CN114632948A - Plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method - Google Patents
Plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114632948A CN114632948A CN202210274501.3A CN202210274501A CN114632948A CN 114632948 A CN114632948 A CN 114632948A CN 202210274501 A CN202210274501 A CN 202210274501A CN 114632948 A CN114632948 A CN 114632948A
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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Abstract
The invention discloses a plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method, which comprises the following steps of cladding a wavy wear-resistant belt by plasma, then cladding a stainless steel soft bonding belt by laser, cladding the soft wavy bonding belt between the wear-resistant belts by laser, forming a lap joint area between the wear-resistant belts and the bonding belt, and finally forming a complete, tough, soft and hard staggered wave structure surface layer on a working surface. Thus, when the soft adhesive tape is laser-clad, the residual stress formed by plasma cladding can be reduced; when the laser cladding belt is cooled, the residual tensile stress is transferred to the soft bonding belt, and as the powder of the soft belt is the same as the non-ceramic phase powder in the wear-resistant belt, the plasticity is good, partial tensile stress can be released through micro deformation, and meanwhile, the wear-resistant belt and the wear-resistant belt are strongly combined, so that brittle cracks in the wear-resistant belt area are avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metal material processing, in particular to parts such as aluminum alloy, copper alloy, titanium alloy and the like for ocean platforms and rail transit, which have low surface hardness and need to be subjected to dissimilar material compounding on the surface in modes such as additive manufacturing and the like so as to improve the hardness, the wear resistance and the like. However, since the laser absorption rate is low, the production efficiency is low, and it is difficult to realize high-efficiency and high-quality additive manufacturing on the surface, and it is difficult to achieve both the wear resistance and toughness of the material.
Background
The high-strength aluminum alloy, the copper alloy and the titanium alloy are more and more widely applied in the fields of oceans, rail transit, new aviation energy, metallurgy and the like. Because the working condition is complicated, the shape of the workpiece is complicated, and a single material is difficult to meet the requirement, the performance of the material is improved through welding processing and remanufacturing surface strengthening, and the requirement is more and more urgent. At present, laser or plasma technology is adopted to carry out welding of different materials and surface remanufacturing, and the laser or plasma technology is widely applied in many fields. However, for large workpieces, particularly colored metal parts, a single laser beam or plasma beam, firstly in terms of efficient, low-distortion, high-quality welding or surface remanufacturing, is still not satisfactory, and secondly residual stresses severely affect fatigue life for moving and dynamic components, particularly in corrosive environments. Therefore, the laser and the plasma composite heat source are adopted, the advantages of the laser and the plasma are combined, the stress on the welding seam and the remanufactured surface is eliminated, and the contradiction is hopeful to be solved. Such as:
chinese patent application No. 202111043799.9 discloses a laser-plasma composite cutting nozzle, a cutting device, a method and application, and the technical scheme of the application can solve the problem of low composite energy efficiency in the composite heat source cutting process and can improve the cutting speed of a metal plate by about 30-40%.
Chinese patent application No.: CN202110988261.9 discloses a process for processing a wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant sphere, which comprises the steps of coating a wear-resistant coating raw material on the surface of an oxidized sphere by adopting a plasma cladding technology, and then carrying out laser remelting to obtain the wear-resistant sphere, so that the tightness and stability of multilayer compounding are ensured, and the wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant performance of the sphere is effectively improved.
Chinese patent application No. 202111374700.3 discloses a welding method of dissimilar metal tailor-welded blanks, which adopts a laser-arc composite fusion welding method to realize the metallurgical connection of magnesium alloy/preset pure Ni transition layer steel and can realize the high-precision welding of welding seams.
