CN114637068A - Gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- -1 erbium ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N1CCN(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)CC1 VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000005049 silicon tetrachloride Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- HDGGAKOVUDZYES-UHFFFAOYSA-K erbium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Er](Cl)Cl HDGGAKOVUDZYES-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- ALIHRPTZFUJDPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P].[Ge].[Si] Chemical compound [P].[Ge].[Si] ALIHRPTZFUJDPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=O XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEXRMSFAVATTJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachlorogermane Chemical compound Cl[Ge](Cl)(Cl)Cl IEXRMSFAVATTJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
- C03B37/018—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD] by glass deposition on a glass substrate, e.g. by inside-, modified-, plasma-, or plasma modified- chemical vapour deposition [ICVD, MCVD, PCVD, PMCVD], i.e. by thin layer coating on the inside or outside of a glass tube or on a glass rod
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
- C03B37/018—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD] by glass deposition on a glass substrate, e.g. by inside-, modified-, plasma-, or plasma modified- chemical vapour deposition [ICVD, MCVD, PCVD, PMCVD], i.e. by thin layer coating on the inside or outside of a glass tube or on a glass rod
- C03B37/01853—Thermal after-treatment of preforms, e.g. dehydrating, consolidating, sintering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
- C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
- C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02042—Multicore optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03605—Highest refractive index not on central axis
- G02B6/03611—Highest index adjacent to central axis region, e.g. annular core, coaxial ring, centreline depression affecting waveguiding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03688—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 5 or more layers
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Abstract
The invention provides a gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber and a preparation method thereof, wherein the fiber sequentially comprises a fiber core, an inner cladding and an outer cladding from inside to outside, the fiber core is a silicon dioxide layer with different erbium-doped concentrations, and comprises a circular core layer positioned in the central area of the fiber core, and a first annular core layer and a second annular core layer which are sequentially wrapped on the periphery of the circular core layer; the bait mixing concentrations of the circular core layer, the first annular core layer and the second annular core layer are respectively a1, a2 and a3, and then the relation is satisfied: a2 < a1, a2 < a 3; the refractive indices of the circular core layer, the first annular core layer and the second annular core layer are n1, n2 and n3 respectively, and the following relations are satisfied: n2 > n3 > n 1. According to the invention, through matching different refractive index profile designs, the doping concentration of erbium ions is effectively regulated and controlled in the preparation process of the fiber core by using a PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) process, and the accuracy control difficulty of the doping concentration of erbium ions is reduced, so that the overlapping degree of a signal light field and the erbium ions is regulated and controlled, and the effect of mode gain balance is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical fiber communication, in particular to a gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The transmission capacity of a single ordinary silica optical fiber has rapidly increased at a rate of about ten times every four years since the nineties of the twentieth century. Nowadays, the transmission capacity of a common Single Mode Fiber (SMF) can reach 100Tbit/s, which is close to the transmission limit of shannon's theorem, but this is not enough to satisfy the capacity requirement of today's information society for data and intelligent exponential increase of data transmission. In order to solve the problem of future communication capacity expansion and break through the technical bottleneck of the existing optical fiber communication, the few-mode optical fiber can transmit a plurality of modes in one optical fiber, so that the transmission capacity of the single optical fiber is greatly improved, and the few-mode optical fiber becomes the leading edge of disciplines and the focus of research.
