CN114614090B - Lithium battery electrolyte and secondary lithium battery - Google Patents

Lithium battery electrolyte and secondary lithium battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114614090B
CN114614090B CN202011430461.4A CN202011430461A CN114614090B CN 114614090 B CN114614090 B CN 114614090B CN 202011430461 A CN202011430461 A CN 202011430461A CN 114614090 B CN114614090 B CN 114614090B
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Prior art keywords
lithium battery
battery electrolyte
lithium
additive
phosphorus
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CN114614090A (en
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袁杰
李云飞
甘朝伦
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Zhangjiagang Guotai Huarong New Chemical Materials Co Ltd
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Zhangjiagang Guotai Huarong New Chemical Materials Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to a lithium battery electrolyte and a secondary lithium battery, which mainly solve the problems of poor normal-temperature cycle performance, low high-temperature rest gas production and low-temperature discharge efficiency of a lithium ion battery. The electrolyte comprises a solvent, lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a phosphorus-containing additive, the phosphorus-containing additive is one or more of compounds shown in a general formula (1), and the general formula (1) is as follows:or (b)R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 Independently alkyl, a represents alkyl, alkyl containing an unsaturated bond, structural formula 1:or structural formula 2:m is more than or equal to 0, n is more than or equal to 0; unsaturated bonds include alkenyl or aryl groups; r is R 6 Is an alkylene group; r is R 7 Alkyl, phenyl, alkenyl, cyano; r is R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 、R 5 Independently an alkyl group. The invention well solves the common problems in the lithium ion battery and can be used in the industrial production of the lithium battery.

