CN114609710A - Surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation structure and design method thereof - Google Patents

Surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation structure and design method thereof Download PDF

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CN114609710A
CN114609710A CN202210142626.0A CN202210142626A CN114609710A CN 114609710 A CN114609710 A CN 114609710A CN 202210142626 A CN202210142626 A CN 202210142626A CN 114609710 A CN114609710 A CN 114609710A
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孙树林
田新章
潘威康
何琼
周磊
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Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of surface plasmon regulation and control, and particularly relates to a surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation and control structure and a design method thereof. The regulating structure is formed by butting metal nano films with different plasma resonance frequencies. By means of the electromagnetic coupling of SPPs on two sides of the metal film, two different SPP modes with positive group velocity and negative group velocity can be simultaneously supported at the working frequency, and the singular refraction and reflection phenomena are realized at the interface of the two SPP modes by butting with another metal film only supporting the SPP mode with the positive group velocity. In the prior art, people usually need to design a complex artificial sub-wavelength micro-nano structure to realize SPP singular reflection and refraction effects, the structure of the invention only needs to adopt natural uniform metal materials to prepare a nano film, and the invention has the advantages of simple design, easy preparation, rich effects and the like, and is expected to be applied to the micro-nano optical fields of optical sensing, optical super-resolution, enhanced light and substance interaction and the like.

Description

Surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation structure and design method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of surface plasmon regulation and control, and particularly relates to a surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation and control structure and a design method thereof.
Background
The research on transmission regulation of electromagnetic waves has been a core issue in the field of optics, wherein reflection and refraction of light at an interface between two different media are the most basic regulation effects. Many studies and applications are closely related to the regulation of light reflection and refraction. Reflection and refraction phenomena common in nature satisfy the classical Snell law, and incident light and reflected light or refracted light are positioned on two sides of a normal line. However, the singular optical effect of negative refraction has been studied for a long time, and as early as about 1968, scientist Veselago theoretically studied the singular optical phenomenon that when light is obliquely incident from a conventional (positive refractive index) medium to an ideal (negative refractive index) medium with dielectric constant and magnetic permeability both less than zero, a negative refraction phenomenon occurs at the interface of the two media, namely, the refracted light and the incident light are on the same side of a normal line, and the group velocity and the phase velocity of electromagnetic wave transmission in the negative refractive index medium are opposite, and these peculiar properties attract great attention. There are many interesting phenomena in negative refractive index materials, such as perfect lens, anomalous doppler, anomalous goos-hansen shift, anomalous cheyne-koff radiation, etc., and these special properties make negative refractive materials have a wide potential for applications.
The electromagnetic wave transmission regulation and control not only comprises far-field transmission wave regulation and control, but also relates to near-field surface wave regulation and control. The Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) are an electromagnetic eigensurface wave mode bound to a metal-medium interface for transmission, a horizontal wave vector component carried by the SPP is larger than a total electromagnetic wave vector in a vacuum along a propagation direction, and the intensity of an electromagnetic field is exponentially attenuated when the SPP is far away from the interface. In recent years, with the deepening of theoretical research and the progress of nanotechnology, surface plasmons have singular properties such as sub-wavelength resolution and near-field enhancement, are gradually the research hotspots in the field of nano optics, and have wide application prospects in super-resolution imaging, enhanced interaction of light and substances, data storage, photonic circuits, biomedical sensing and the like. However, the lack of effective regulation means for SPP transport behavior has long limited the ability and breadth of its applications.
More recently, it has been proposed to use metamaterials (metamaterials) to achieve SPP modulation. The metamaterial is an artificial material which is composed of artificially designed sub-wavelength electromagnetic resonance microstructures (also called artificial atoms) according to a specific periodic or aperiodic spatial arrangement sequence. According to the equivalent medium theory, because the size of the artificial atoms is far smaller than the wavelength, the micro-structural details of the electromagnetic waves are difficult to distinguish when the electromagnetic waves enter the metamaterial, so that the response of the metamaterial to light can be homogenized, and the metamaterial has equivalent dielectric constant epsilon and magnetic permeability mu. By designing the structural parameters of the metamaterial, the dielectric constant epsilon and the magnetic permeability mu can be positive or negative or large or small, so that SPPs with TE and TM different polarizations can be supported, and the dispersion relation can be flexibly regulated and controlled. The existing method for regulating and controlling SPP by the metamaterial needs to design a complex artificial sub-wavelength structure, and has great difficulty in real application. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new design method to realize the singular refraction and reflection control of SPP based on natural conventional materials and simple structure, which becomes a research subject to be solved urgently in the future.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a metal film-based surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection structure and a design method thereof, which realize surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation and control by using a simple structure so as to solve the problems in the prior art.