In the erbium-doped fiber amplifier with few modes, the gain difference obtained by different modes determines the quality of the transmission signal and the stability of the system. Therefore, the mode gain equalization becomes a key measure for the performance of the few-mode transmission system. Currently, there are three main strategies to adjust the gain difference between different modes: adjusting the refractive index distribution of the optical fiber, optimizing the pumping mode and improving the distribution of doped rare earth ions. Research shows that ideal effect is difficult to achieve by optimizing a pumping mode, and gain balance is achieved by optimizing a refractive index profile and a rare earth ion doping profile of an optical fiber. Based on the method, the Chinese invention patent publication No. CN112180499A (the publication date is 2021-01-05) discloses a three-layer core multilayer erbium ion-doped 4-mode optical fiber with extremely small gain difference, and the invention provides a multilayer core doped optical fiber structure design in order to achieve mode gain balance. Erbium ions with different concentrations are doped in the multilayer core respectively, the doping concentration ratio of the erbium ions of different core layers is 1:0.9119:1.3447, the overlapping degree of a signal optical field and the erbium ions is regulated, and the mode gain difference is reduced. Chinese patent publication No. CN113341499A (published as 2021-09-03) discloses another gain-balanced multimode erbium fiber with single-core structure and multiple layers of erbium ions, which is doped in layers on the fiber core to obtain erbium-doped layers with different erbium concentrations; the erbium-doped layer comprises a first erbium-doped layer and a second erbium-doped layer; wherein: the first erbium-doped layer is positioned at the center of the fiber core; the second erbium-doped layer surrounds the first erbium-doped layer; the second erbium doped layer has its body on the core and is partially doped into the cladding. The doping concentration ratio of erbium ions of different core layers is 1.05:1 to 1.25:1, the distribution of erbium ions outside the core of the second erbium-doped layer can be better overlapped with a high-order mode, the overlapping integral of a light field and the erbium ions among modes is reduced, a similar gain effect is generated for each mode, the mode gain difference is effectively reduced, and a good mode gain balancing effect is achieved. From the preparation point of view, erbium ion doping of the two optical fibers is too complex, and the rare earth optical fiber is more difficult to prepare than a common passive optical fiber due to the fact that the saturation vapor pressure of the rare earth raw material is different from that of a conventional silicon germanium phosphorus material which has high saturation vapor pressure at a low temperature of 30-40 ℃, the raw material is only required to be placed in a material jar with a large enough size to be evaporated at a certain temperature, the partial pressure of the raw material can be guaranteed to be constant by using carrier gas MFC or directly using negative pressure pumping, the flow rate and the doping concentration are in a linear relation, and the concentration of each doping raw material can be accurately controlled through MFC. And even if the saturated vapor pressure of rare earth raw materials such as chelates is close to 200 ℃, the saturated vapor pressure of the rare earth raw materials is far smaller than that of conventional materials at 30-40 ℃, so that the linear relation between the flow and the doping concentration is not formed, and the precise control of a complex erbium ion doping profile is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects or improvement requirements of the prior art, the invention provides a gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber and a preparation method thereof, aiming at overcoming the defects of larger mode gain difference and large manufacturing process difficulty caused by using complex erbium ion doping in the prior art. According to the invention, by matching different refractive index profile designs and utilizing a plasma vapor deposition (PCVD) process and a self-made high-temperature rare earth raw material feeding system, the doping concentration of erbium ions can be effectively regulated and controlled in the preparation process of the fiber core of the optical fiber preform, and the accuracy control difficulty of the doping concentration of erbium ions is greatly reduced, so that the overlapping degree of a signal light field and the erbium ions is effectively regulated and controlled, and the effect of mode gain balance is achieved.
In order to achieve the above object, according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber, which sequentially includes a fiber core, an inner cladding and an outer cladding from inside to outside, wherein the fiber core is a silica layer with different erbium-doped concentrations, and includes a circular core layer located in a central region of the fiber core, and a first annular core layer and a second annular core layer sequentially surrounding the periphery of the circular core layer; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the bait mixing concentrations of the circular core layer, the first annular core layer and the second annular core layer are respectively a1, a2 and a3, and then the relation is satisfied: a2 < a1, a2 < a 3;
the refractive indices of the circular core layer, the first annular core layer and the second annular core layer are n1, n2 and n3 respectively, and the following relations are satisfied: n2 > n3 > n 1.
Further, the bait-mixing concentrations of the circular core layer, the first annular core layer and the second annular core layer further satisfy the relation: a2 < a1 ═ a 3;
furthermore, the doping concentration of erbium ions in the circular core layer and the second annular core layer is 4 x 10-24m-3～5*10- 24m-3And the doping concentration of the erbium ions of the first annular core layer is 0.
