CN114686089B - 一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材及制备方法 - Google Patents

一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材及制备方法 Download PDF

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CN114686089B
CN114686089B CN202210281300.6A CN202210281300A CN114686089B CN 114686089 B CN114686089 B CN 114686089B CN 202210281300 A CN202210281300 A CN 202210281300A CN 114686089 B CN114686089 B CN 114686089B
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陈卓远
秦爱中
李沛阳
张浩辉
高治华
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Abstract

本发明公开一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材,包括泡沫铝基材,泡沫铝基材表面有一层聚氨酯浸润层,聚氨酯浸润层将泡沫铝基材表面的孔隙完全填充,聚氨酯浸润层表面有一层耐磨层。本发明通过在泡沫铝基材表面喷涂聚氨酯浸润层,将泡沫铝表面的孔隙填充,改善其孔隙壁的受力情况,在泡沫铝受到冲击载荷和局部集中应力时其填充层可以对孔隙壁提供有效支撑,防止孔隙壁发生脆性破碎,对泡沫铝材料的表面进行有效防护,提升了泡沫铝材料整体的抗压强度,解决了泡沫铝表面孔隙壁脆性破碎的问题;在聚氨酯浸润层表面喷涂耐磨层,提供泡沫铝基复合板材的耐磨性,并且具有加工工艺简单,成本低廉适,用于不同形状的泡沫铝基材的特点。