Chinese patent application No. 202110213329.6 discloses a laser-ultrasonic-plasma composite cleaning method and device for metal additive manufacturing layer by layer, which comprises an online monitoring system for feeding back whether impurities and/or defects exist on the current layer, if so, cleaning and repairing by adopting plasma impact, ultrasonic vibration, laser remelting and other modes, and if not, continuing to manufacture the next layer of material until the part is produced. The method can directly treat the microscopic defects in the parts, overcomes the problem that the traditional defect repairing method cannot be used for online treatment, and realizes high-precision online defect treatment, thereby improving the quality of metal additive manufacturing products.
Chinese patent application No. 202011556530.6 discloses a laser-plasma arc composite cutting and welding processing device and a processing method, which comprises a central channel through which laser passes, a gas nozzle, a plasma nozzle arranged inside the gas nozzle, a cutting electrode, a welding electrode and the like.
Chinese patent application No. 202011472406.1 discloses a plasma laser cladding system, has reduced heat input, has reduced thermal stress, has improved coating shaping precision and efficiency.
Chinese patent application No. 202011261540.7 discloses a laser vibration material disk and laser shock synchronous composite manufacturing method and system, the system includes laser vibration material disk module and laser shock module, in laser vibration material disk process, a focused laser that laser shock module produced acts on the surface of molten pool, the back edge mushy zone of molten pool and the surface of high temperature solidification zone in real time, the molten pool is stirred through the shock wave that plasma induction produced, destroy the thick dendrite of mushy zone, induce the residual stress of high temperature solidification zone, thus aggravate the molten pool convection and improve the temperature gradient, increase the nucleation rate of mushy zone, alleviate defects such as crackle of high temperature solidification zone. Therefore, efficient laser additive manufacturing of high-performance metal parts can be achieved through the force-heat coupling effect of synchronous compounding of laser additive and laser shock.
Chinese patent application No. CN202011472389.1 discloses a multi-beam high-energy beam composite processing device, which comprises a preheating plasma torch, a post-heating plasma torch and a laser cladding head, wherein the preheating plasma torch, the post-heating plasma torch and the laser cladding head are connected through a clamper.
By the aid of the composite and coupling effects of laser additive and plasma, high-performance additive manufacturing of welded joints and metal parts can be achieved to different degrees, and welding, additive manufacturing and surface remanufacturing efficiency is improved. However, because the composite technology is complex, depends on equipment, and has poor operability, or because the performance regulation range is small, the application of the composite additive material in the fields of dredging, maritime work, high-speed rail, nuclear power, ships, engineering machinery and the like for surface strengthening of the composite additive material of the dissimilar materials is limited, especially for parts such as aluminum alloy, copper alloy, titanium alloy and the like, because the absorption rate of the material to laser is low, the application effect is greatly reduced, and therefore the development of the high-efficiency composite additive material manufacturing technology of the laser and the plasma is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the technical defects of poor operability and small performance regulation range of the existing laser and plasma composite additive manufacturing technology, which cause unsatisfactory application effect, the invention provides a novel plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method is characterized in that according to the circulation sequence of firstly cladding wave-shaped wear-resistant strips in a plasma swing mode and then cladding stainless steel soft bonding strips in a laser swing mode, the soft wave-shaped bonding strips are laser-clad between the wear-resistant strips, overlapping areas are formed between the wear-resistant strips and the bonding strips, and finally, a complete surface layer with a strong and tough wave structure and alternating soft and hard wave structures is formed on a working surface, wherein:
the wear-resistant belt consists of stainless steel powder such as 304 or 314L and the like and ceramic phase powder, wherein the stainless steel powder such as 304 or 314L and the like accounts for (20-80) wt%, the WC powder in the ceramic phase powder accounts for (15-70) wt%, and the rest of TiB2 or/and nickel-coated BN and other powder accounts for 5-10 wt%.
The powder of the bonding belt is stainless steel powder as the same as that of the wear-resistant belt.
Further: designing an additive manufacturing surface layer according to actual needs of a workpiece, wherein the widths of the wear-resistant belt and the soft bonding belt after swing cladding are respectively 15-25mm and 5-10mm, and the hardness is respectively as follows: the thickness of the materials is 1-10mm in 700-1100HV and 180-200 HV.