Further, the method comprises the following steps of; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the radius of the circular core layer is 2-3 mu m, the radius of the first annular core layer is 7-8 mu m, and the radius of the second annular core layer is 11-12 mu m;
when the outer cladding layer is used as a reference layer, the relative refractive index of the circular core layer is 0.005-0.0055, the relative refractive index of the first annular core layer is 0.0075-0.008, and the relative refractive index of the second annular core layer is 0.006-0.0065.
Further, the dopant in the circular core layer further comprises aluminum ions; the dopant in the first and second annular core layers further comprises at least one of aluminum, germanium, or phosphorous ions.
Further, the inner cladding comprises a first inner cladding and a second inner cladding adjacent to the outer cladding; wherein the refractive indexes of the second inner cladding and the outer cladding are n4 and n5 respectively, and then the relation is satisfied: n4 is not less than n 5.
Further, the method comprises the following steps of; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the radius of the first inner cladding is 12-16 mu m, and the radius of the second inner cladding is 20-22 mu m; the radius of the outer cladding is 61.5-63.5 μm;
when the outer cladding is a reference layer, the relative refractive index of the first inner cladding is-0.0005 and the relative refractive index of the second inner cladding is-0.01-0.
Further, the method comprises the following steps of; wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
the first inner cladding is a pure silicon dioxide layer or a multi-element doped silicon dioxide layer, and the dopant in the first inner cladding comprises at least one of germanium, phosphorus or fluorine ions;
the second inner cladding layer is a pure silicon dioxide layer or a fluorine-doped silicon dioxide layer.
Further, the cross section of the outer cladding layer is circular or regular octagon, the optical fiber also comprises a coating layer coated on the outer surface of the outer cladding layer, and the coating layer comprises a first coating layer and a second coating layer which are adjacent to the outer cladding layer; when the cross section of the outer cladding layer is regular octagon, the first coating layer contains fluorine low-folding coating; and the outer cladding layer is a reference layer, and the relative refractive index of the first coating layer is less than or equal to-0.073.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber as described above, the method comprising:
introducing silicon tetrachloride gas and corresponding doped raw material gas into a quartz lining tube by adopting a PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) process so as to deposit the silicon tetrachloride gas and the corresponding doped raw material gas on the inner wall of the quartz lining tube to form a first inner cladding;
the method comprises the following steps of heating erbium chloride and other doped raw materials to an evaporation temperature by using a rare earth feeding system by adopting a PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) process, transmitting the erbium chloride and other doped raw materials into a quartz lining tube, and controlling the doping concentration by adjusting the flow rate of carrier gas introduced into the rare earth feeding system and the evaporation temperature so as to prepare silicon dioxide layers with different erbium-doped concentrations as fiber cores;
performing a collapsing sintering procedure on the deposited quartz liner tube to form a solid core erbium-doped optical fiber preform;
sleeving the erbium-doped optical fiber preform into a sleeve with a proper size, and preparing the few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber with a target size through a high-speed wire drawing process; or
Sleeving the erbium-doped optical fiber preform into a sleeve with a proper size, polishing the sleeve into an octagon, coating a low-refractive-index coating on the surface of the octagon, and then performing a high-speed wire drawing process to manufacture the few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber with a target size.
Generally, compared with the prior art, the technical scheme conceived by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the fiber core of the erbium-doped few-mode fiber is a silicon dioxide layer with different erbium-doped concentrations, and comprises a circular core layer positioned in the central area of the fiber core, and a first annular core layer and a second annular core layer which are sequentially wrapped on the periphery of the circular core layer; the concentration of the erbium-doped layers of the circular core layer and the second annular core layer can be regulated and controlled to be larger than that of the erbium-doped layer of the first annular core layer; the design process not only greatly reduces the difficulty of erbium ion doping precisionSimultaneously adjustThe overlapping degree of the signal optical field and the erbium-doped ions is controlled, and the effect of good mode gain balance is achieved.