The invention provides a surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection structure based on a metal film, which is formed by butt joint of metal nano films with different plasma resonance frequencies. By means of the electromagnetic coupling of SPPs on two sides of the metal film, two different SPP modes with positive group velocity and negative group velocity can be simultaneously supported at the working frequency; by butt joint with another metal film only supporting a positive group velocity SPP mode, singular refraction and reflection phenomena are realized at the interface of the two. Specifically, the device comprises an incident end and a refraction end, wherein the background medium material is air, the incident end and the refraction end are made of natural uniform metal materials with the same thickness, and the transflective end is symmetrical about the y direction; rich SPP modes with opposite group velocities are supported at the operating frequency.
The working frequency of the surface plasmon singular refraction and reflector regulated and controlled is f ═ 1753.6THz, Ag with the thickness of 10nm is selected for the metal materials at the incident end and the refraction end of the surface plasmon singular reflection to be in butt joint with the Al film respectively, and Al with the thickness of 10nm is selected for the metal materials at the incident end and the refraction end of the surface plasmon singular refraction to be in butt joint with the Ag film respectively.
The invention provides a design method for realizing a structure of surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection based on a metal film, which comprises the following specific steps:
s1: determining a thickness d (z-direction dimension) of a natural metal thin film supporting surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection such that a specific frequency range (e.g., f-1534.51 THz to f-1807.75.51 THz) exists, supporting an SPP mode in which a group velocity is negative;
s2: determining plasmon omega of natural metal film material of incident end and transmission end supporting surface plasmon singular refraction and reflectionpAnd the dielectric constant of its background dielectric material is epsilon (for example, air can be selected here), according to the metal film thickness d determined in step S1, the SPP dispersion relation of both sides of the transflective film is obtained;
s3: determining the working frequency f supporting the surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection according to the SPP dispersion relation on the two sides of the transflective film determined in the step S2;
s4: under the working frequency f, the SPP mode of the incident end is selected, the metal material of the transmission end is correspondingly selected, the singular refraction and reflection phenomena can be respectively obtained, the propagation rule of the singular refraction and reflection of the surface plasmon is met, the generalized Snell law is satisfied, and the SPP mode is determined by the following formula:
nspp,i*sinθi＝nspp.t*sinθt；nspp,i*sinθi＝nspp,r*sinθr；
and finally, obtaining a numerical value Venus calculation verification capable of realizing SPP singular refraction and reflection.
Preferably, the background dielectric material is air, and the dielectric constant epsilon is 1; metallic Al (omega) with d being 10nm at incident end for realizing surface plasmon singular refractionp＝2.24316rad/s), supported wave vector k at incident SPP of f-1753.6 THzspp＝37.8μm-1SPP with positive group velocity, metal Ag (omega) with refractive end d of 10nmp＝1.36316rad/s), the wavevector supported at f 1753.6THz is k for the excited negative refraction SPPspp＝100.16μm-1Has a negative group velocity, and the supported wave vector k is k for the excited positively refracted SPP at f 1753.6THzspp＝44.4μm-1The SPP with positive group velocity.
Preferably, the background dielectric material is air, and the dielectric constant epsilon is 1; metal Ag (omega) with d-10 nm incident end for realizing surface plasmon singular reflectionp＝1.36316rad/s), supported wave vector k at incident SPP of f-1753.6 THzspp＝100.16μm-1The SPP with negative group velocity of (1), the wave vector supported under the condition that the excited negative reflection SPP is f-1753.6 THz is kspp＝44.4μm-1SPP with positive group velocity, metal Al (omega) with refractive end d of 10nmp＝2.24316rad/s), the wavevector supported at f 1753.6THz is k for the excited negative refraction SPPspp＝37.8μm-1The SPP with positive group velocity.