Description

一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材及制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于战略性新型产业目录之3 新材料产业中的3.3 高性能复合材料产业重点方向下3.3.2金属基符合材料和陶瓷基复合材料,具体为用碳化硅、碳化硼、硼化钛、氮化硅纤维、晶须、颗粒等增强的铝基复合材料。
背景技术
泡沫铝是一种新型高强度轻质金属材料,其制备方法是在熔融铝合金中加入发泡剂,经发泡工艺后制成,泡沫铝同时具有金属材料和多孔材料的优点,如低密度、防火性强、高强度等特点,但是泡沫铝的多孔结构也决定了其表面接触性能不如普通铝合金材料,这是由于孔隙的存在,其孔隙壁脆性较强,孔隙壁因受到冲击载荷或局部应力集中而发生碎裂,并且该碎裂不可逆,久而久之其整体结构的性能会发生退化。为了解决上述问题,需要对泡沫铝表面进行处理,改善孔隙壁的受力环境,消除由于其脆性导致的孔隙壁碎裂问题。
现有的泡沫铝基复合材料一般通过“三明治”夹心结构来克服泡沫铝孔隙壁脆性破碎的问题,这种工艺需要在泡沫铝表面粘合或者压制其他材料板进行复合,这就导致了只能对规整形状的泡沫铝板材进行复合,对于不规则表面的泡沫铝材料无法实现该工艺,并且表面板材与泡沫铝基材之间一般通过粘结剂粘接或者直接压制而成,只能改善泡沫铝材料表面的受力情况,减轻泡沫铝孔隙壁的破碎程度,并不能完全消除孔隙壁脆性破碎的问题。
申请号为201710338174.2的中国发明专利公开一种轻质化结构复合材料的制备方法,其中多孔基材的表层采用热渗透技术负载Al-Ti-SiC合金粉末,合金粉末热渗透温度800-1500℃,热渗透真空度2.0×10-2,再于合金粉末表面涂覆聚氨酯树脂并烘干,采用热渗透进行合金粉末填充空隙,工艺条件复杂,合金粉末表面涂覆聚氨酯树脂目的是为了将合金粉末封闭在多孔基材内,仅能对多孔基材的表面具有一定的保护作用,对多孔基材内部的孔隙壁不起作用,多孔基材内部的孔隙经过热渗透技术填充合金粉末,合金粉末经过压缩后形成致密的、具有刚性的物质,刚性材料在受到冲击力时没有一定的变形能力,多孔基材的孔隙壁仍然会破碎,只能减轻多孔基材孔隙壁的破碎程度,并不能完全消除孔隙壁脆性破碎的问题,最终制得的复合材料抗冲击性能难以适用局部冲击载荷较大的场所。
发明内容
本发明针对上述问题,设计了一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材,可以完全消除泡沫铝表面孔隙壁脆性破碎的问题,具有较高的耐磨性,并且具有加工工艺简单,易于使用的特点。
本发明的目的是以下述方式实现的:
一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材,包括泡沫铝基材,泡沫铝基材表面有一层聚氨酯浸润层,聚氨酯浸润层将泡沫铝基材表面的孔隙完全填充,聚氨酯浸润层表面有一层耐磨层。
耐磨层为双组份聚氨酯料和耐磨颗粒组成。
耐磨颗粒为碳化硅颗粒、刚玉颗粒、钨钢颗粒一种或几种的任意混合。
耐磨颗粒的粒径为0.5~3mm。
聚氨酯浸润层为体积比1:1~7:1的双组份聚氨酯料,双组份聚氨酯A料为单异氰酸酯、二异氰酸酯和多异氰酸酯一种或几种的任意混合,双组份聚氨酯B料为聚醚多元醇和聚酯多元醇一种或几种的任意混合。
一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
a) 用75%酒精对制备好的泡沫铝基材表面进行清洗晾干;
b) 将液体双组份聚氨酯料的AB组分按照体积比1:1~7: 1的配比进行混合,以50r/min的速度搅拌5分钟;然后通过喷涂机对泡沫铝基材表面进行喷涂制作聚氨酯浸润层,待液体聚氨酯填满泡沫铝表面的孔隙后停止喷涂,放置10小时,待聚氨酯浸润层固化后进行下一步工艺;
c) 将耐磨颗粒按照步骤b配置的液体双组份聚氨酯料体积的25%~70%液体双组份聚氨酯料,混合均匀得到固液混合体,然后用喷涂机在浸润层表面喷涂制备耐磨层,喷涂厚度为0.5~1mm,放置10小时,待聚氨酯耐磨涂层完全固化后,制备完成。
本发明通过在泡沫铝基材表面喷涂聚氨酯浸润层,将泡沫铝表面的孔隙填充,改善其孔隙壁的受力情况,在泡沫铝受到冲击载荷和局部集中应力时其填充层可以对孔隙壁提供有效支撑,防止孔隙壁发生脆性破碎,对泡沫铝材料的表面进行有效防护,提升了泡沫铝材料整体的抗压强度,解决了泡沫铝表面孔隙壁脆性破碎的问题;在聚氨酯浸润层表面喷涂耐磨层,提供泡沫铝基复合板材的耐磨性,并且具有加工工艺简单,成本低廉适,用于不同形状的泡沫铝基材的特点。该复合板材具有良好的耐久性和可靠性,实现了泡沫铝材料整体结构强度的提升。
附图说明
图1是本发明泡沫铝基复合板材。
图中,1-泡沫铝基材,2-聚氨酯浸润层;3-耐磨层。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对泡沫铝基复合板材及其制备工艺进行详细描述:
如图1所示,一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材,包括泡沫铝基材1,泡沫铝基材1表面有一层聚氨酯浸润层2,聚氨酯浸润层将泡沫铝基材表面的孔隙完全填充,聚氨酯浸润层2表面有一层耐磨层3,耐磨层为双组份聚氨酯料和耐磨颗粒组成,耐磨颗粒为碳化硅颗粒、陶瓷颗粒、刚玉颗粒、钨钢颗粒一种或几种的任意混合。
制备工艺:
a)由于泡沫铝基材在制备过程中会加入发泡剂等添加剂,成品泡沫铝表面会附着有灰分等杂质,首先用75%酒精对制备好的泡沫铝基材1表面进行清洗晾干;
b)将液体聚氨酯材料的AB组分按照预设比例(体积比1:1~7:1)进行充分混合,然后通过喷涂机对泡沫铝基材1表面进行聚氨酯喷涂,制作聚氨酯浸润层2,待液体聚氨酯材料完全填满泡沫铝表面的孔隙后停止喷涂,静置1~2天,待其聚氨酯浸润层2处于半凝固状态(未完全硬化,但是已经开始呈现固体状,不再是液体形态)时进行下一步工艺;
c)将耐磨颗粒按照液体聚氨酯混合料体积的25%~70%添加到液体聚氨酯混合料(具体体积比可以按照实际需求进行改变),混合均匀,然后用喷涂机在聚氨酯浸润层2表面进行喷涂,制备耐磨涂层3,涂层厚度为0.5mm左右,等待7天后待聚氨酯耐磨涂层3完全凝固后,制备完成。
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。这些实施实例仅限用于解释说明本发明,而不限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
采用的泡沫铝基材的密度为0.2g/cm3;将50ml双组份聚氨酯A料(二异氰酸酯)和10ml双组份聚氨酯B料(一种聚醚多元醇和一种聚酯多元醇混合物)充分混合后得到混合液,使用喷涂机将得到的混合液在泡沫铝基材表面进行喷涂制作聚氨酯浸润层,使泡沫铝表面的孔隙完全填满为止,放置10小时固化,得到初步样块,固化后在得到的混合液中加入50%体积的SiC颗粒,搅拌均匀后获得固液混合体,使用喷涂机将得到的固液混合体在初步样块表面进行喷涂,喷涂厚度为0.5mm;放置10小时固化,得到泡沫铝基复合板材样块。
实施例2-24
与实施例1相比,耐磨颗粒有所不同、泡沫铝基材的密度有所不同、聚氨酯基材有所不同。实施例1-24所用原料具体情况见表1。
对比例1-4
分别采用密度为0.2 g/cm3、0.34 g/cm3、0.43 g/cm3、0.52 g/cm3的泡沫铝基材,不做任何处理。
对比例5
与实施例10的不同之处在于,在聚氨酯浸润层表面的耐磨层中不加耐磨颗粒。
对比例6
与实施例22的不同之处在于,在聚氨酯浸润层表面的耐磨层中不加耐磨颗粒。
表1
Figure 960701DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
性能测试
对实施例1~24得到的泡沫铝基复合板材样块进行性能测试,其中相对于橡胶的表面静摩擦系数、密度、涂层凝固时间、抗压强度、耐磨性的测试方法分别按照国家标准GB/T 582、GB/T 7757、GB/T 4472、GB/T 50081-2019、GB/T 1768-2006进行。
其中额定载荷压缩率的测试方法为:将标准样块至于额定工作应力10Mpa下,测定在额定工作应力下标准样块的压缩率。
其中泡沫铝基材表面破碎情况的测试方法为:将进行过10kg,1m冲击载荷试验的样块从冲击点位置切开,通过显微镜观察其泡沫铝基材内部的孔隙壁是否发生断裂;对比例1-4不做任何处理的泡沫铝基材样块直接观察其表面孔隙壁破碎情况即可。
泡沫铝基复合板材的技术指标范围值如表2所示,当泡沫铝基复合板材的性能满足上述技术指标时,认定泡沫铝基复合板材敷设的应用要求。实施例及对比例的测试结果见表3。
表2 适用于抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材的技术指标内容
Figure 412542DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
表3实施例和对比例材料的性能参数
Figure 181652DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
从上述实施例和对比例可以看出,本发明可以显著提高泡沫铝的抗压性能和表面摩擦系数,并且能对泡沫铝表面孔隙壁提供有效保护,并且具有低密度的特点。
本发明的特征是:1)在泡沫铝基材上进行聚氨酯喷涂,形成一层聚氨酯浸润层,对泡沫铝表面的孔隙壁进行增强;2)为了增强表面涂层的刚度进行不同成分分层喷涂的工艺;3)本发明通过对泡沫铝表面进行喷涂工艺处理,解决了泡沫铝表面孔隙壁易发生脆性破碎的问题;4)本发明尤其适用于具有冲击载荷和局部应力集中的场合,如船舶甲板敷设。
以上仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (4)