The second step is to provide a preparation method of the erbium-doped few-mode optical fiber with balanced gain, by matching different refractive index profile designs, a plasma vapor deposition (PCVD) process and a self-made high-temperature feeding system are utilized to deposit base materials and doping materials, no particles are generated in the deposition process, and the deposition components are in ion and atom levels, so that the preparation method has natural advantages for realizing rare earth-doped optical fibers with high uniformity and dispersibility. Meanwhile, the PCVD has the advantages that large-size fluorine-doped cladding and core layers can be deposited, and the refractive index is accurately controlled, so that the method is more suitable for preparing the erbium doped fiber with less modulus with a complex section.
The third method of the invention provides a method for preparing erbium-doped few-mode optical fiber with balanced gain, which uses plasma vapor deposition (PCVD) process. However, the conventional optical fiber doping technology mainly includes two processes of a gas phase and a liquid phase based on an improved chemical vapor deposition (MCVD), but because most of doping materials of the optical fiber doping technology exist in the form of submicron particles, uniformity is poor, and when the doping concentration of the erbium-doped optical fiber is high, the erbium-doped optical fiber is easy to aggregate to form clusters, which causes concentration quenching and other phenomena, and limits the optical amplification performance of the erbium-doped optical fiber. Meanwhile, the MCVD process has the risks of poor refractive index accurate control, difficult preparation of a complex section structure, and easy liner tube changeability and tube blockage when a deposition layer is doped too thickly. When the erbium-doped few-mode optical fiber is prepared by using a plasma vapor deposition (PCVD) method, the deposition component is an atom, an ion or an active group, so that the doped ions have the characteristics of high uniformity, dispersibility and high doping concentration, and the requirement of a large-size deep fluorine-doped cladding is met.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber implemented according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a gain-balanced erbium-doped fiber with few modes, implemented according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a gain spectrum of a gain-equalized few-mode erbium-doped fiber implemented according to embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, since various modifications, substitutions and improvements within the spirit and scope of the invention are possible and within the scope of the appended claims.
It should be noted that in the functional equations of the present invention, the symbol "+" is an operation symbol representing the multiplication of two constants or vectors before and after, and "/" is an operation symbol representing the division of two constants or vectors before and after, and all the functional equations of the present invention follow the mathematical operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
The following are definitions and descriptions of some of the attributes involved in the present invention:
optical fiber or optical fiber preform construction: starting from the centremost axis of the fiber, the core 1 is defined as the central part of the fiber cross section, the inner cladding 2 is defined as the annular region of the fiber cross section next to the core, and the outer cladding 3 is defined as the annular region of pure silica next to the inner cladding 2.
m-3: number of doping ions per cubic meter.
Relative refractive index:
numerical aperture:
wherein n isiRefractive index, n, for different deposited layers0Is outer cladding layer 3 pure SiO2Is used as a refractive index of (1).
The invention provides a gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber, which sequentially comprises a fiber core 1, an inner cladding 2 and an outer cladding 3 from inside to outside, wherein the fiber core 1 is a silicon dioxide layer with different erbium-doped concentrations and comprises a circular core layer 1-1 positioned in the central area of the fiber core 1, and a first annular core layer 1-2 and a second annular core layer 1-3 which are sequentially wrapped on the periphery of the circular core layer 1-1; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the bait mixing concentrations of the circular core layer 1-1, the first annular core layer 1-2 and the second annular core layer 1-3 are a1, a2 and a3 respectively, and then the relation is satisfied: a2 < a1, a2 < a 3;
the refractive indices of the circular core layer 1-1, the first annular core layer 1-2 and the second annular core layer 1-3 are n1, n2 and n3, respectively, and then the relation is satisfied: n2 > n3 > n 1.