Further: the stainless steel powder has a particle size of 40-120 μm, the ceramic phase WC powder has a spherical powder particle size of 45-100 μm, and TiB2And the granularity of the powder of the nickel-coated BN and the like is 30-50 mu m.
The specific scheme of the plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method is as follows:
the first step is as follows: powder preparation
The powder components of the high-hardness wear-resistant belt formed by plasma beam cladding comprise: stainless steel powder of 304 or 314L or the like and ceramic phase powder, stainless steelThe granularity of the powder is 40-120 mu m, the granularity of the WC powder in the ceramic phase is 45-100 mu m, and the rest TiB powder2The granularity of the powder such as nickel-coated BN is 30-50 mu m;
the laser cladding stainless steel soft adhesive tape powder comprises the following components: 304 or 314L of stainless steel powder with the powder granularity of 40-120 mu m;
the second step is that: powder weighing
Weighing wear-resistant strip powder according to the mass ratio, wherein the stainless steel powder accounts for 20-80% of the wear-resistant strip powder, the WC powder accounts for (15-70) wt% of the ceramic phase powder, and the rest of TiB2, nickel-coated BN and other powder accounts for 5-10 wt%, and then drying and mixing to obtain wear-resistant strip mixed powder; simultaneously weighing adhesive tape powder;
in the wear-resistant belt powder, stainless steel powder plays a role in improving corrosion resistance, WC powder plays a role in improving hardness and wear resistance, TiB2 not only improves hardness and wear resistance, but also improves heat conductivity and ablation resistance, nickel-coated BN has an antifriction effect on one hand, and on the other hand, the nickel-coated BN reacts with elements such as Cr and Mo in the stainless steel in situ to form submicron and nanometer ceramic phases such as CrN, (Cr, Mo) (C, B) and the like, and the submicron and nanometer ceramic phases cooperate with WC and TiB2 to improve wear resistance and toughness. According to the specific required performances of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high heat conductivity, ablation resistance, wear resistance, friction reduction and the like, the wear-resistant belt powder and the proportion are selected.
The third step: designing the moving track of plasma beam cladding and laser cladding
Setting the motion tracks of the plasma generator and the laser to be wave-shaped structures according to the co-construction shape;
the fourth step: additive manufacturing surface layer
4.1: firstly, preparing a wear-resistant belt, and adopting plasma beam swing cladding, wherein the power is 6KW, the beam spot diameter is 10mm, the scanning speed is 5-8mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 10-15kg/h, and the swing width is 15-25 mm;
4.2: preparing a soft adhesive tape by synchronous laser swing cladding after plasma beam swing cladding, wherein the power of a fiber laser is 3KW, the diameter of a light spot is 2.8mm, the scanning speed is 3-5mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 5-10kg/h, and the swing width is 5-10 mm; the lapping overlapping rate between the soft bonding strip and the wear-resistant strip is 10% -20%, and argon is used as protective gas for plasma beam cladding and laser cladding;
when the wear-resistant belt and the soft belt are clad from one end to the other end by plasma beam cladding, the wear-resistant belt and the soft belt are rapidly moved to the next wear-resistant belt and the soft belt to be clad respectively for cladding, and the cladding is carried out in a circulating manner, so that a complete surface layer of a soft-hard staggered wave structure manufactured by a first additive manufacturing layer is obtained;
if an ultra-thick high-hardness surface layer needs to be obtained, a second layer and a third layer can be manufactured by additive manufacturing on the basis of the first layer, and attention needs to be paid to the following steps: the wear-resistant belts and the soft belts on the upper layer and the lower layer need to be staggered and cannot be overlapped. The additive manufacturing layer is also of a structure with alternating hardness and hardness from top to bottom, so that the toughness is improved, the top-to-bottom through cracks are prevented, and a transmission channel of a corrosive medium is blocked; secondly, according to the requirements of hardness and wear resistance, when a second layer and a third layer of wear-resistant belts are cladded by plasma beams, ceramic phases WC and TiB are added2Nickel package BN to improve hardness, and form the gradient and change, the rest is with first layer, analogizes with this, finally obtains the crisscross alternate wave structure of soft or hard, and wear-resisting area and soft bonding area hardness are: 700-1100HV and 180-200HV, the thickness is 1-10 mm.