Description

Lithium battery electrolyte and secondary lithium battery
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to lithium battery electrolyte and a secondary lithium battery.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high energy density, high working voltage, no memory effect, rapid charge and discharge, small environmental pollution and the like, and is widely applied. However, with the higher requirements on the energy density, safety performance, service life and other performances of commercial lithium ion batteries, the development of lithium ion batteries with high energy density, good cycle performance and high safety is an urgent requirement for industry development.
In the first charging process of the lithium ion battery, the electrolyte can react with the carbon cathode to form a layer of passivation film (SEI film), and lithium ions must pass through the SEI film in the charging and discharging processes, so that the SEI film can have important influence on the main performance (such as cycle, high temperature and power performance and the like) of the lithium ion battery. The SEI film can prevent electrolyte from further decomposition and reduce side reactions on the interface of the negative electrode, but as charge and discharge are carried out, the SEI film may be dissolved, broken, decomposed, recombined or thickened, and other phenomena may occur, so that negative effects such as increase of internal resistance or gas production occur in the battery, and thus the cycle life, capacity exertion and safety performance of the battery are affected, and the negative effects are more serious when the battery is subjected to high-temperature storage or high-temperature cycle. In addition, as the voltage of the lithium ion battery increases, a good passivation film (CEI film) needs to be formed on the positive electrode side during cycling. Different additives or different amounts of the same additive in the electrolyte can result in different quality and different film resistance of the formed SEI film. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve high performance lithium ion batteries by selecting appropriate additive and electrolyte formulations to improve the quality of the SEI/CEI films.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide lithium battery electrolyte and a lithium ion battery, and the lithium ion battery prepared by adopting the electrolyte has the advantages of good normal-temperature cycle performance, high Wen Gezhi expansion rate, low-temperature discharge efficiency.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the first aspect of the invention provides a lithium battery electrolyte, which comprises a solvent, lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a phosphorus-containing additive, the phosphorus-containing additive is one or more of compounds shown in a general formula (1), and the general formula (1) is as follows:
R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 independently of the alkyl group, is a group,
a represents an alkyl group, an unsaturated bond-containing alkyl group, a structural formula 1:or structural formula 2:
m is more than or equal to 0, n is more than or equal to 0; the unsaturated bond includes an alkenyl group or an aryl group; r is R 6 Is an alkylene group; r is R 7 Alkyl, phenyl, alkenyl, cyano; r is R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 、R 5 Independently an alkyl group.
Preferably, R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 Independently is an alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, fluoroalkyloxy, aryloxy, or ethersilyl group.
In the present invention, R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 、R 5 Preferably 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
In the present invention, R 6 Preferably =ch 2
Preferably, the phosphorus-containing additive is one or more of the following compounds:
preferably, the phosphorus-containing additive accounts for 1-5% of the total mass of the lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Further preferably, the phosphorus-containing additive accounts for 1-3% of the total mass of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, and further preferably 1.8-2.2%.
Preferably, the solvent is one or more of carbonates, carboxylates, ethers.
Further preferably, the carbonic ester is one or more of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
In the present invention, the carboxylic acid ester is preferably one or more of propyl propionate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate and methyl propionate.
Preferably, the lithium salt is LiClO 4 、LiPF 6 One or more of LiTFSI, liFSI.
Preferably, the molar concentration of the lithium salt in the lithium battery electrolyte is 0.001-2 mol/L.
Further preferably, the molar concentration of the lithium salt in the lithium battery electrolyte is 0.1 to 2mol/L, more preferably 1 to 1.5mol/L.
Preferably, the additive further comprises other additives, which are lithium difluorophosphate and/or anhydrides.
In the present invention, the acid anhydride is preferably one or more of succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride or glutaric anhydride.
Preferably, the additive accounts for 0.1-2% of the total mass of the lithium battery electrolyte, and more preferably 0.8-1.5%.
The second aspect of the invention provides a secondary lithium ion battery, which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is the lithium battery electrolyte.
In the invention, the positive electrode of the secondary lithium ion battery is a ternary positive electrode material, and the negative electrode is a graphite material.
According to the lithium battery electrolyte, the phosphorus-containing additive with the general formula (1) is selected, and the formula of the electrolyte is optimized to improve the quality of an SEI/CEI film, so that the secondary lithium battery disclosed by the invention is obviously improved in 1.0C cycle performance at 25 ℃, swelling rate after being placed at 60 ℃ for 30 days and discharge performance at low temperature, and a better technical effect is obtained.
Due to the application of the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the lithium battery electrolyte can improve the performance of a lithium battery, and the lithium ion battery prepared by adopting the electrolyte has the advantages of good normal-temperature cycle performance, high Wen Gezhi expansion rate, low-temperature discharge efficiency and great application prospect.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. The implementation conditions adopted in the embodiments can be further adjusted according to different requirements of specific use, and the implementation conditions which are not noted are conventional conditions in the industry.