Specifically, the metallic material is selected so that the dispersion relation of the SPP on both sides of the transflective film has rich SPP modes with opposite group velocity signs under a specific working frequency f of 1753.6THz, Al supports a SPP mode with positive group velocity, and the wave vector is kspp＝37.8μm-1The equivalent refractive index is
Figure BDA0003507652160000031
The sign is consistent with the positive and negative of the group velocity and is positive; ag supports an SPP mode with a positive group velocity and a wave vector of kspp＝44.4μm-1The equivalent refractive index is nspp1.21, an SPP mode with negative group velocity, wave vector kspp＝100.16μm-1The equivalent refractive index is nspp＝-2.73。
The design concept of the invention is that Drude Model and wave vector matching excitation are taken as guidance, and the SPP has rich SPP modes with opposite group velocity signs on two sides of the discontinuous thin metal in a specific frequency range according to a dispersion curve by regulating and controlling the metal thickness and selecting the metal material. Due to wave vector matching, singular refraction and reflection phenomena can be respectively obtained through selection of an incident SPP mode, and the catadioptric relation meets the generalized Snell law.
The design fully utilizes the characteristic that the uniform metal film naturally supports rich SPP modes, so that the regulation and control of the SPP do not need to design a complicated artificial sub-wavelength structure any more, and the singular refraction and reflection regulation and control of the SPP can be realized by simply selecting materials and geometric dimensions, thereby having potential application value in related application occasions.
Compared with the prior art, people usually need to design a complex artificial sub-wavelength micro-nano structure to realize the SPP singular reflection and refraction effects, the structure in the invention only needs to adopt natural uniform metal materials to prepare a nano film, and the invention has the advantages of simple design, easy preparation, rich effects and the like, and is expected to be applied to the micro-nano optical fields of optical sensing, optical super-resolution, enhanced light and substance interaction and the like.
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Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a metal thin film for realizing surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation.
Fig. 2 shows the SPP dispersion relationship of metal Ag at different thicknesses and the negative and positive group velocity modes represented by circles and squares at a thickness of d ═ 10 nm.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the evolution of the transverse electric field Ez of the negative and positive group velocity modes, denoted by mode 1 and mode 2, over time in the dispersion relation of FIG. 2. The red arrow indicates the group velocity direction and the black arrow indicates the phase velocity direction.
FIG. 4 shows SPP dispersion relationship between metal Ag and metal Al at 10nm thickness.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the effect of FEM numerical calculation of positive and negative birefringence when the metallic Al side SPP was obliquely incident on the metallic Ag in mode 3 at an operating frequency f of 1753.6THz at multiple angles. Wherein (a) is three-dimensional and (b) is two-dimensional.
Fig. 6 compares theoretical calculations and numerical calculations for positive and negative birefringence.
Fig. 7 is a graph showing the FEM numerical calculation effect of negative refraction and negative reflection when the SPP on the side of the metal Ag is obliquely incident on the metal Al in a mode 1 at a plurality of angles at the operating frequency f of 1753.6 THz.
Fig. 8 compares theoretical calculations and numerical calculations for negative refraction and negative reflection.
Detailed Description
The key of the design concept of the invention is to select a proper material and a proper structure constant, under a proper frequency, SPP supported by two natural metal materials has the same symmetry, so that the SPP can be excited, and the two sides support SPP modes with opposite group velocity signs through transflective, and through the selection of the incident SPP mode, because of wave vector matching, the SPP singular refraction and reflection regulation and control are realized.
The design process of the invention comprises two parts of theory and simulation, specifically as follows:
1. theoretical part: the invention starts from Maxwell equation, and obtains SPP dispersion characteristics of the same metal material with different thicknesses and SPP dispersion characteristics of different metal materials with the same thickness by taking a Drude Model as a theoretical Model:
we studied a "air-metal-air" three-layer homogeneous medium system. The parallel plane to the air-metal interface is selected as the xy plane, and the direction perpendicular to the metal interface is the z axis, as shown in fig. 1. For a uniform metal material, the dispersion characteristic of the metal material under the semi-infinite condition has no possibility of regulating negative reflection and negative refraction, for a metal film with limited thickness, when the metal thickness is continuously reduced and the metal film thickness is smaller than the SPP penetration depth, the interaction of SPPs on two metal-medium interfaces cannot be ignored, the SPP modes of two single interfaces are coupled, the dispersion characteristic is split, two coupling modes with different symmetries and different frequencies are generated, according to the different symmetries of the field distribution, the coupling modes are divided into a symmetrical mode and an anti-symmetrical mode, and the dispersion relation meets the following requirements:
symmetrical mode ω -:
Figure BDA0003507652160000051
antisymmetric mode ω +:
Figure BDA0003507652160000052
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003507652160000053
the z-direction component of the wavevector in the metal is shown, d is the thickness of the metal, ε d is the dielectric constant of the background dielectric material (assuming that air ε is 1), ε m (ω) is the dielectric function of the metal, and is given by the Drude Model:
Figure BDA0003507652160000054
by adjusting the geometric dimension of the thickness of the metal film in the z direction, and by observation and comparison, when d is 10nm, the antisymmetric mode SPP in a specific frequency range has an obvious negative group velocity region (namely, the dispersion relation has a negative slope), and the negative group velocity mode 1 and the positive group velocity mode 2 are simultaneously supported under the same working frequency, see fig. 2, and a schematic diagram of the evolution of the transverse electric fields Ez of the mode 1 and the mode 2 along with time is given, see fig. 3. The equivalent refractive index is defined herein as
Figure BDA0003507652160000055
The sign is consistent with the group velocity plus or minus. Next, we select Ag (ω)p＝1.36316rad/s) and Al (. omega.) withp＝2.24316rad/s) as a metal film material for realizing SPP singular refraction and reflection regulation, the dispersion relation of the metal film material and the SPP satisfies a certain valueThe transflective two sides support SPP modes with opposite sign of group velocity at the operating frequency, see fig. 4. Firstly, using Al as incident end and Ag as refracting end, selecting working frequency f as 1753.6THz and wave vector as kspp＝37.8μm-1Equivalent refractive index nsppMode 3 with a positive group velocity of 1.028 obliquely enters the Al side, and SPP positive and negative birefringence occurs at the Ag-side refractive end due to wave vector matching, positive refraction is a mode with a positive group velocity, and wave vector kspp＝44.4μm-1Equivalent refractive index nsppMode 2 of 1.21, negative refraction is with negative group velocity, wave vector kspp＝100.16μm-1Equivalent refractive index nsppMode 1 of-2.73, see fig. 5, the positive and negative refraction laws satisfy Snell's law: n isspp,3×sin(θi，3)＝nspp,2×sin(θt，2)、nspp,3×sin(θi，3)＝nspp,1×sin(θt，1) See fig. 6.
Then, using Ag as incident end and Al as refraction end, selecting working frequency f as 1753.6THz, equivalent refractive index nsppMode 1 with negative group velocity of-2.73 makes oblique incidence on the Ag side, and due to wave vector matching, SPP negative reflection occurs at the incident end on the Ag side, which is a mode with positive group velocity and equivalent refractive index nsppMode 2 of 1.21, where SPP negative refraction is generated at the Al-side refractive end, the negative refraction has a positive group velocity, and the equivalent refractive index nsppMode 3, see fig. 7, with negative reflection vs. negative refraction satisfying Snell's law: n isspp,1×sin(θi，1)＝nspp,2×sin(θr，2)、nspp,1×sin(θi，1)＝nspp,3×sin(θt，3) See fig. 8.
2. And (3) an analog part: a dielectric-discontinuous metal film-dielectric three-layer structure is designed through COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 commercial Finite Element (FEM) software simulation.
Simulation 1: SPP singular positive and negative birefringence regulation realized by thin metal
The first layer is a semi-infinite air layer, and epsilon is 1.
The second layer is a metal layer, and the Z-direction size of the second layer is 10nm formed by Al and Ag.
The third layer is a semi-infinite air layer, and epsilon is 1.
At an operating frequency f of 1753.6THz, the equivalent refractive index n is excited on the metallic Al sidesppMode 3 with a positive group velocity of 1.028 is obliquely incident at 40 °, 50 °, and 60 °, respectively, and due to wave vector matching, SPP positive and negative birefringence is generated at the Ag-side refractive end, and positive refraction is an equivalent refractive index n with a positive group velocitysppMode 2 of 1.21, positive refraction angles of 33 °, 41 °, and 47 °, respectively, and negative refraction is an equivalent refractive index n having a negative group velocitysppMode 1 of-2.73, negative refraction angles of-14 °, -17 °, -19 °, respectively, see fig. 5. According to Snell's law, the theoretical refraction angles of positive refraction are 33.1 degrees, 40.6 degrees and 47.4 degrees respectively, and the theoretical refraction angles of negative refraction are-14 degrees, -16.8 degrees and-19 degrees respectively. The simulation is completely consistent with the theory, as shown in fig. 6, and singular positive and negative birefringence control of the SPP based on the metal film is realized.
Simulation 2: SPP singular negative reflection negative refraction regulation and control realized by thin metal
The first layer is a semi-infinite air layer, and epsilon is 1.
The second layer is a metal layer, and the Z-direction size of the second layer is 10nm formed by Ag and Al.
The third layer is a semi-infinite air layer, and epsilon is 1.
