of unstable tension, performance and dimensional change after long-time use and the like of the string bow under a complex temperature and humidity environment can be effectively solved; in addition, the environmental adaptability and the service life of the string bow are improved.

Description

Ceramic composite material bow rod, preparation method and application

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of string instruments, and particularly relates to a ceramic composite material bow rod, a preparation method and application.

Background

String instruments such as violin, viola, cello, bass and urheen have important roles in performance occasions such as various symphony music performances, solo and accompaniment, and the tone quality of the instruments directly influences artistic expression effects of the instruments. For the string instrument, the factors that determine the sound quality of the instrument are mainly the body and the bow. And the bow is the only bridge that the player establishes communication with the instrument, so the performance effect is closely related to the performance of the bow.

The structure of the bow can be divided into accessories such as a bow rod, a bow hair box, an adjusting screw, a winding handle and the like. The bow stick is the main body of the bow, and its material determines the overall performance of the bow. The main index for measuring the quality of the bow rod is the tension performance of the bow rod. On the one hand, in order to obtain larger and more stable tension, the bow rod material is selected from the wood such as Boernan bucky wood produced in Brazil and the carbon fiber material; on the other hand, in order to maintain a uniform tension performance of the bow in a long-term playing and in a complicated temperature and humidity environment, it is necessary to perform a surface treatment such as painting on the surface of the bow stick.

However, the brazilian government has already limited its felling and trading due to the rapid reduction in the number of bernabucks caused by over-mining, and the main wood used to make the bows has been in short supply year by year. On the other hand, the bows of ordinary wood and carbon fiber materials have short plates in performance, such as low vibration transmission speed, poor elasticity, large thermal expansion coefficient, large moisture absorption deformation amount, difficulty in recovery after deformation, and the like.

The prior art discloses a carbon fiber composite musical instrument bow, application number is 200420027215.4, and the musical instrument bow comprises glass fiber inner core body and the carbon fiber layer of parcel on glass fiber inner core body surface, and glass fiber inner core body and carbon fiber layer pass through the binder bonding and link to each other. The bow of the structure replaces wood with plastic, so that a large amount of wood resources are saved; however, the elastic modulus of the bridge cannot be controlled, and the problems of low vibration transmission speed, poor elasticity and large thermal expansion coefficient exist.

The prior art discloses a Huqin with the application number of 201520085200.1, wherein a piano stick comprises a hollow carbon fiber main support rod with the lower end inserted in a piano barrel; the carbon fiber hollow tube is adopted for manufacturing the piano rod, the strength of the rod body is high, the rod body cannot be bent or deformed, but the low-vibration transmission speed adjustment can be performed only through the carbon fiber vibrating plate, and the elastic modulus of the piano rod still cannot be controlled.

The continuous fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite has the advantages of light weight, high strength, high temperature resistance and the like, is widely applied to aviation and aerospace heat-proof components, and mainly solves the problems of high temperature resistance, high strength, high rigidity and fracture toughness. The adoption of the material as the main body material of the bow is hopeful to overcome the defects of the common wood and carbon fiber material bow, but still needs to solve the problem of the elastic modulus when the material is used as a playing musical instrument. The higher the modulus of elasticity, the faster the vibration transmission speed, but the harder the hand feel during playing; the lower the modulus of elasticity, the slower the vibration transmission speed and the softer the hand feel. Therefore, the design is required in the aspects of materials, structures, processes and the like, and the effective coordination of the vibration transmission effect and the playing hand feeling is realized.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problems to be solved are as follows:

in order to avoid the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a ceramic composite material bow rod, a preparation method and application thereof, wherein carbon fiber or ceramic fiber is used as a matrix, and an interface layer and a ceramic matrix are sequentially deposited on the surface of the carbon fiber or ceramic fiber to obtain the ceramic composite material bow rod; by arranging the interface layer and the ceramic matrix and limiting the parameter conditions of the deposition process, the problems of insufficient elasticity of the bow rod of the string, unstable tension in a complex temperature and humidity environment, performance and dimensional change after long-time use and the like are solved.

The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a bow rod of ceramic composite material is characterized by comprising a hollow rod of carbon fiber or ceramic fiber, and an interface layer and a ceramic matrix which are sequentially deposited on the surface of the hollow rod.

The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the interfacial layer is pyrolytic carbon or boron nitride, and the thickness is 100-600nm.

The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: the ceramic matrix is silicon carbide or silicon nitride.