It should be noted that: the mass content of the ceramic phase powder in the wear-resistant phase is increased once every layer is added in additive manufacturing, but no matter how much the mass content is increased, the mass content of the ceramic phase powder in the wear-resistant belt powder system needs to be maintained at (20-80)%, the mass content of the ceramic phase powder is increased, and the corresponding stainless steel powder is definitely reduced.
In order to further improve the wear resistance and the ablation resistance, TiC, NbC, VC, Al2O3 or/and ZrO2 can be added to replace TiB 2.
The advantages of the present invention are illustrated below in terms of mechanism:
1. according to the mechanism of the sequence of swinging and cladding the wear-resistant belt first and then swinging and cladding the soft bonding belt, firstly, when the soft bonding belt is laser-clad, the residual stress formed by plasma cladding can be reduced, secondly, when the laser-clad belt is cooled, the residual tensile stress is transferred to the soft bonding belt, and as the powder of the soft belt is the same as the non-ceramic phase powder in the wear-resistant belt, the plasticity is good, partial tensile stress can be released through micro deformation, and meanwhile, the wear-resistant belt is strongly combined with the wear-resistant belt, and brittle cracks in the wear-resistant belt area are avoided.
2. According to the invention, the high-hardness wear-resistant belt is clad by using the plasma beam, so that the characteristic of high cladding absorptivity of the plasma beam on high-reflectivity materials such as aluminum alloy, copper alloy and titanium alloy is exerted on one hand, and the central temperature of a plasma beam column is lower than that of a laser beam, so that the form and content of a ceramic phase can be effectively maintained, the decomposition is reduced, and the components and hardness of the wear-resistant belt are guaranteed. The soft adhesive tape of the stainless steel is clad by the laser, so that the characteristics of higher energy density of the laser beam, small heat affected zone and finer tissue are exerted, and the obtained soft adhesive tape has better obdurability. During the specific preparation, the wavy wear-resistant strips are cladded by plasma beams, and then the soft wavy bonding strips are cladded between the wear-resistant strips by laser. And forming a lap joint area between the wear-resistant belts and the bonding belts, and finally forming a complete surface layer.
3. The invention can firstly manufacture the surface layer of the wave structure with soft and hard staggered on the surface of various metals by additive manufacturing, and particularly has high preparation efficiency for high-reflectivity materials such as aluminum alloy, copper alloy, titanium alloy and the like; the wear-resistant belt and the bonding belt are prepared by respectively adopting plasma and laser cladding, so that the advantages of plasma are exerted, the decomposition of a ceramic phase in the wear-resistant belt is reduced, the advantage of high energy density of a laser beam is exerted, and a heat affected zone when the bonding belt is cladded is reduced; the obtained additive manufacturing surface layer realizes high hardness, high wear resistance, high toughness and good impact resistance by combining different materials, and can obtain more adaptive wear resistance and corrosion resistance by regulating and controlling the components and tissues of the wear-resistant belt and the soft bonding belt aiming at different matrixes; thirdly, plasma beam cladding is firstly carried out, wavy wear-resistant belts are prepared through cladding track control, then laser cladding is carried out, when soft bonding belts are prepared among the wear-resistant belts, residual stress formed by plasma cladding can be reduced through laser heating, and when the soft bonding belts are cooled through laser cladding, residual tensile stress of the whole surface cladding layer is transferred to the soft bonding belts, and due to good plasticity, partial tensile stress can be released through micro deformation, so that brittle cracks of the wear-resistant belt area caused by the residual tensile stress are avoided.