According to the invention, the concentration of erbium ions in the first annular core layer 1-2 is controlled to be smaller than that in the circular core layer 1-1 and the second annular core layer 1-3, so that the overlapping degree of a signal light field and the erbium ions can be effectively regulated and controlled, and the mode gain difference is reduced. In addition, the concentration regulation and control process is easy to realize, and the actual operation difficulty is greatly reduced; it is well known that the main reason that the doping of rare earth optical fibers, and particularly the doping of erbium ions, is more difficult to prepare than ordinary passive fibers is because the saturation vapor pressure of rare earth materials is different from that of conventional silicon germanium phosphor materials, which allows relatively precise control of the concentration of each doping material by MFC. The saturated vapor pressure of rare earth raw materials such as chelate is far smaller than that of conventional materials at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ even at the temperature of 200 ℃, so that the flow rate and the doping concentration are not in a linear relation, and the precise control of a complex erbium ion doping profile is difficult to realize; it is complicated to operate the conventional process for precisely controlling the concentration of various erbium-doped ions. According to the invention, the erbium ion concentration of the first annular core layer 1-2 is designed to be smaller than that of the circular core layer 1-1 and that of the second annular core layer 1-3, so that the mode gain difference can be reduced, and the process difficulty can be reduced.
Specifically, the bait-doping concentrations of the circular core layer 1-1, the first annular core layer 1-2 and the second annular core layer 1-3 further satisfy the relation: a2 < a1 ═ a 3.
The bait-mixing concentration of the circular core layer 1-1 and the second annular core layer 1-3 can be designed to be the same, so that the operation is simpler from the perspective of the preparation process, the same preparation process and process conditions can be used when the circular core layer 1-1 and the second annular core layer 1-3 are prepared, the process equipment parameters do not need to be adjusted frequently, and the corresponding technical effect can be achieved.
Specifically, the doping concentration of erbium ions in the circular core layer 1-1 and the second annular core layer 1-3 is 4 x 10-24m-3～5*10-24m-3And the doping concentration of erbium ions in the first annular core layer 1-2 is 0.
The invention can further set the bait-mixing concentration of the circular core layer 1-1 and the second annular core layer 1-3 within a certain range, and the second annular core layer 1-3The doping concentration of erbium ions of a ring-shaped core layer 1-2 is set to 0, so that the operation steps can be further simplified while the above inequality relationship is satisfied. The invention controls the doping concentration range of erbium ions in the circular core layer 1-1 and the second annular core layer 1-3 to be 4 x 10-24m-3～5*10-24m-3Because the concentration is higher than 5 x 10-24m-3Concentration quenching occurs, and fiber loss increases; when the concentration is lower than 4 x 10-24m-3The gain factor of the fiber is affected.
Specifically; wherein the radius of the circular core layer 1-1 is 2-3 μm, the radius of the first annular core layer 1-2 is 7-8 μm, and the radius of the second annular core layer 1-3 is 11-12 μm; when the outer cladding layer 3 is used as a reference layer, the relative refractive index of the circular core layer 1-1 is 0.005-0.0055, the relative refractive index of the first annular core layer 1-2 is 0.0075-0.008, and the relative refractive index of the second annular core layer 1-3 is 0.006-0.0065.
In the invention, other elements are doped in order to ensure the numerical aperture NA of the optical fiber. Specifically, the dopant in the circular core layer 1-1 further includes aluminum ions; the dopant in the first and second annular core layers 1-2 and 1-3 further includes at least one of aluminum, germanium, or phosphorous ions.
Specifically, the inner cladding 2 includes a first inner cladding 2-1, and a second inner cladding 2-2 adjacent to the outer cladding 3; wherein the refractive indices of the second inner cladding 2-2 and the outer cladding 3 are n4 and n5, respectively, and satisfy the following relation: n4 is not less than n 5. In order to further improve the bending loss of the optical fiber, the refractive index of the second inner cladding 2-2 is designed to be smaller than that of the outer cladding 3.
Specifically; wherein the radius of the first inner cladding layer 2-1 is 12-16 μm, and the radius of the second inner cladding layer 2-2 is 20-25 μm; the radius of the outer cladding layer 3 is 61.5-63.5 μm; when the outer cladding 3 is used as a reference layer, the relative refractive index of the first inner cladding 2-1 is-0.0005, and the relative refractive index of the second inner cladding 2-2 is-0.01-0.