A preparation method of a ceramic composite material bow stick is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:

step 1: establishing an arch bar internal model;

step 2: processing an inner mold; graphite paper, aramid paper, parchment paper or natural wood is adopted as a die material, and an inner bow rod die is processed according to the inner bow rod geometric profile;

step 3: preparing a braiding body; weaving a bow rod braiding body on the circumference of a bow rod inner die by taking one or more of carbon fibers or ceramic fibers as raw materials;

step 4: preparing an interface layer; placing the bow rod braiding body with the bow rod inner die in a chemical vapor deposition furnace, and preparing an interface layer on the surface of the bow rod braiding body;

when the interface layer is pyrolytic carbon, the preparation process comprises the following steps: the deposition pressure is 50 Pa to 1000Pa, the deposition temperature is 900 ℃ to 1050 ℃, the deposition time is 5h to 9h, the deposition gas is the mixed gas of propylene and hydrogen, and after the deposition is finished, the heat treatment is carried out for 5h to 20h at 1750 ℃ to 2250 ℃ under the vacuum condition; wherein the flow ratio of propylene to hydrogen is 1:1-5; circularly executing for 3-6 times;

when the interface layer is boron nitride, the preparation process comprises the following steps: the deposition pressure is 100-8000Pa, the deposition temperature is 850-1050 ℃, the deposition time is 10-20h, and the deposition gas is a mixed gas of argon, hydrogen, ammonia and boron trichloride; wherein the flow ratio of the argon, the hydrogen, the ammonia and the boron trichloride is 1:1-3:2-8:2-8; circularly executing for 2-4 times;

step 5: preparing a ceramic matrix; placing the bow rod braiding body subjected to interface layer preparation in a chemical vapor deposition furnace, and preparing a ceramic matrix on the surface of the bow rod braiding body;

when the ceramic matrix is silicon carbide, the preparation process comprises the following steps: heating to 900-1200 ℃ under the pressure of 200-5000Pa, preserving heat for 1-2h, introducing mixed gas of trichloromethylsilane, hydrogen and argon, wherein the flow ratio of the trichloromethylsilane to the hydrogen to the argon is 1:5-15:15-25, depositing for 15-28h, preserving heat for 1-2h, and cooling to room temperature; the loop is executed 12-18 times.

When the ceramic matrix is silicon nitride, the preparation process comprises the following steps: heating to 700-1200 ℃ under the pressure of 200-5000Pa, preserving heat for 1-2h, mixing the hydrogen, the argon, the trichloromethylsilane and the ammonia gas, wherein the flow ratio of the hydrogen to the argon to the trichloromethylsilane to the ammonia gas is 1:1:5-50:5-50, depositing for 10-25h, preserving heat for 1-2h, and cooling to room temperature; performing circulation for 4-8 times;

step 6: processing; and (3) removing the residual mold residues in the bow rod of the prepared ceramic matrix by adopting a mechanical processing and polishing mode, and processing the outer profile and the long groove at the joint of the bow hair box to the design size.

The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: in the step 1, the bow rod molded surface of the selected bow is taken as a reference, and the molded surface is offset inwards by 0.5-2.0mm, so that the geometrical molded surface in the bow rod is obtained.

The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: in the step 2, the mold material is solidified and reinforced by resin glue before the inner mold is processed.

The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: in the step 3, braiding is performed by adopting a two-dimensional braiding mode, wherein the thickness is the offset size in the step 1; the two-dimensional weave is a two-dimensional plain weave, a two-dimensional satin weave, a two-dimensional twill weave or a 2.5-dimensional weave.

The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: when the raw material of the braiding body is carbon fiber, the included angle between the warp direction of the braiding cloth and the central axis of the string bow is 0-20 degrees; when the raw material of the braiding body is ceramic fiber, the included angle between the warp direction of the braiding cloth and the central axis of the string bow is 30-45 degrees.

The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: in the step 3, the raw material of the braiding body is silicon carbide fiber or mullite fiber.

The application of a ceramic composite material bow stick is characterized in that: the ceramic composite bow stick is applied to string-pulling string instruments, including violins, cellos, bass and urheens.

Advantageous effects

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. the elastic modulus of the ceramic composite material is 45-150GPa, which is measured by the GB/T15777-1995 wood grain compression elastic modulus measuring method, and is obviously higher than 15-25GPa of natural wood. Therefore, the ceramic composite material is used as the main material of the bow rod, so that the elasticity and the vibration transmission speed of the bow can be obviously improved, and the feedback of the bow to the vibration is quicker and clearer.

