CN114604013A - Display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity - Google Patents
Display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity Download PDFInfo
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- CN114604013A CN114604013A CN202210127051.5A CN202210127051A CN114604013A CN 114604013 A CN114604013 A CN 114604013A CN 202210127051 A CN202210127051 A CN 202210127051A CN 114604013 A CN114604013 A CN 114604013A
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M1/00—Inking and printing with a printer's forme
- B41M1/12—Stencil printing; Silk-screen printing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M1/00—Inking and printing with a printer's forme
- B41M1/26—Printing on other surfaces than ordinary paper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M3/00—Printing processes to produce particular kinds of printed work, e.g. patterns
- B41M3/003—Printing processes to produce particular kinds of printed work, e.g. patterns on optical devices, e.g. lens elements; for the production of optical devices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/52—Electrically conductive inks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of manufacturing of a display substrate, in particular to a display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity, which comprises a display module, a transparent substrate and a functional ink layer, wherein the functional ink layer is arranged between the display module and the transparent substrate and is positioned at the top of the display module; the infrared light sensor can realize infrared light transmission, but effectively blocks visible light transmission, and can sense human body bright screen or infrared remote control and simultaneously block visible light from entering to cause interference on the sensor to a higher degree; meanwhile, the function of a touch type film key or a film antenna can be realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of display substrate manufacturing, in particular to a display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity.
Background
Along with intelligent display device's development, functional effects such as infrared induction bright screen and infrared remote control are valued by people, cause the interference in order to prevent the visible light to the inductor, and in order to guarantee the homogeneity of base member colour, this just need see through at the photosensitive zone design infrared light that only needs, blocks the processing mode of visible light.
With the development of the full-face screen, a microcircuit is designed on the cover plate to form a touch type thin film key or a thin film antenna, and the touch type thin film key or the thin film antenna gradually replaces a solid key and a solid antenna.
In summary, the development of display substrates with photosensitivity and conductivity is still a key issue to be solved urgently in the technical field of display substrate manufacturing.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity, infrared light can be transmitted, but visible light can be effectively blocked, so that the interference on an inductor caused by the visible light entering can be blocked to a higher degree while the bright screen of a human body or infrared remote control can be induced; meanwhile, the function of a touch type film key or a film antenna can be realized.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity comprises a display module, a transparent substrate and a functional ink layer, wherein the functional ink layer is arranged between the display module and the transparent substrate, the functional ink layer is positioned at the top of the display module, the functional ink layer comprises a substrate transparent window area, an IR (infrared) induction ink area, a main body ink area and a conductive film, the substrate transparent window area is arranged at the center of the functional ink layer, the main body ink area is arranged on the functional ink layer, the main body ink area is positioned at the outer side of the substrate transparent window area, and the conductive film is arranged on the functional ink layer.
The invention is further configured to: the conductive film forms a microcircuit on the functional ink layer in a mode of screen printing conductive silver paste, wherein the conductive silver paste printing method comprises the following steps:
determining the mesh number and the pattern of the screen printing plate, and manufacturing the screen printing plate; blending conductive silver paste; the body ink or IR ink is surface dried and the back cover plate sample is coated; screen printing conductive silver paste; and (5) curing and roasting.
The invention is further configured to: the proportion of the silver powder in the conductive silver paste is more than 30%, the proportion of the copper powder is 20% -30%, the proportion of the aluminum powder is 20% -30%, the proportion of the tin powder is 1% -5%, and the proportion of the nickel powder is 1% -5%.
The invention is further configured to: the conductive silver paste is characterized in that polymer resin and a solvent are also mixed in the conductive silver paste, the polymer resin is any one of polyester acrylic resin and epoxy acrylic resin, and the solvent is any one of ester solvent, ether solvent and ketone solvent.
The invention is further configured to: the mesh number of the silk screen is more than 140 meshes.
The invention is further configured to: the temperature of the solid baking and curing is 60-180 ℃, the time is 30-90min, preferably, the baking temperature is 150 ℃, and the time is 60 min.
The invention is further configured to: the IR sensing ink area is formed in the sensing area of the functional ink layer in a screen printing IR ink mode, wherein the printing method of the IR ink comprises the following steps:
determining the patterns and the mesh number of the screen and manufacturing the screen; blending IR printing ink; drying the surface of the main body ink and then covering a plate sample; printing IR printing ink on the reserved induction hole; and (5) curing and roasting.