Exciting the equivalent refractive index n on the metal Ag side at the working frequency f-1753.6 THzsppMode 1 with negative group velocity of-2.73 obliquely enters at 20 °, 25 °, and 30 °, respectively, and due to wave vector matching, SPP negative reflection occurs at the Ag-side entrance end, which is an equivalent refractive index n with positive group velocitysppMode 2 of 1.21, negative reflection angles of-50 °, -72 °, respectively,>At-90 DEG, SPP negative refraction is generated at the Al side refraction end, and the equivalent refractive index n with positive group velocitysppMode 3, 1.028, with negative refraction angles of-65 °, respectively,>-90°、>90 °, see fig. 7. According to Snell's law, the theoretical reflection angles of negative reflection are-50.5 degrees, -72.5 degrees and,>Minus 90 degrees, theoretical refraction angles of minus refraction are minus 65.3 degrees respectively,>-90°、>-90 °. Simulation and theoryThe full coincidence, as shown in fig. 8, realizes the singular negative reflection negative refraction regulation and control of the SPP based on the metal film.

Claims (5)

1. A surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation structure based on a metal film is characterized in that the structure is formed by butting metal nano films with different plasma resonance frequencies; by means of the electromagnetic coupling of SPPs on two sides of the metal film, two different SPP modes with positive group velocity and negative group velocity are simultaneously supported at the working frequency; the metal film is butted with another metal film only supporting a positive group velocity SPP mode, and singular refraction and reflection are realized at the interface of the metal film and the metal film; the device comprises an incident end and a refraction end, wherein the background medium material is air, the incident end and the refraction end are made of natural uniform metal materials with the same thickness, and the transflective end is symmetrical about the y direction; rich SPP modes with opposite group velocities are supported at the operating frequency.
2. The metal film-based surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation structure according to claim 1, wherein the operating frequencies of the surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation system are both f =1753.6THz, the metallic materials of the incident end and the refraction end of the surface plasmon singular reflection are respectively Ag and Al films with the thickness of 10nm in butt joint, and the metallic materials of the incident end and the refraction end of the surface plasmon singular refraction are respectively Al and Ag films with the thickness of 10nm in butt joint.
3. The design method of the metal film-based surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection regulation structure as claimed in claim 1, characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: determining the thickness d of a natural metal film supporting surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection, so that a specific frequency range exists and an SPP mode with a negative group velocity is supported;
s2: determining plasmon omega of natural metal film material of incident end and transmission end supporting surface plasmon singular refraction and reflectionpAnd its dielectric constant epsilon of the background dielectric material, according to the metal film determined in step S1The thickness d of the film is obtained, and the SPP dispersion relation of two sides of the transflective film is obtained;
s3: determining a working frequency f supporting surface plasmon singular refraction and reflection according to the SPP dispersion relation on the two sides of the transflective film determined in the step S2;
s4: under the working frequency f, an SPP mode at an incident end is selected, a metal material at a transmission end is correspondingly selected, singular refraction and reflection phenomena are respectively obtained, a propagation rule of the singular refraction and reflection of the surface plasmon occurs, the generalized Snell law is satisfied, and the SPP mode is determined by the following formula:
n spp,i *sinθ i = n spp.t *sinθ t ；n spp,i *sinθ i = n spp,r *sinθ r 。
4. the design method of claim 3, wherein the background dielectric material is air, and the dielectric constant ε = 1; realizing surface plasmon singular refraction, and the incident end is metal Al, omega with d =10nmp=2.24316rad/s, incident SPP f =1753.6THz with a supported wavevector ofk spp =37.8μm-1SPP with positive group velocity; metal Ag, omega with refraction end of d =10nmp=1.36316rad/s, negative refractive excitation SPP f =1753.6THzk spp =100.16μm-1Has a negative group velocity, and the supported wave vector at a positive refractive excitation SPP of f =1753.6THz isk spp =44.4μm-1The SPP with positive group velocity.
5. The design method of claim 4, wherein the background dielectric material is air, and the dielectric constant ε = 1; realizing surface plasmon singular reflection, and the incident end is metal Ag, omega with d =10nmp=1.36316rad/s, incident SPP f =1753.6THz with a supported wavevector ofk spp =100.16μm-1Tool (A)SPPs having a negative group velocity, the vector of the supported wave for an excited negatively reflected SPP of f =1753.6THzk spp =44.4μm-1SPP with positive group velocity; metal Al, omega with refraction end of d =10nmp=2.24316rad/s, negative refractive excitation SPP f =1753.6THzk spp =37.8μm-1The SPP with positive group velocity.
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