CN114690435A - Vector beam generation method based on spin decoupling super-surface zone plate - Google Patents
Vector beam generation method based on spin decoupling super-surface zone plate Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a vector beam generation method based on a spin decoupling super-surface zone plate, which comprises the following steps: designing a plurality of basic structures, wherein the basic structures only generate cross polarized waves under the incidence of the circular polarized waves; dividing the strip of ultra-surface waves intonA plurality of concentric rings; arranging the designed basic structures according to the phase distribution rule to form a hyperplane wave band sheet; the linearly polarized incident wave is incident on a designed hyperplane wave band plate to generate a focused vector light beam. The invention can generate cross polarized wave carrying specific topological charge number under the incidence of the circular polarized wave. The terahertz wave polarization beam splitter can generate a focused vector beam under the incidence of linearly polarized waves in a terahertz frequency band. The invention can be used in wide frequencyGood beam focusing is achieved within the range, which provides a good platform for the imaging field. And the invention is made of all-silicon materials, thus obviously reducing the processing difficulty and saving the manufacturing cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of novel artificial electromagnetic materials and terahertz science, in particular to a vector beam generation method based on a spin decoupling super-surface zone plate.
Background
Polarization is an inherent property of electromagnetic waves that characterizes the vibration of an electromagnetic wave perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The polarization states of a conventionally polarized beam of light are considered to be uniformly distributed, including linear polarization, circular polarization, and elliptical polarization. In recent years, a light beam having a non-uniform polarization characteristic has been attracting attention due to its unique optical characteristics, such as an axisymmetrically distributed vector light beam. The more concentrated energy carried by the radial vector beam with the stronger longitudinal field distribution than the uniformly polarized beam indicates that the beam can be used in the fields of high resolution imaging, optical trapping, ultraviolet lithography, etc. various methods for generating a vector beam by controlling polarization and phase simultaneously are reported, including spatial light modulators, fiber gratings, diffractive optical element interferometers, and spatially variable retardation plates. However, the conventional optical elements are relatively heavy, which limits the development of modern optical devices toward miniaturization and integration. Therefore, the development of thin devices capable of generating vector beams has become an urgent need.
Supersurfaces that can control amplitude, phase and polarization on a sub-wavelength scale have been used for imaging, holography, spin-orbit angular momentum conversion, etc. Furthermore, due to design flexibility and versatility, the super-surface has become a good platform for generating vector beams. For example, it has been experimentally confirmed that a desired vector beam can be generated by the cascade of two metal super-surfaces. However, research on the super-surface based vector beam generator mainly focuses on visible and near-infrared bands, and reports on the terahertz band are less.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems that an optical element used in the existing vector beam generation method is heavy and cannot be realized in a terahertz waveband, the invention provides a vector beam generation method based on a spin decoupling super-surface zone plate, which well realizes the generation of a focusing vector beam in the terahertz waveband, has a simple structure, obviously reduces the processing difficulty and saves the manufacturing cost.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows: a vector beam generation method based on a spin decoupling super-surface zone plate comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: designing a plurality of basic structures, wherein the basic structures only generate cross polarized waves under the incidence of the circular polarized waves;
step two: dividing the super surface wave band plate into n concentric rings;
step three: arranging the basic structure designed in the step one according to a phase distribution rule to form a hyperplane wave band sheet;
step four: and (3) utilizing the linearly polarized incident wave to be incident on the hyperplane zone plate designed in the third step, and generating a focused vector light beam.
Further, the outer radius of the concentric rings is:
wherein r isnIs the outer radius of the nth concentric circle, n represents any positive integer, and lambda0Is the operating wavelength, and f denotes the focal length of the super-surface zone plate.
Further, the phase distribution rule is
Wherein,
and
respectively representing the phase distributions of the generated right-handed circularly polarized wave and left-handed circularly polarized wave, m is an arbitrary positive integer, β ═ arctan (y/x) represents the azimuth angle of the xoy plane, and l1And l2Respectively the topological charge numbers of the generated right-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam and the generated left-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam.