1.一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
a)用75%酒精对制备好的泡沫铝基材表面进行清洗晾干;
b)将液体双组份聚氨酯料的AB组分按照体积比1:1~7: 1的配比进行混合,以50r/min的速度搅拌5分钟;然后通过喷涂机对泡沫铝基材表面进行喷涂制作聚氨酯浸润层,待液体聚氨酯填满泡沫铝表面的孔隙后停止喷涂,放置10小时,待聚氨酯浸润层固化后进行下一步工艺;
c)将耐磨颗粒按照步骤b配置的液体双组份聚氨酯料体积的25%~70%加入液体双组份聚氨酯料,混合均匀得到固液混合体,然后用喷涂机在浸润层表面喷涂制备耐磨层,喷涂厚度为0.5~1mm,放置10小时,待聚氨酯耐磨涂层完全固化后,制备完成;
所述耐磨颗粒为碳化硅颗粒、刚玉颗粒、钨钢颗粒一种或几种的任意混合;耐磨颗粒的粒径为0.5~3mm。
2.根据权利要求1所述制备方法制得的一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材,其特征在于:包括泡沫铝基材(1),泡沫铝基材(1)表面有一层聚氨酯浸润层(2),聚氨酯浸润层将泡沫铝基材表面的孔隙完全填充,聚氨酯浸润层(2)表面有一层耐磨层(3)。
3.根据权利要求2所述一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材,其特征在于:耐磨层为双组份聚氨酯料和耐磨颗粒组成。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述一种船用抗冲击泡沫铝基复合板材,其特征在于:聚氨酯浸润层为体积比1:1~7:1的双组份聚氨酯料,双组份聚氨酯A料为单异氰酸酯、二异氰酸酯和多异氰酸酯一种或几种的任意混合,双组份聚氨酯B料为聚醚多元醇和聚酯多元醇一种或几种的任意混合。
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