4. According to the method of the invention, if an ultra-thick high-hardness surface layer is required to be obtained, a second layer and a third layer can be manufactured in an additive mode on the basis of the first layer, and attention is required to be paid to the following steps: the upper and lower layers of wear-resistant belts and soft bonding belts need to be staggered and can not be overlapped, and the ceramic phases WC and TiB2The content of powder such as nickel-coated BN is increased in a gradient manner. Therefore, the additive manufacturing layer is also of a soft-hard alternate structure from top to bottom, so that the hardness is improved, the thickness is increased, the top-down through cracks are prevented, a transmission channel of a corrosive medium is blocked, and the toughness and the corrosion resistance are improved.
The invention has the advantages of improving the wear resistance, impact resistance, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and corrosion and abrasion force-electric coupling damage resistance of the additive manufacturing surface layer, and is suitable for the surface strengthening of the dissimilar material composite additive manufacturing of key parts in the fields of dredging reamers, ocean platform valve bodies and drill rods, high-speed rail brake discs, nuclear power driven hooks, ship propeller blades, engineering machinery buckets and cutting teeth, internal combustion engine cylinders and pistons, military industry and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1a and 1b are respectively a surface layer structure and a cross-sectional view of plasma and laser compounded additive manufacturing hard and soft interphase.
Fig. 2 is a graph of hardness distribution and microstructure of wear strips, overlapping regions, and soft strips of an additive manufactured surface layer.
Detailed description of the preferred embodiments
The technical solutions of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, so that the advantages and features of the present invention can be more easily understood by those skilled in the art, and thus the protection scope of the present invention can be clearly and clearly defined.
Example one
The first step is as follows: powder preparation
The powder components of the high-hardness wear-resistant belt formed by plasma beam cladding comprise: 304 stainless steel powder and ceramic phase powder, wherein the granularity of the 304 stainless steel powder is 40 mu m, the granularity of the WC powder in the ceramic phase is spherical powder with the granularity of 45 mu m, and the granularity of the rest TiB2 and nickel-coated BN powder is 30-50 mu m;
the laser cladding stainless steel soft adhesive tape powder comprises the following components: 304 stainless steel powder with the powder granularity of 40 mu m;
the second step is that: powder weighing
Weighing wear-resistant belt powder according to the mass ratio, wherein the stainless steel powder accounts for 80 wt% in the wear-resistant belt powder, the WC powder accounts for 15 wt% in the ceramic phase powder, and the TiB powder25 wt%, according to the specific requirement of high heat-conducting property and wear-resisting property. Then drying and mixing to obtain wear-resistant belt mixed powder; simultaneously weighing adhesive tape powder;
the third step: designing the moving track of plasma beam cladding and laser cladding
Setting the motion tracks of the plasma generator and the laser to be wave-shaped structures according to the co-construction shape;
the fourth step: additive manufacturing surface layer (see fig. 1a)
4.1: firstly, preparing a wear-resistant belt, and carrying out swing cladding by adopting a plasma beam, wherein the power is 6KW, the beam spot diameter is 10mm, the scanning speed is 8mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 10kg/h, and the swing width is 15 mm;
4.2: preparing a soft adhesive tape by synchronous laser swing cladding after plasma beam cladding, wherein the power of a fiber laser is 3KW, the diameter of a light spot is 2.8mm, the scanning speed is 5mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 5kg/h, and the swing width is 5 mm; the lapping overlapping rate between the soft bonding strip and the wear-resistant strip is 10 percent, and argon is adopted as protective gas for plasma beam cladding and laser cladding;
when the workpiece is clad from one end to the other end through plasma beam cladding and laser cladding, the workpiece is rapidly moved to the next wear-resistant belt and soft bonding belt area to be clad respectively for cladding, and the cladding is carried out in a circulating manner, so that the complete surface layer of the first layer of the soft-hard staggered wave structure manufactured by additive manufacturing is obtained.