Respectively showing the phase distribution of the right-handed circularly polarized wave and the left-handed circularly polarized wave required in the nth concentric circular ring band.
Further, to achieve wavefront manipulation, the basic structure is under linear polarized incidence, with the phase of the resulting co-polarized wave covering 0-2 π. Each basic structure has the property of a half-wave plate, and for circularly polarized incidence, the resulting transmitted wave is a cross-polarized wave.
Further, the basic structure comprises a substrate and a medium column, wherein the medium column is arranged on the substrate and is positioned in the center of the substrate; the substrate and the dielectric pillar are both made of silicon. The basic structure is all based on high-resistance silicon, the thickness of the high-resistance silicon can be any thickness provided in the market, and the high-resistance silicon can be designed according to the thickness of a silicon chip in the market.
Further, the medium column is a cuboid medium column, specific parameters of the medium column depend on specific working frequency, and judgment is carried out according to the parameter scanning result. The length range of the rectangular strips at the two sides of the medium column is 40-130 μm, and the width range is 40-120 μm; the substrate is a cuboid structure with a square top surface, and the side length of the square is 140-. It is considered that the design is made in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 THz.
Furthermore, the total thickness of the basic structure is 500 μm, and the etching height of the dielectric column is 200 μm, so that the processing is convenient.
Furthermore, the working frequency point of the super-surface zone plate is 1THz, and 15 appropriate basic structures can be effectively selected to realize the phase gradient change of pi/8.
Further, the surface wave band plate generates a right-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam which is focused and has a topological charge number of 1 under the incidence of a left-handed circularly polarized wave, and generates a left-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam which is focused and has a topological charge number of-1 under the incidence of a right-handed circularly polarized wave.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the method introduces a Fresnel zone plate which can independently control orthogonal circular polarized waves into the terahertz super surface to generate a focusing vector beam; a representative basic structure is selected as element atoms, and the element atoms are arranged according to a certain phase distribution to form the super surface wave strip. The super-surface zone plate can generate a right-handed circularly polarized light beam with orbital angular momentum of 1 under the incidence of left-handed circular polarization, and simultaneously, the super-surface zone plate can also generate a left-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam with topological charge number of 1 under the illumination of right-handed circular polarization. Experimental and simulation results confirm that the super surface wave strip can generate a focused vector beam under linear polarization incidence.
The invention can generate cross polarized wave carrying specific topological charge number under the incidence of the circular polarized wave. The invention can generate focused vector beams under the incidence of linearly polarized waves. The Fresnel zone plate and the super-surface are combined, so that good light beam focusing can be realized in a wide frequency range, and the Fresnel zone plate and the super-surface have certain bandwidth, so that a good platform is provided for the imaging field. And the invention is made of all-silicon materials, thus obviously reducing the processing difficulty and saving the manufacturing cost.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the performance of the basic structure of the present invention, wherein (a) is a perspective view of the basic structure, (b) is a top view of a single basic structure, (c) is the transmission coefficient of the simulated 15 basic structures at 1THz under x and y linear polarization incidence, and (d) is the propagation phase distribution of a periodic unit consisting of an odd number of basic structures under x-P incidence.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a super-surface zone plate capable of generating vector beams according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the performance of the super-surface zone plate of fig. 2, wherein (a) is an SEM image of the super-surface zone plate, (b) is a simulation result of cross and homopolar waves incident with circularly polarized waves, inset is the corresponding phase distribution, and (c) is a simulated and experimental intensity distribution of four linearly polarized components in the emergent wave.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of the present invention, where (a) is a schematic diagram of intensity distribution of cross polarization components at different frequency points when left-handed circularly polarized waves are incident, and (b) is a simulation result of left-handed circularly polarized waves when right-handed circularly polarized waves with different frequencies on xoz plane are incident to a super-surface zone plate.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without inventive effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a vector beam generation method based on a spin decoupling super-surface zone plate includes the following steps:
(1) the basic structure is designed to have the property of a half-wave plate so that the basic structure can only generate cross-polarized waves under incidence of circularly polarized waves. The basic structure generates similar polarized wave amplitude under the incidence of x and y linear polarized waves, and the phase difference is pi.