In the invention, other elements are doped in order to ensure the numerical aperture NA of the optical fiber. Specifically; the first inner cladding layer 2-1 is a pure silicon dioxide layer or a multi-element doped silicon dioxide layer, and the dopant in the first inner cladding layer 2-1 comprises at least one of germanium, phosphorus or fluorine ions; the second inner cladding layer 2-2 is a pure silicon dioxide layer or a fluorine-doped silicon dioxide layer.
Specifically, the cross section of the outer cladding 3 is circular or regular octagon, the optical fiber further comprises a coating layer coated on the outer surface of the outer cladding 3, and the coating layer comprises a first coating layer adjacent to the outer cladding 3 and a second coating layer; wherein, when the section of the outer cladding layer 3 is regular octagon, the first coating layer contains fluorine low-folding coating; and the outer cladding layer 3 is a reference layer, and the relative refractive index of the first coating layer is less than or equal to-0.073. As is known, a common optical fiber is a single-clad optical fiber, light is transmitted only in a fiber core, and a glass part at the periphery of the fiber core is collectively called a glass cladding, namely an outer cladding 3 in the invention; the preparation process of the invention can prepare the single-clad optical fiber and can also prepare the double-clad optical fiber, and the double-clad optical fiber is that the outer surface of the outer cladding 3 is coated with a layer of low-refractive index coating, so that light can be transmitted in the cladding and the fiber core simultaneously. When the double-clad optical fiber process is used, the section of the outer cladding 3 is regular octagon, the outer cladding 3 is used as a reference layer, the relative refractive index of the first coating layer is less than or equal to-0.07, and the refractive index range is beneficial to the bending loss of the optical fiber.
The invention provides a preparation method of the gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: introducing silicon tetrachloride gas and corresponding doped raw material gas into a quartz lining tube by adopting a PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) process so as to deposit the silicon tetrachloride gas and the corresponding doped raw material gas on the inner wall of the quartz lining tube to form a first inner cladding 2;
step 2: by adopting a PCVD process, erbium chloride and other doped raw materials are heated to an evaporation temperature by utilizing a rare earth feeding system and are transmitted into a quartz lining tube, and the doping concentration is controlled by adjusting the flow rate and the evaporation temperature of a carrier gas introduced into the rare earth feeding system, so that silicon dioxide layers with different doping concentrations are prepared to be used as fiber cores 1;
and step 3: performing a collapsing sintering procedure on the deposited quartz liner tube to form a solid core erbium-doped optical fiber preform;
and 4, step 4: if a single clad fiber is prepared:
sleeving the erbium-doped optical fiber preform into a sleeve with a proper size, and preparing the few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber with a target size through a high-speed wire drawing process;
and 5: if a double clad fiber is prepared:
sleeving the erbium-doped optical fiber preform into a sleeve with a proper size, polishing the sleeve into an octagon, coating a low-refractive-index coating on the surface of the octagon, and then performing a high-speed wire drawing process to manufacture the few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber with a target size.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Examples 1 to 5 and comparative example 1
Step 1: installing a quartz liner tube on a PCVD lathe, introducing silicon tetrachloride gas or silicon tetrachloride and hexafluoroethane gas with corresponding flow into the quartz liner tube to deposit and prepare a second inner cladding 2-2 with corresponding thickness, and then introducing silicon tetrachloride gas or silicon tetrachloride and at least one of germanium tetrachloride, phosphorus oxychloride and hexafluoroethane gas with corresponding flow to deposit and prepare a first inner cladding 2-1 with corresponding thickness;
step 2: erbium chloride and aluminum chloride are respectively heated to corresponding temperatures through a rare earth feeding system, and the doping concentration is adjusted by adjusting the flow and evaporation temperature of each raw material according to the doping concentration of each element required by the design requirement of the optical fiber, so that target core layers with different erbium ion doping concentrations are prepared.