The surface of the wave structure with soft and hard staggered is obtained, and the hardness of the wear-resistant belt and the hardness of the soft bonding belt are respectively as follows: 700HV and 180HV, 2mm thick. The additive manufacturing surface layer containing the high-wear-resistance, high-heat-conduction and ablation-resistance ceramic phase is suitable for surface strengthening of copper alloy rails, copper alloy sliding plates in the metallurgical field, high-speed rail brake discs and the like under the electromagnetic emission condition, and the service life of the additive manufacturing surface layer is prolonged by more than 2 times.
Example two
The first step is as follows: powder preparation
The powder components of the wear-resistant belt with high hardness cladded by the plasma beam comprise: 314L of stainless steel powder and ceramic phase powder, wherein the granularity of the stainless steel powder is 120 mu m, the granularity of the WC powder in the ceramic phase is 100 mu m, and the rest TiB2The granularity of the powder such as nickel-coated BN is 30-50 mu m;
the laser cladding stainless steel soft adhesive tape powder comprises the following components: 314L of stainless steel powder with the particle size of 120 mu m;
the second step is that: powder weighing
Weighing wear-resistant belt powder according to the mass ratio, wherein the stainless steel powder accounts for 50% of the wear-resistant belt powder, the WC powder accounts for 42 wt% of the ceramic phase powder, and the rest TiB2 accounts for 8 wt%, and selecting according to the specific required wear-resistant high-heat-conduction ablation-resistant performance. Then drying and mixing to obtain wear-resistant belt mixed powder; simultaneously weighing adhesive tape powder;
the third step: designing the moving track of plasma beam cladding and laser cladding
Setting the motion tracks of the plasma generator and the laser to be wave-shaped structures according to the co-construction shape;
the fourth step: additive manufacturing surface layer
4.1: firstly, preparing a wear-resistant belt, and adopting plasma beam swing cladding, wherein the power is 6KW, the beam spot diameter is 10mm, the scanning speed is 6mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 12kg/h, and the swing width is 25 mm;
4.2: preparing a soft adhesive tape by synchronous laser swing cladding after plasma beam cladding, wherein the power of a fiber laser is 3KW, the diameter of a light spot is 2.8mm, the scanning speed is 5mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 8kg/h, and the swing width is 10 mm; the lapping overlapping rate between the soft bonding strip and the wear-resistant strip is 20%, and argon is used as protective gas for plasma beam cladding and laser cladding;
when the workpiece is clad from one end to the other end through plasma beam cladding and laser cladding, the workpiece is rapidly moved to the next wear-resistant belt and soft belt area to be clad respectively for cladding, and the cladding is carried out in a circulating manner, so that the complete surface layer of the first layer of the soft-hard staggered wave structure manufactured by additive manufacturing is obtained.
At this time, the hardness of the wear-resistant belt and the hardness of the soft bonding belt are respectively as follows: 900HV and 200HV, 2mm thick.
Obtaining an ultra-thick high-hardness surface layer as required, and then manufacturing a second layer by additive manufacturing on the basis of the first layer, wherein attention is needed: the wear-resistant belts and the soft bonding belts on the upper layer and the lower layer need to be staggered and cannot be overlapped. The additive manufacturing layer is also of a soft-hard alternating structure from top to bottom, so that the toughness is improved, the top-down through cracks are prevented, and a transmission channel of a corrosive medium is blocked; secondly, according to the requirements of hardness and wear resistance, when a second layer of wear-resistant belt is cladded by plasma beams, 20% of stainless steel powder, 70% of WC powder, 5% of TiB2 powder and 5% of nickel-coated BN in the wear-resistant belt powder are used for improving the hardness and forming gradient change, and the rest of the wear-resistant belt is the same as the first layer, so that the required thickness and hardness are finally achieved.