The material is applied to the aerospace field in the prior art, and the main focus is on the temperature resistance, high strength, high rigidity and fracture toughness of the material. In terms of fiber preforms, only the 0 ° weave direction performance (i.e., the direction of highest performance) is typically considered; in terms of interface layer preparation, generally, process parameters capable of enabling strength and fracture toughness to be the highest are selected; in the aspect of preparing the ceramic matrix, the process parameters capable of maximizing the strength and the temperature resistance are generally selected. The invention focuses on the property affecting the vibration transmission speed and playing hand, namely the elastic modulus of the material must be controlled in a proper range by the combined design of the fiber preform, the interface layer and the ceramic matrix.

The fiber type and the weaving angle of the matrix can directly influence the elastic modulus of the axis of the string, if not adjusted, the ceramic fiber can cause the problems of over-high elastic modulus and insufficient elastic modulus of the carbon fiber; the invention limits the parameter conditions of the deposition process of the interface layer and the ceramic matrix, and the deposition time is in the curve transition part, so that the prepared material has stable performance. As shown in fig. 4, for the carbon fiber woven body, the weaving angle should be 0-20 °, otherwise, the effect of improving the modulus cannot be achieved; for the silicon carbide ceramic fiber braiding body, the braiding angle is between 30 and 45 degrees, otherwise, the modulus is too high, and the playing hand feeling is hard. As shown in fig. 5 and 6, the process parameters (time) of preparing the interface layer and the ceramic matrix are in a certain range, and the modulus of the material is unstable when the process parameters deviate from the range, so that a bow rod product with uniform performance cannot be formed.

2. The ceramic composite material has the axial shrinkage rate of 0, the radial shrinkage rate of 0, the volume shrinkage rate of 0 and the axial shrinkage rate which is obviously lower than 0.1-0.5 percent, the radial shrinkage rate which is 2-6 percent and the volume shrinkage rate which is 5-15 percent, which are measured by the GB/T1932-2009 method for measuring the dryness of wood. Therefore, the ceramic composite material is used as the main material of the bow rod, the problems of unstable tension, performance and size change after long-time use and the like of the bow in a complex temperature and humidity environment can be effectively solved, and no surface treatment such as painting is needed.

3. Compared with the traditional solid pure wood bow rod and solid carbon fiber bow rod, the weight of the bow rod is lighter, and the weight of the bow rod can be increased according to player preference to adjust the weight and the gravity center of the bow rod; in addition, vibration transmission is only concentrated on the surface of the hollow bow rod, so that clear feedback of the bridge to vibration is further improved.

4. The mould materials adopted in the preparation process of the invention can be continuously carbonized under the influence of high temperature in the implementation process of the step 4 and the step 5, and are corroded and pulverized in the process waste gas environment of the step 4 and the step 5, and are discharged along with the process waste gas in the chemical vapor deposition furnace. That is, the mold material in step 2 gradually disappears in situ during the subsequent manufacturing process, and the material selection of such a mold is closely related to the fiber weave form and the process parameters (temperature, flow rate and time) in other steps. If the material selection range or the technological parameter range of the die is exceeded, the problems that the die cannot achieve the bow rod shaping effect, the residual quantity is too large after disappearance and the like can occur.

5. Compared with natural wood, the ceramic composite material has the natural advantages of acid resistance, alkali resistance, flame retardance, fungus resistance, insect resistance and the like, and can obviously improve the environmental adaptability and the service life of the string.

6. The application of the ceramic composite bow rod can save the wooden raw materials which are in shortage day by day, and accords with the environmental protection theme.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a bow having a ceramic composite bow stem according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a photograph of the appearance of a ceramic composite bow stick according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a photograph of a cross-section of a ceramic composite arch bar according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a graph of the effect of fiber type and weave warp direction angle with the axis of the bow on elastic modulus;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of fiber type and interfacial layer deposition time on elastic modulus according to the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of fiber type and ceramic matrix deposition time on elastic modulus according to the present invention.

Detailed Description

The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative and intended to explain the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention.

Referring to fig. 1-3, the bow stick of the ceramic composite material of the invention comprises a hollow carbon fiber or ceramic fiber stick, and an interface layer and a ceramic matrix which are sequentially deposited on the surface of the hollow carbon fiber or ceramic fiber stick; the interface layer is pyrolytic carbon or boron nitride, and the thickness is 100-600nm; the ceramic matrix is silicon carbide or silicon nitride.