The invention is further configured to: the mesh number of the silk screen is 200-350 meshes.
The invention is further configured to: the baking temperature is 60-150 ℃ and the baking time is 30-60min, preferably, the baking temperature is 150 ℃ and the baking time is 60 min.
The invention is further configured to: the ink used in the main ink area is any one of heat-curable ink and ultraviolet-curable ink.
The invention provides a display substrate having photosensitivity and conductivity. The method has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a display substrate with photosensitivity, a display substrate with conductivity and a display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity simultaneously, wherein the conductivity is realized by forming a microcircuit on a non-conductive substrate in a mode of screen printing conductive silver paste, the photosensitivity is realized by forming a photosensitive ink area in a specific sensing area of the substrate in a mode of screen printing IR (infrared radiation) ink, a photosensitive film layer and a conductive film layer are not limited to a plane substrate, and can also be realized on a curved substrate in a specific processing mode; meanwhile, the function of a touch type film key or a film antenna can be realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a combination diagram of a display module and a transparent substrate according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a region of transparent matrix ink in accordance with the present invention.
The reference numbers in the figures illustrate:
1. a display module; 2. a transparent substrate; 3. a functional ink layer; 4. a substrate transparent window area; 5. an IR sensing ink zone; 6. a main body ink area; 7. and a conductive film.
Detailed Description
The technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention; it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any inventive work are within the scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "top/bottom", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, which are merely for convenience of description and simplification of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "sleeved/connected," "connected," and the like are to be construed broadly, e.g., "connected," which may be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; the two components can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and the two components can be communicated with each other; the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example (b):
referring to fig. 1-2, a display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity, including a display module 1, a transparent substrate 2 and a functional ink layer 3, the functional ink layer 3 is disposed between the display module 1 and the transparent substrate 2, and the functional ink layer 3 is disposed on the top of the display module 1, the functional ink layer 3 includes a substrate transparent window area 4, an IR sensing ink area 5, a main body ink area 6 and a conductive film 7, the substrate transparent window area 4 is disposed at the center of the functional ink layer 3, the main body ink area 6 is disposed on the functional ink layer 3, and the main body ink area 6 is disposed on the outer side of the substrate transparent window area 4, and the conductive film 7 is disposed on the functional ink layer 3.
In the embodiment, the infrared light can be transmitted, but the visible light can be effectively blocked, so that the interference on the sensor caused by the visible light entering can be blocked to a higher degree while the human body bright screen or infrared remote control can be sensed; meanwhile, the function of a touch type film key or a film antenna can be realized.
The transparent substrate 2 is not particularly limited as long as it is a transparent substrate that can be used as a cover plate, and examples thereof include glass, resin, a composite, a laminate, and the like.
The shape of the transparent substrate 2 is not particularly limited, and the transparent substrate can be a planar substrate, a 2.5D micro-curved substrate or a 3D curved substrate, and can be realized as long as a display substrate with infrared light sensing requirements is available.
The transparent substrate 2 usually needs to form a layer of main body ink to shield the frame, the wires, the sensors and the like of the internal display module except the display screen, the main body ink is usually black and can be in other colors under special requirements, the forming mode of the ink is not limited, and a screen printing method is recommended here, and the specific area of the transparent substrate is generally the edge or other positions needing to shield the inside.
Main ink printing process: screen printing plate pattern making → main body ink preparation → screen printing → solid baking and curing.
The color values and the brightness values are allocated according to different requirements, and the main direction is that the color of the information screen of the display area is close to or the same as that of the information screen of the display area after the display module 1 is attached.
The ink can be selected from heat curable ink or ultraviolet curable ink.
The ink comprises a coloring material, a binder, a filler and an auxiliary agent.
As the coloring material, there may be mentioned organic pigments, inorganic pigments, water-soluble dyes, oil-based dyes and the like, such as various metal oxides, chromates, carbonates, sulfates, sulfides and the like.
The binder can be natural resin such as rosin, shellac, rubber, etc., rosin modified series, phenolic modified series, synthetic rubber, polyamide, etc., vegetable oil such as tung oil, catalpa oil, linseed oil, etc., and solvent such as alcohol series, ester series, fat series, etc.