As shown in FIG. 1, the basic structure comprises a substrate and a rectangular dielectric cylinder, the super-surface zone plate of the invention works at 1THz, and as can be seen from FIG. 1(a), the total thickness of silicon of the embodiment is t1+t 2500 μm, the etching height of the dielectric column is t 2200 μm. FIG. 1(b) is a top view of the basic structure, the length of the rectangle at the top of the dielectric column is w1Width of w2. Length w of fifteen dielectric pillars150,50,50,49,48,46,42,127,11, respectively8,108,94,84,80,76,76 μm, corresponding to a width w2120,106,92,85,80,76,76,51,50,50,50, 48,46,42 μm, respectively. These 15 columns of media in turn satisfy a phase gradient change of π/8, which is obtained by parametric scanning. In order to more accurately show the function of spin decoupling, 15 dielectric columns were selected.
The period of each basic structure is P-150 μm. Fig. 1(c) shows the transmission coefficients of the fifteen dielectric cylinders at x and y linearly polarized incidence. The left ordinate represents the phase and the right ordinate represents the difference in amplitude of the co-polarized waves generated by each dielectric cylinder under x and y linearly polarized incidence. The fifteen dielectric cylinders generate co-polarized waves with almost equal amplitudes and fixed phase difference of pi under the incidence of x and y linear polarization, and can generate cross-polarized waves under the incidence of circularly polarized waves. As shown in FIG. 1(d), the 15 dielectric pillars are marked according to 1-15, and odd-numbered dielectric pillars are selected to construct a periodic unit, wherein the periodic unit has a deflection phenomenon in the phase of a transmitted wave generated under the incidence of x-ray polarization. The selected unit can realize certain wavefront manipulation, and the phase polarization phenomenon can be achieved by selecting even number of dielectric cylinders.
(2) Dividing the super surface wave band plate into n concentric rings, and the outer radius r of the n concentric ringnCan be expressed as:
wherein n represents any positive integer, n is at most 6, and the working wavelength lambda is0Is 300 μm and f 1.7cm is the focal length of the super surface zone plate.
(3) As shown in fig. 2, fifteen designed dielectric pillar structures are arranged according to a certain phase distribution to form a super surface wave strip, and the phase distribution to be followed is:
wherein,
and
respectively, the phase distributions of the generated right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized waves, m is an arbitrary positive integer, β ═ arctan (y/x) denotes the azimuth angle of the xoy plane, and l 11 and l2The topological charge numbers of the right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized vortex beams are 1.
Respectively showing the phase distribution of the right-handed circularly polarized wave and the left-handed circularly polarized wave required in the nth zone. To produce a focused vector beam, 15 columns of media have to be rotated.
The vector beam generator based on the spin decoupling super-surface zone plate designed by the method can generate a focused vector beam under linear polarization incidence, and provides a new direction for the design of the subsequent polarized optics. Fig. 3 (a) is an SEM image of the corresponding super-surface zone plate. Fig. 3 (b) shows the simulation results of cross-polarized and homopolar waves with circularly polarized waves incident, and the insets show the corresponding phase distributions. As can be seen in fig. 3 (b): the super-surface zone plate generates a right-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam which is focused and has the topological charge number of 1 under the incidence of a left-handed circularly polarized wave, and generates a left-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam which is focused and has the topological charge number of-1 under the incidence of a right-handed circularly polarized wave. In fig. 3 (c) is the intensity distribution of the four linearly polarized components at x and y linearly polarized incidence, verifying the generation of the focused vector beam. Under the incidence of y linear polarization, energy exists in the emergent wave in the directions of x linear polarization, 45-degree linear polarization, y linear polarization and-45-degree linear polarization, and the energy direction is vertical to the polarization direction, namely the angular vector light beam. Under the incidence of y-linear polarization, the emergent wave has energy in the directions of x-linear polarization, 45-degree linear polarization, y-linear polarization and-45-degree linear polarization, and the energy direction is parallel to the polarization direction, namely the radial vector beam.