The preparation method of the bow rod of the ceramic composite material comprises the following specific steps:

step 1: establishing an arch bar internal model; taking the selected bow rod molded surface of the bow as a reference, and inwards biasing the molded surface by 0.5-2.0mm to obtain the inner geometric molded surface of the bow rod;

step 2: processing an inner mold; graphite paper, aramid paper, parchment paper or natural wood is adopted as a die material, and an inner bow rod die is processed according to the inner bow rod geometric profile; before the inner die is processed, the die material can be solidified and reinforced by adopting resin glue;

step 3: preparing a braiding body; one or more of carbon fiber or ceramic fiber (such as silicon carbide fiber or mullite fiber) is used as a raw material, and a bow rod braiding body is braided on the circumference of a bow rod inner die; braiding a braiding body in a two-dimensional braiding mode, wherein the thickness is the offset size in the step 1; the two-dimensional weaving is two-dimensional plain weaving, two-dimensional satin weaving, two-dimensional twill weaving or 2.5-dimensional weaving;

when the raw material of the braiding body is carbon fiber, the included angle between the warp direction of the braiding cloth and the central axis of the string bow is 0-20 degrees; when the raw material of the braiding body is ceramic fiber, the included angle between the warp direction of the braiding cloth and the central axis of the string bow is 30-45 degrees;

wherein, the die material in step 2 is continuously carbonized under the influence of high temperature in the implementation process of step 4 and step 5, and is corroded and pulverized in the process waste gas environment of step 4 and step 5, and is discharged along with the process waste gas in the chemical vapor deposition furnace. That is, the mold material in step 2 gradually disappears in situ during the subsequent manufacturing process, and the material selection of such a mold is closely related to the fiber weave form and the process parameters (temperature, flow rate and time) in other steps. If the material selection range or the technological parameter range of the die is exceeded, the problems that the die cannot achieve the bow rod shaping effect, the residual quantity is too large after disappearance and the like can occur.

Example 1:

the preparation method of the ceramic composite material bow stick comprises the following steps:

step 1: and (5) establishing an inner model. Taking the typical bow rod profile as a reference, and biasing the profile inwards by 0.8mm to obtain the inner geometrical profile of the bow rod.

Step 2: and (5) processing an inner die. The natural wood is used as a die material, and the bow rod inner die is processed according to the bow rod inner geometric profile.

Step 3: and (5) preparing a braiding body. A woven body with the thickness of 0.8mm is woven on an arch bar inner mold by adopting a two-dimensional plain weave mode by taking carbon fibers as raw materials.

Step 4: and (5) preparing an interface layer. The bow rod braiding body with the bow rod inner die is placed in a chemical vapor deposition furnace, and a pyrolytic carbon interface layer with the thickness of 250nm is prepared on the surface of the bow rod braiding body. The preparation process comprises the following steps: the deposition pressure is 800Pa, the deposition temperature is 1050 ℃, the deposition time is 56 hours, the deposition gas is the mixed gas of propylene and hydrogen, and after the deposition is finished, the heat treatment is carried out for 30 hours at 1950 ℃ under the vacuum condition; wherein the flow ratio of propylene to hydrogen is 1:5; the loop was performed 3 times.

Step 5: and (5) preparing a ceramic matrix. And placing the bow rod braiding body subjected to interface layer preparation in a chemical vapor deposition furnace, and preparing a silicon carbide ceramic matrix on the surface of the bow rod braiding body. The preparation process comprises the following steps: heating to 1000 ℃ under the pressure of 2000Pa, preserving heat for 2 hours, introducing mixed gas of trichloromethylsilane, hydrogen and argon, wherein the flow ratio of the trichloromethylsilane to the hydrogen to the argon is 1:12:18, depositing for 55 hours, preserving heat for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature; the loop was performed 5 times.

Step 6: and (5) processing. And removing the residual die material in the bow rod of the ceramic matrix by adopting a mechanical processing and polishing mode, and processing the outer profile and the long groove at the joint of the bow hair box to the design size.

Example 2:

step 1: and (5) establishing an inner model. Taking the typical bow stick profile as a reference, and offsetting the profile inwards by 1.0mm to obtain the internal geometrical profile of the bow stick.

Step 2: and (5) processing an inner die. The method comprises the steps of winding a bow rod inner die according to a bow rod inner geometric profile by taking parchment paper as a die material, and curing and reinforcing the wound parchment paper by adopting resin glue.

Step 3: and (5) preparing a braiding body. The silicon carbide fiber is used as a raw material, and a two-dimensional twill weaving mode is adopted, so that a weaving body with the thickness of 1.0mm is woven on the bow rod inner die.