The filler may be calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, or the like.
The auxiliary agents include a drier, a diluent, a plasticizer, a defoamer, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, an anti-settling agent, a curing agent, a leveling agent, and the like.
The printing screen is divided into a screen frame and a screen.
The net frame material can be wood, hollow aluminum section, cast aluminum forming frame, steel and the like.
For the wire mesh, a nylon mesh, a polyester mesh, a steel wire mesh, and the like can be selected.
The hollow pattern of the screen printing plate directly determines the shape of printing ink, and an induction ink area is reserved firstly.
Hole sites need to be reserved in advance at the position of the display matrix infrared sensor, and the sensor is guaranteed not to be blocked by main body ink.
In order to ensure the color identity of the display matrix and prevent the influence of visible light on the sensor, the hole site needs to be specially shielded, namely, the sensing area can be effectively shielded in appearance, the transmission of visible light is reduced, and the infrared photosensitive function is not influenced.
That is, a layer of infrared sensing ink, IR (infrared radiation) ink, is formed on the transparent holes on the display substrate.
The IR printing ink has very low transmittance to visible light (380nm-780nm) and ultraviolet light (190nm-380nm) and very high transmittance to infrared rays with the wavelength of more than 780nm-1200nm, and effectively prevents the visible light from generating misoperation on a sensor.
In the present invention, the conductive film 7 forms a microcircuit on the functional ink layer 3 by means of screen printing conductive silver paste, wherein the method of printing conductive silver paste is as follows:
determining the mesh number and the pattern of the screen printing plate, and manufacturing the screen printing plate; blending conductive silver paste; the main body ink or the IR ink is surface-dried and then the cover plate sample is coated; screen printing conductive silver paste; and (5) curing and roasting.
In the invention, the proportion of the silver powder in the conductive silver paste is more than 30%, the proportion of the copper powder is 20-30%, the proportion of the aluminum powder is 20-30%, the proportion of the tin powder is 1-5%, and the proportion of the nickel powder is 1-5%. The conductive silver paste is also mixed with a high polymer resin and a solvent, wherein the high polymer resin is any one of polyester acrylic resin and epoxy acrylic resin, and the solvent is any one of ester solvent, ether solvent and ketone solvent. The mesh number of the screen is more than 140 meshes. The temperature of the curing and roasting is 60-180 ℃, and the time is 30-90 min.
In this embodiment, the conductive silver paste is a conductive alloy formed by using silver powder as a main material and copper powder and aluminum powder as auxiliary materials, and is combined with a polymer resin and a solvent.
Silver powder is a main conductive material in conductive silver paste, copper powder is generally a supplement to the silver conductive material in consideration of cost, and other metal powder is gain performance such as enhanced bending resistance, flexibility and good printing performance.
The printing screen plate is preferably 140 meshes or more, the lower the mesh number, the larger the silver paste printing amount, the thicker the film layer, the better the conductivity, but the silver paste overflow print and the printing burr are easily generated. The higher the mesh number, the less the printing amount of the silver paste, the thinner the film layer, the good adhesive force of the film layer, but the poor conductivity.
The halftone patterns are generally designed around the target setting, if the thin film keys are required to be realized, the keys and the conducting wires need to be designed, and the front and back sides of the substrate need to be printed to form the channels in a matching manner and be in contact connection with the relevant electric contact positions of the module.
If the thin film metal antenna is to be realized, the shape of the antenna and the starting point and the terminal point need to be designed, the inner part is connected with the module antenna contact, and the outer part extends to the outer side of the substrate to receive signals to a greater extent.
The screen printing of the conductive silver paste controls the screen distance, namely a certain gap is reserved between a screen printing plate and a printing substrate, and in order to ensure that the printing substrate does not stick to the silver paste during the final scraping printing, the lowest part of a screen printing plate must leave the printing substrate, so that the printing quality is ensured. If the gap is too small, the penetration and plate sticking phenomena are likely to occur along the direction of the squeegee movement. If the gap is too large, the screen printing plate cannot recover after screen printing, and the screen printing plate looses and sags, so that the subsequent pattern printed is deformed.
Wherein the temperature for curing is preferably 60 ℃ to 180 ℃, and more preferably 150 ℃. The time is preferably 30 to 90min, and more preferably 60 min.