And step 3: taking the deposited liner tube off a PCVD lathe, and mounting the liner tube on an HEC for a fusing and sintering process to form a solid core erbium-doped optical fiber preform;
and 4, step 4: and sleeving the multilayer doped erbium-doped prefabricated rod into a sleeve with a proper size, and drawing at high speed to obtain the small-mode erbium fiber with the target size.
And 5: if a double clad fiber is desired, the jacket tube is first polished into an octagonal shape and then drawn to the target size using a low index coating.
The following table 1 is a parameter table of five different structure gain-balanced multimode erbium fibers, in which example 1 is not provided with the second inner cladding 2-2 doped with F deeply, and the outer cladding 3 is circular; in the embodiment 2, the second inner cladding layer 2-2 is mainly doped with F deeply, and the outer cladding layer 3 is octagonal; example 3 as long as the second inner cladding 2-2 was deeply F-doped, the outer cladding was rounded, and other example and comparative example parameters are shown in table 1. The above examples 1-5 and comparative example 1 were all prepared using PCVD with a self-made high temperature delivery system. Fig. 1 and 2 show cross-sectional structural views of example 1 and example 2, respectively. Fig. 3 is a gain graph after the gain test platform and the optical fiber parameters are optimized in example 1, and table 2 shows the gain results after the gain test platform and the optical fiber parameters are optimized in examples 1 to 5 and comparative example 1.
TABLE 1 preparation parameters of few-mode erbium-doped fibers of examples 1-5 and comparative example 1
TABLE 2 post-gain results for parameters of few-mode erbium-doped fibers of examples 1-5 and comparative example 1
| Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Example 4 | Example 5 | Comparative example 1 | |
| Gain range of 6 LP modes | ＞20dB | ＞20dB | ＞20dB | ＞20dB | ＞20dB | ＞20dB |
| Gain difference of 6 LP modes | 1.3dB | 1.8dB | 1.5dB | 1.4dB | 1.3dB | 4dB |
As can be seen from fig. 3, the gain of each order signal mode in example 1 gradually increases during the increase of the pump power from 100 to 600mW, the gain of each mode is greater than 20dB at the pump power of 600mW, and the gain difference of 6 LP modes is 1.3dB, which indicates that the optical fiber prepared by the method of the present invention has high gain amplitude, and the optical fiber of example 1 of the present invention has good gain balance effect. By combining tables 1-2 and an attached figure 3, the concentration of the erbium-doped layers of the circular core layer and the second annular core layer is regulated to be higher than that of the erbium-doped layer of the first annular core layer, so that the fiber core of the few-mode erbium-doped fiber is a silicon dioxide layer with different erbium-doped concentrations; the design process not only greatly reduces the difficulty of erbium ion doping precision, but also effectively regulates and controls the overlapping degree of a signal light field and erbium-doped ions, so that the few-mode erbium-doped fiber has a good mode gain balancing effect.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A gain-balanced few-mode erbium-doped fiber comprises a fiber core (1), an inner cladding (2) and an outer cladding (3) in sequence from inside to outside, and is characterized in that the fiber core (1) is a silicon dioxide layer with different erbium-doped concentrations and comprises a circular core layer (1-1) located in the central area of the fiber core (1), and a first annular core layer (1-2) and a second annular core layer (1-3) which are sequentially wrapped on the periphery of the circular core layer (1-1); wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the bait mixing concentrations of the circular core layer (1-1), the first annular core layer (1-2) and the second annular core layer (1-3) are a1, a2 and a3 respectively, and then the relation formula is satisfied: a2 < a1, a2 < a 3;
the refractive indexes of the circular core layer (1-1), the first annular core layer (1-2) and the second annular core layer (1-3) are n1, n2 and n3 respectively, and then the relation formula is satisfied: n2 > n3 > n 1.
2. A few-mode erbium-doped fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the erbium-doped concentrations of the circular core layer (1-1), the first annular core layer (1-2) and the second annular core layer (1-3) further satisfy the relation: a2 < a1 ═ a 3.