Comparative examples 1 to 9 and examples 1 to 29
Electrolyte solution: the solvent is ethylene carbonate: propylene carbonate: dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate: acetic acid ethyl ester
=5:1:4:5:2 (mass ratio), lithium salt is 1.2M lithium hexafluorophosphate, and other components and amounts in the electrolyte (based on the total electrolyte mass) are shown in table 1 and table 2.
And (3) a negative electrode: graphite material, positive electrode: 4.4V NCM523 material, and assembling the electrolyte, the positive electrode and the negative electrode into the lithium battery according to the conventional process. The lithium batteries prepared in each example and comparative example were tested for battery capacity retention after 300 times of cyclic charge and discharge at 1.0C at 25 ℃ in a voltage interval of 4.2 to 2.75V; the lithium batteries prepared in each of the examples and comparative examples were tested for battery swell ratio after being left at 60 ℃ for 30 days; the lithium batteries prepared in each of the examples and comparative examples were tested for discharge efficiency at-20C at 0.2C to 2.75V, and the results are shown in tables 1 and 2.
300-week cycle capacity retention (%) =lithium battery cycle to 300-week discharge capacity/lithium battery cycle-front discharge capacity average of 5 weeks 100;
bulge ratio (%) = (lithium battery thickness after 30 days of rest-lithium battery thickness before rest)/lithium battery thickness before rest 100;
discharge efficiency (%) = -0.2C at 20 ℃ discharge capacity of 0.2C of lithium battery at-20 ℃ per charge capacity of 0.2C of lithium battery at normal temperature is 100.
TABLE 1
The phosphorus-containing additives used in comparative examples 2 to 5 have the structural formula:
TABLE 2
Experimental results show that in the high-voltage ternary cathode material and the graphite cathode matched full battery, compared with a basic formula, the normal-temperature cycle performance of the lithium battery added with different phosphorus-containing compounds is improved, the gas production of the lithium battery is obviously inhibited after the lithium battery is placed at a high temperature of 60 ℃ for 30 days, and meanwhile, the low-temperature performance at-20 ℃ is obviously improved.
The above embodiments are provided to illustrate the technical concept and features of the present invention and are intended to enable those skilled in the art to understand the content of the present invention and implement the same, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. All equivalent changes or modifications made in accordance with the spirit of the present invention should be construed to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A lithium battery electrolyte comprising a solvent, a lithium salt and an additive, characterized in that: the additive comprises a phosphorus-containing additive, wherein the phosphorus-containing additive is one or more of compounds shown in a general formula (1), and the general formula (1) is as follows:
R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 、R 5 independently of the alkyl group, is a group,
a represents an alkyl group, an unsaturated bond-containing alkyl group, a structural formula 1:or structural formula 2:m is more than or equal to 0, n is more than or equal to 0; the unsaturated bond includes an alkenyl group or an aryl group; r is R 6 Is an alkylene group; r is R 7 Is alkyl, phenyl, alkenyl, cyano.
2. The lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein: the phosphorus-containing additive is one or more of the following compounds:
3. the lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the phosphorus-containing additive accounts for 1-5% of the total mass of the lithium battery electrolyte.
4. The lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 3, wherein: the phosphorus-containing additive accounts for 1-3% of the total mass of the lithium battery electrolyte.
5. The lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein: the solvent is one or more of carbonic esters, carboxylic esters and ethers.
6. The lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein: the carbonic ester is one or more of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
7. The lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein: the lithium salt is LiClO 4 、LiPF 6 One or more of LiTFSI and LiFSI; the molar concentration of the lithium salt in the lithium battery electrolyte is 0.001-2 mol/L.
8. The lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein: the additive also comprises other additives, wherein the other additives are lithium difluorophosphate and/or anhydride.
9. The lithium battery electrolyte according to claim 8, wherein: the other additives account for 0.1-2% of the total mass of the lithium battery electrolyte.
10. The utility model provides a secondary lithium ion battery, includes positive pole, negative pole and electrolyte, its characterized in that: the electrolyte is the lithium battery electrolyte as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9.
CN202011430461.4A 2020-12-09 2020-12-09 Lithium battery electrolyte and secondary lithium battery Active CN114614090B (en)

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20150128569A (en) * 2014-05-09 2015-11-18 주식회사 엘지화학 Additives for secondary battery comprising bisphosphate-based compound and electrolyte, electrode and secondary battery comprising the same
JP2016018708A (en) * 2014-07-09 2016-02-01 日本電気株式会社 Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium ion secondary battery
CN110085906A (en) * 2018-01-25 2019-08-02 比亚迪股份有限公司 Nonaqueous electrolytic solution, the lithium ion battery containing the nonaqueous electrolytic solution

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101297172B1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2013-08-21 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte additive for lithium secondary cell, non-aqueous liquid electrolyte and lithium secondary cell comprising the same

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20150128569A (en) * 2014-05-09 2015-11-18 주식회사 엘지화학 Additives for secondary battery comprising bisphosphate-based compound and electrolyte, electrode and secondary battery comprising the same
JP2016018708A (en) * 2014-07-09 2016-02-01 日本電気株式会社 Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium ion secondary battery
CN110085906A (en) * 2018-01-25 2019-08-02 比亚迪股份有限公司 Nonaqueous electrolytic solution, the lithium ion battery containing the nonaqueous electrolytic solution

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