The conductive layer is used as a thin film key and a lead, the thicker the thin film is, the larger the wire diameter of the lead is, the smaller the resistance is, and the better the conductivity is, but the performances such as the adhesive force and the bending resistance of the conductive layer will be deteriorated.
When the conducting layer is used as a thin film metal antenna, the intensity of received signals is expected to be stronger, and the conducting film formed by screen printing of the conducting silver paste can be compared with the traditional antenna in both an ultrahigh frequency band (860 MHz-950 MHz) and a microwave frequency band (2450 MHz).
In the present invention, the IR sensing ink area 5 is formed on the sensing area of the functional ink layer 3 by screen printing IR ink, wherein the IR ink is printed by:
determining the patterns and the mesh number of the screen and manufacturing the screen; blending IR printing ink; drying the surface of the main body ink and then covering a plate sample; printing IR printing ink on the reserved induction hole; and (5) curing and roasting.
Wherein the mesh number of the silk screen is 200 meshes-350 meshes; the baking temperature is 60-150 ℃, and the baking time is 30-60 min.
In this example, the ink formulation is based on the color of the main ink. If the color of the ink is dark and thick, adding gloss oil and printing gloss oil; if the color depth of the ink is close and the color phases are different, adding a red, yellow, blue and purple dye for blending; if the ink is light and light, black is required to be added for blending besides four colors.
The color can also be adjusted to approximate the bulk ink color, typically by adjusting the printing process and ink ratios.
The required IR printing ink color of the sensing area is obtained by adjusting the mesh number of the screen printing plate, the mesh number of the screen printing plate is increased, the transmittance of the IR printing ink can be improved, the color becomes lighter, but the blackness of the IR printing ink under a black background can be reduced, otherwise, the mesh number is reduced, the transmittance is reduced, the color becomes darker, and the blackness of the IR printing ink is increased. The mesh number of the silk screen is preferably 200 meshes to 350 meshes, and can be adjusted according to actual requirements.
The use amount of the diluent is adjusted, the use amount of the diluent is reduced, the IR printing ink transmittance can be reduced, the color can be darkened, the use amount of the diluent is increased, the IR printing ink transmittance can be increased, the color can be lightened, and the diluent is preferably 10-20% and can be adjusted according to actual requirements.
Ensures that the IR printing ink has good compatibility with the main printing ink, and can be improved by adding a silicon-containing additive into the printing ink.
The baking temperature is preferably 60-150 deg.C, more preferably 150 deg.C, and the baking time is preferably 30-60min, more preferably 60 min.
For better illustration of the photosensitive ink, a process of 300 meshes of silk screen, 10% of thinner and 60min of baking at 150 ℃ is taken as an example. The photosensitive ink performance parameters are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 photosensitive ink Performance parameters Table
As can be seen from Table 1, the IR ink has a transmittance of about 10% in the 550nm band of visible light and a transmittance of 80% or more in the 850 and 940nm bands of infrared light, which meets the requirements of blocking visible light and transmitting infrared light.
And (3) testing the ink adhesion and the peeling grids, transversely and vertically carving 11 scratches on the ink surface by a scribing template by using a carving knife to form 100 square grids in an enclosing manner, compacting and peeling by using a transparent adhesive tape, and repeating the steps for three times.
Judging the standard: 5B: the tangent line edge is completely smooth and neat without any shedding. 4B: slight ink drop was observed at the tangent intersection, and the area of impact was no more than 5% of the cross-hatched area. 3B: the ink drops off at the intersection of the cuts and/or along the edges of the cuts, the affected area occupying 5-15% of the area of the cross. 2B: ink drops from the edges of the drawn lines and the middle of the grids, and the affected area accounts for 15-35% of the area of the drawn grids. 1B: the strip-shaped peeling or most peeling is carried out along the cutting edge, and the affected area accounts for 35 to 65 percent of the area of the grid. 0B: ink drop severity exceeded 65%. The adhesive force is required to be more than or equal to 4B.
In the present embodiment, the hundred lattice verification reaches 5B. Under the condition of not changing the mesh number and the proportion of the thinner, two-layer printing can also be adopted, the second layer is directly printed under the condition that the first layer is printed and is not dried, and the two-layer printing can reduce the ink transmittance and deepen the color.