The intensity distribution of cross-polarized waves generated by the designed super-surface zone plate under incidence of left-handed circularly polarized waves and right-handed circularly polarized waves at the xoz plane is shown in fig. 4 (a) and fig. 4 (b), respectively, and the good focusing characteristics of the super-surface zone plate in the 0.7-1.2THz frequency band are effectively verified. The comparison shows that the emergent wave has the characteristic of focusing, but the focusing energy is strongest at 1THz, and the focusing energy is weaker when the frequency point is far away from 1 THz.
In conclusion, the vector beam generator obtained by the method provided by the invention is made of all-silicon, so that the processing difficulty is obviously reduced and the manufacturing cost is saved. The invention can generate cross polarized wave carrying specific topological charge number under the incidence of circular polarized wave; can produce the focused vector light beam under the incidence of the linear polarized wave; good light beam focusing can be achieved in a wide frequency range, and a good platform is provided for the field of terahertz imaging.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (9)
1. A vector beam generation method based on a spin decoupling super-surface zone plate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: designing a plurality of basic structures, wherein the basic structures only generate cross polarized waves under incidence of the circular polarized waves;
step two: dividing the super surface wave band sheet into n concentric rings;
step three: arranging the basic structure designed in the step one according to a phase distribution rule to form a hyperplane wave band sheet;
step four: and (3) utilizing the linearly polarized incident wave to be incident on the hyperplane zone plate designed in the third step, and generating a focused vector light beam.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the outer radius of the concentric rings is:
wherein r isnIs the outer radius of the nth concentric circle, n represents any positive integer, and lambda0Is the operating wavelength, and f denotes the focal length of the super-surface zone plate.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the phase distribution rule is that
Wherein,
and
respectively representing the phase distributions of the generated right-handed circularly polarized wave and left-handed circularly polarized wave, m is an arbitrary positive integer, β ═ arctan (y/x) represents the azimuth angle of the xoy plane, and l1And l2Respectively generating topological charge numbers of the right-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam and the left-handed circularly polarized vortex light beam;
respectively showing the phase distribution of the right-handed circularly polarized wave and the left-handed circularly polarized wave required in the nth concentric circular ring band.
4. The method for generating vector beams based on the spin decoupling super surface zone plate according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the phase of the generated co-polarized wave covers 0-2 pi under linear polarized incidence of the basic structure.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the basic structure comprises a substrate and a dielectric column, the dielectric column is disposed on the substrate, and the dielectric column is located at the center of the substrate; the substrate and the dielectric pillars are made of silicon.
6. The method for generating a vector beam based on a spin decoupling super-surface zone plate according to claim 5, wherein the medium column is a rectangular solid medium column, the length range of the rectangular strips at two sides of the medium column is 40-130 μm, and the width range of the rectangular strips is 40-120 μm; the substrate is a cuboid structure with a square top surface, and the side length of the square is 140-.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the total thickness of the basic structure is 500 μm and the dielectric column etching height is 200 μm.
8. The method for generating vector beams based on the spin decoupling super-surface zone plate according to any one of claims 1 to 3 and 5 to 7, wherein the working frequency point of the super-surface zone plate is 1 THz.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the super-surface zone plate generates a right-handed circularly polarized vortex beam focused with a topological charge number of 1 at the incidence of a left-handed circularly polarized wave and a left-handed circularly polarized vortex beam focused with a topological charge number of-1 at the incidence of a right-handed circularly polarized wave.
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