Step 4: and (5) preparing an interface layer. The bow rod braiding body with the bow rod inner die is placed in a chemical vapor deposition furnace, and a pyrolytic carbon interface layer with the thickness of 480nm is prepared on the surface of the bow rod braiding body. The preparation process comprises the following steps: : the deposition pressure is 900Pa, the deposition temperature is 700 ℃, the deposition time is 32 hours, and the deposition gas is a mixed gas of argon, hydrogen, ammonia and boron trichloride; wherein, the flow ratio of argon, hydrogen, ammonia and boron trichloride is 1:1.5:6:6; the loop was performed 2 times.

Step 5: and (5) preparing a ceramic matrix. And placing the bow rod braiding body subjected to interface layer preparation in a chemical vapor deposition furnace, and preparing a silicon carbide ceramic matrix on the surface of the bow rod braiding body. The preparation process comprises the following steps: heating to 1050 ℃ under the pressure of 1200Pa, preserving heat for 2 hours, introducing mixed gas of trichlorosilane, hydrogen and argon, wherein the flow ratio of the trichlorosilane to the hydrogen to the argon is 1:10:15, depositing for 48 hours, preserving heat for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature; the loop was performed 4 times.

Effect verification

The elastic modulus of the bow rod material prepared in the examples 1-2 is respectively 75GPa and 228GPa, which is obviously higher than 15-25GPa of natural wood, measured by using GB/T15777-1995 method for measuring the compression elastic modulus of wood along lines. Therefore, the bow rod prepared in the embodiment 1-2 can obviously improve the elasticity and the vibration transmission speed of the bow, so that the feedback of the bow to the vibration is quicker and clearer.

The bow bars prepared in the examples 1-2 are measured by using GB/T1932-2009 method for measuring the dryness of wood, wherein the axial dryness of the two bow bar materials is 0, the radial dryness is 0, the volume dryness is 0, and the axial dryness is obviously lower than 0.1-0.5% of the wood, the radial dryness is 2-6% and the volume dryness is 5-15%. Therefore, the bow rod prepared in the embodiment 1-2 can effectively solve the problems of unstable tension, performance and size change after long-time use and the like of the bow in a complex temperature and humidity environment under the condition of not carrying out any surface treatment.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention, and that variations, modifications, alternatives, and variations may be made in the above embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention.

Claims

1. A ceramic composite material bow stick is characterized by comprising a carbon fiber or ceramic fiber hollow stick, an interface layer and a ceramic matrix which are sequentially deposited on the surface of the hollow stick;

the preparation method of the ceramic composite material bow stick comprises the following specific steps:

step 1: establishing an arch bar internal model;

step 6: processing; removing the residual mold residues in the bow rod of the prepared ceramic matrix by adopting a mechanical processing and polishing mode, and processing the outer profile and the long groove at the joint of the outer profile and the bow hair box to the design size;

when the raw material of the braiding body is carbon fiber, the included angle between the warp direction of the braiding cloth and the central axis of the string bow is 0-20 degrees; when the raw material of the braiding body is ceramic fiber, the included angle between the warp direction of the braiding cloth and the central axis of the string bow is 30-45 degrees.

2. The ceramic composite bow stem of claim 1, wherein: the interfacial layer is pyrolytic carbon or boron nitride, and the thickness is 100-600nm.

3. The ceramic composite bow stem of claim 1, wherein: the ceramic matrix is silicon carbide or silicon nitride.

4. The ceramic composite bow stem of claim 1, wherein: in the step 1, the bow rod molded surface of the selected bow is taken as a reference, and the molded surface is offset inwards by 0.5-2.0mm, so that the geometrical molded surface in the bow rod is obtained.

5. The ceramic composite bow stem of claim 1, wherein: in the step 2, the mold material is solidified and reinforced by resin glue before the inner mold is processed.

6. The ceramic composite bow stem of claim 4, wherein: in the step 3, braiding is performed by adopting a two-dimensional braiding mode, wherein the thickness is the offset size in the step 1; the two-dimensional weave is a two-dimensional plain weave, a two-dimensional satin weave, a two-dimensional twill weave or a 2.5-dimensional weave.

7. The ceramic composite bow stem of claim 1, wherein: in the step 3, the raw material of the braiding body is silicon carbide fiber or mullite fiber.

8. Use of a ceramic composite material bow stick according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that: the ceramic composite bow stick is applied to string-pulling string instruments, including violins, bass and urheens.