The surface of the wavy structure which is soft and hard staggered and alternated in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction as shown in figure 1b is obtained, and the hardness of the wear-resistant belts and the hardness of the soft bonding belts are respectively as follows: 1100HV and 200HV, and the total thickness of the surface strengthening layer is 5 mm. The additive manufacturing surface layer containing the high-wear-resistance and anti-friction material is suitable for strengthening the surfaces of dredging reamers, nuclear power driven hooks, ship propeller blades, engineering machinery buckets, cutting teeth and the like, and the service life of the additive manufacturing surface layer is prolonged by 2-4 times.
EXAMPLE III
In addition to the second step: 70 wt% of stainless steel powder in the powder weighing wear-resistant belt powder, 20 wt% of WC powder in the ceramic phase powder, 5 wt% of TiB2 and 5 wt% of nickel-coated BN respectively, and the fourth step: the wear-resistant belt is prepared in the first step 4.1 of the surface layer by additive manufacturing, the scanning speed of the plasma beam is 8mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 10kg/h, the scanning speed of the laser beam in the second step 4.2 is 5mm/s, and the powder feeding amount is 5kg/h, and the rest of the method is the same as that in the first embodiment. The surface of the wave structure with soft and hard staggered is obtained, and the hardness of the wear-resistant belt and the hardness of the soft bonding belt are respectively as follows: 750HV and 180HV, 1mm thickness of surface reinforcement layer. The additive manufacturing surface layer which is corrosion resistant and contains high wear resistance, high heat conduction and ablation resistance ceramic phase and antifriction material is suitable for surface strengthening of ocean platform aluminum alloy and titanium alloy drill rods, engine cylinders, pistons and the like, and the service life is prolonged by more than 2 times.
Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the hardness distribution and microstructure of the wear-resistant strip, the overlapping region and the soft strip of the surface layer of the additive manufacturing process of the present invention, and it is seen from the diagram that the hardness is gradually reduced from the wear-resistant strip to the overlapping region and then to the soft strip, and the hardness of the wear-resistant strip and the soft strip is maintained in a relatively stable state, and the hardness is gradually reduced at the overlapping region of the wear-resistant strip and the soft strip. The microstructure figures show that although the wear-resistant belts and the adhesive belts have different hardness, the microstructures of the wear-resistant belts and the adhesive belts are uniform and have no cracks, which indicates that when the soft adhesive belts are prepared between the wear-resistant belts, the residual stress formed by plasma cladding can be reduced through laser heating, and when the laser cladding soft adhesive belts are cooled, the residual tensile stress of the whole surface cladding layer is transferred to the soft adhesive belts, and because the plasticity is good, partial tensile stress can be released through micro deformation, so that the brittle cracks of the wear-resistant belt area caused by the residual tensile stress are avoided.
The above examples are only illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of protection, and especially, other powders in the ceramic phase powder, although the examples only exemplify TiB2 and ni-coated BN, in order to further improve the wear resistance and the ablation resistance, TiC, NbC, VC, Al2O3 and ZrO2 may be added instead of TiB2, so any changes or substitutions not thought of by the inventive work should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope defined by the claims.
Claims (5)
1. A plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method is characterized in that soft wavy bonding strips are laser-cladded between the wear-resistant strips according to the circulation sequence of firstly plasma swing-cladding the wavy wear-resistant strips and then laser swing-cladding the stainless steel soft bonding strips, a lapping zone is formed between the wear-resistant strips and the bonding strips, and finally a complete surface layer with a tough, soft and hard staggered wave structure is formed on a working surface, wherein:
the wear-resistant belt consists of 304 or 314L stainless steel powder and ceramic phase powder, wherein the 304 or 314L stainless steel powder accounts for (20-80) wt%, the WC powder accounts for (15-70) wt% in the ceramic phase powder, and the balance of TiB2 or/and nickel-coated BN powder accounts for 5-10 wt%;
the adhesive tape is made of stainless steel powder as the wear-resistant tape.