In the present invention, the ink used in the main ink area 6 is selected from any one of a heat-curable ink and an ultraviolet-curable ink.
The invention provides a display substrate with photosensitivity, a display substrate with conductivity and a display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity simultaneously, wherein the conductivity is realized by forming a microcircuit on a non-conductive substrate in a mode of screen printing conductive silver paste, the photosensitivity is realized by forming a photosensitive ink area on a specific sensing area of the substrate in a mode of screen printing IR ink, a photosensitive film layer and a conductive film layer are not limited to a plane substrate, and can also be realized on a curved substrate in a specific processing mode, and a display module 1 is matched with a transparent substrate 2 with photosensitivity and conductivity for use, so that infrared light transmission can be realized, but visible light transmission is effectively blocked, and the interference on a sensor caused by the fact that visible light enters to a higher degree when a human body bright screen or infrared remote control can be sensed; meanwhile, the function of a touch type film key or a film antenna can be realized.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions.
Claims (10)
1. Display substrate with light sensitivity and electric conductivity, its characterized in that, including display module assembly (1), transparent base member (2) and function printing ink layer (3), function printing ink layer (3) set up between display module assembly (1) and transparent base member (2), and function printing ink layer (3) are located the top of display module assembly (1), function printing ink layer (3) are including base member transparent window district (4), IR response printing ink district (5), main part printing ink district (6) and conductive film (7), base member transparent window district (4) set up in the center department of function printing ink layer (3), main part printing ink district (6) set up on function printing ink layer (3), and main part printing ink district (6) are located the outside of base member transparent window district (4), conductive film (7) set up on function printing ink layer (3).
2. The display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conductive film (7) is formed into microcircuits on the functional ink layer (3) by screen printing conductive silver paste by the method of:
determining the mesh number and the pattern of the screen printing plate, and manufacturing the screen printing plate; blending conductive silver paste; the body ink or IR ink is surface dried and the back cover plate sample is coated; conducting silver paste is printed by screen printing; and (5) curing and roasting.
3. The display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity as claimed in claim 2, wherein the conductive silver paste contains silver powder more than 30%, copper powder 20% -30%, aluminum powder 20% -30%, tin powder 1% -5%, and nickel powder 1% -5%.
4. The display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity as claimed in claim 2, wherein the conductive silver paste is further mixed with a polymer resin and a solvent, wherein the polymer resin is any one of polyester acrylic resin and epoxy acrylic resin, and the solvent is any one of ester solvent, ether solvent and ketone solvent.
5. The display substrate having photosensitivity and conductivity according to claim 2, wherein the mesh number of the screen is 140 mesh or more.
6. The display substrate having photosensitivity and conductivity according to claim 2, wherein the curing temperature is 60 ℃ to 180 ℃ and the curing time is 30 to 90 min.
7. The display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity as claimed in claim 1, wherein said IR sensitive ink area (5) is formed on the sensitive area of the functional ink layer (3) by screen printing IR ink, wherein the IR ink is printed by:
determining the patterns and the mesh number of the screen and manufacturing the screen; preparing IR printing ink; drying the surface of the main body ink and then covering a plate sample; printing IR printing ink on the reserved induction hole; and (5) curing and roasting.
8. The photosensitive and electrically conductive display substrate of claim 7, wherein the screen mesh is 200-350 mesh.
9. The display substrate having photosensitivity and conductivity according to claim 7, wherein the baking temperature is 60 ℃ to 150 ℃ for 30 min to 60 min.
10. The display substrate having photosensitivity and conductivity according to claim 1, wherein the ink used in the main ink region (6) is selected from any one of a heat curable ink and an ultraviolet curable ink.
Priority Applications (2)
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| CN202210127051.5A CN114604013A (en) | 2022-02-10 | 2022-02-10 | Display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity |
| PCT/CN2023/075355 WO2023151637A1 (en) | 2022-02-10 | 2023-02-10 | Display substrate having photosensitivity and electrical conductivity |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202210127051.5A CN114604013A (en) | 2022-02-10 | 2022-02-10 | Display substrate with photosensitivity and conductivity |
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| WO (1) | WO2023151637A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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| WO2023151637A1 (en) * | 2022-02-10 | 2023-08-17 | 四川旭虹光电科技有限公司 | Display substrate having photosensitivity and electrical conductivity |
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