3. A few-mode erbium-doped fiber according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the doping concentration of erbium ions in both the circular core layer (1-1) and the second annular core layer (1-3) is 4 x 10-24m-3～5*10-24m-3And the doping concentration of erbium ions of the first annular core layer (1-2) is 0.
4. The few-mode erbium-doped fiber of claim 1, characterized in that; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the radius of the circular core layer (1-1) is 2-3 mu m, the radius of the first annular core layer (1-2) is 7-8 mu m, and the radius of the second annular core layer (1-3) is 11-12 mu m;
and taking the outer cladding layer (3) as a reference layer, the relative refractive index of the circular core layer (1-1) is 0.005-0.0055, the relative refractive index of the first annular core layer (1-2) is 0.0075-0.008, and the relative refractive index of the second annular core layer (1-3) is 0.006-0.0065.
5. The few-mode erbium-doped fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the dopant in the circular core layer (1-1) further comprises aluminum ions; the dopant in the first annular core layer (1-2) and the second annular core layer (1-3) further comprises at least one of aluminum, germanium or phosphorus ions.
6. A few-mode erbium-doped fiber according to claim 1, characterized in that the inner cladding (2) comprises a first inner cladding (2-1) and a second inner cladding (2-2) adjacent to the outer cladding (3); wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the refractive indexes of the second inner cladding (2-2) and the outer cladding (3) are n4 and n5 respectively, and the relation formula is satisfied: n4 is less than or equal to n 5.
7. The few-mode erbium-doped fiber of claim 6, characterized in that; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the radius of the first inner cladding (2-1) is 12-16 mu m, and the radius of the second inner cladding (2-2) is 20-25 mu m; the radius of the outer cladding layer (3) is 61.5-63.5 μm;
when the outer cladding layer (3) is used as a reference layer, the relative refractive index of the first inner cladding layer (2-1) is-0.0005, and the relative refractive index of the second inner cladding layer (2-2) is-0.01-0.
8. The few-mode erbium-doped fiber of claim 6, wherein; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the first inner cladding (2-1) is a pure silicon dioxide layer or a multi-element doped silicon dioxide layer, and the dopant in the first inner cladding (2-1) comprises at least one of germanium, phosphorus or fluorine ions;
the second inner cladding (2-2) is a pure silicon dioxide layer or a fluorine-doped silicon dioxide layer.
9. The erbium-doped fiber with few modes according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the outer cladding (3) is circular or octagonal, and the fiber further comprises a coating layer coated on the outer surface of the outer cladding (3), and the coating layer comprises a first coating layer adjacent to the outer cladding (3) and a second coating layer; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
when the cross section of the outer cladding layer (3) is regular octagon, the first coating layer contains fluorine low-folding coating; and the relative refractive index of the first coating layer is less than or equal to-0.073 by taking the outer cladding layer (3) as a reference layer.
10. A method of making a gain-balanced erbium-doped fiber with few modes according to any of claims 1-9, characterized in that it comprises:
introducing silicon tetrachloride gas and corresponding doped raw material gas into a quartz lining tube by adopting a PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) process so as to deposit the silicon tetrachloride gas and the corresponding doped raw material gas on the inner wall of the quartz lining tube to form a first inner cladding (2);
by adopting a PCVD process, erbium chloride and other doping raw materials are heated to an evaporation temperature by utilizing a rare earth feeding system and are transmitted into a quartz lining tube, and the doping concentration is controlled by adjusting the flow rate and the evaporation temperature of a carrier gas introduced into the rare earth feeding system, so that silicon dioxide layers with different doping concentrations are prepared to be used as fiber cores (1);
performing a collapsing sintering procedure on the deposited quartz liner tube to form a solid core erbium-doped optical fiber preform;
sleeving the erbium-doped optical fiber preform into a sleeve with a proper size, and preparing the few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber with a target size through a high-speed wire drawing process; or
Sleeving the erbium-doped optical fiber preform into a sleeve with a proper size, polishing the sleeve into an octagon, coating a low-refractive-index coating on the surface of the octagon, and then performing a high-speed wire drawing process to obtain the few-mode erbium-doped optical fiber with a target size.
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