2. The plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the widths of the wear-resistant strip and the soft bonding strip after swing cladding are respectively 15-25mm and 5-10mm, and the hardness is respectively as follows: the thickness of the materials is 1-10mm in 700-1100HV and 180-200 HV.
3. The plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the stainless steel powder has a particle size of 40-120 μm, the ceramic phase WC powder has a spherical powder particle size of 45-100 μm, and TiB2And the granularity of the powder of the nickel-coated BN and the like is 30-50 mu m.
4. The plasma and laser composite additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein said TiB2 is replaced with TiC, NbC, VC, Al2O3 or/and ZrO 2.
5. The plasma and laser compounded additive manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising the specific steps of:
the first step is as follows: powder preparation
Plasma processThe powder composition of the high-hardness wear-resistant belt cladded by the sub-beams comprises: 304 or 314L stainless steel powder and ceramic phase powder, wherein the particle size of the stainless steel powder is 40-120 μm, the particle size of the WC powder in the ceramic phase is 45-100 μm, and the rest TiB powder2The granularity of the nickel-coated BN powder is 30-50 mu m;
the laser cladding stainless steel soft adhesive tape powder comprises the following components: 304 or 314L of stainless steel powder with the powder granularity of 40-120 mu m;
the second step is that: powder weighing
Weighing wear-resistant strip powder according to the mass ratio, wherein the stainless steel powder accounts for 20-80% of the wear-resistant strip powder, the WC powder accounts for (15-70) wt% of the ceramic phase powder, and the rest of TiB2, nickel-coated BN and other powder accounts for 5-10 wt%, and then drying and mixing to obtain wear-resistant strip mixed powder; simultaneously weighing adhesive tape powder;
the third step: designing the moving track of plasma beam cladding and laser cladding
Setting the motion tracks of the plasma generator and the laser to be wave-shaped structures according to the co-construction shape;
the fourth step: additive manufacturing surface layer
4.1: firstly, preparing a wear-resistant belt, and adopting plasma beam swing cladding, wherein the power is 6KW, the beam spot diameter is 10mm, the scanning speed is 5-8mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 10-15kg/h, and the swing width is 15-25 mm;
4.2: preparing a soft adhesive tape by synchronous laser swing cladding after plasma beam swing cladding, wherein the power of a fiber laser is 3KW, the diameter of a light spot is 2.8mm, the scanning speed is 3-5mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 5-10kg/h, and the swing width is 5-10 mm; the lapping overlapping rate between the soft bonding strip and the wear-resistant strip is 10% -20%, and argon is used as protective gas for plasma beam cladding and laser cladding;
when the wear-resistant belt and the soft belt are clad from one end to the other end by plasma beam cladding, the wear-resistant belt and the soft belt are rapidly moved to the next wear-resistant belt and the soft belt to be clad respectively for cladding, and the cladding is carried out in a circulating manner, so that a complete surface layer of a soft-hard staggered wave structure manufactured by a first additive manufacturing layer is obtained;
if it is desired to obtain an ultra-thick surface layer of high hardness, on the second placeThe second layer and the third layer are manufactured by additive manufacturing on the basis of one layer, and attention needs to be paid to the following steps: the wear-resistant belts and the soft belts on the upper layer and the lower layer need to be staggered and cannot be overlapped; when the second layer and the third layer of wear-resistant belts are cladded by plasma beams, ceramic phases WC and TiB are added2And/or the content of the nickel-coated BN powder to improve the hardness and form gradient change, the rest is the same as the first layer, and the rest is analogized to finally obtain a soft and hard staggered wave structure, and the hardness of the wear-resistant belt and the hardness of the soft bonding belt are respectively as follows: 700-1100HV and 180-200HV, the thickness is 1-10 mm.
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