CN114591617A - Polycarbonate material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Polycarbonate material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN114591617A
CN114591617A CN202210228954.2A CN202210228954A CN114591617A CN 114591617 A CN114591617 A CN 114591617A CN 202210228954 A CN202210228954 A CN 202210228954A CN 114591617 A CN114591617 A CN 114591617A
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polycarbonate
polycarbonate material
ceramic
phosphate
heat
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李明昆
杨燕
刘贤文
彭民乐
艾军伟
丁超
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Kingfa Science and Technology Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/49Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • C08K5/51Phosphorus bound to oxygen
    • C08K5/52Phosphorus bound to oxygen only
    • C08K5/521Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4
    • C08K5/523Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4 with hydroxyaryl compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/24Acids; Salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/32Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/34Silicon-containing compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/49Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • C08K5/51Phosphorus bound to oxygen
    • C08K5/52Phosphorus bound to oxygen only
    • C08K5/521Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/32Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • C08K2003/321Phosphates
    • C08K2003/325Calcium, strontium or barium phosphate
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10Process efficiency

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of engineering plastics, and particularly relates to a polycarbonate material, and a preparation method and application thereof. The material comprises polycarbonate, a phosphate compound and organic ceramic, wherein the organic ceramic can form a heat-conducting network chain in the polycarbonate material, so that the heat-conducting property of the material is remarkably improved; meanwhile, the organic ceramic filler can be fully infiltrated by the phosphate compound, the organic ceramic heat-conducting network chain is assisted to be formed, and the heat-conducting property of the material is further improved. And the polycarbonate, the phosphate compound and the organic ceramic act synergistically together, so that the prepared polycarbonate material has good thermal conductivity, fluidity and mechanical properties, and is very suitable for preparing plastic parts of heating products with high requirements on thermal conductivity and heat dissipation.

Description

Polycarbonate material and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of engineering plastics. More particularly, it relates to a polycarbonate material and its preparation method and application.
Background
Polycarbonate (PC) is an engineering plastic with excellent performance, has high mechanical strength, good impact resistance, stable size, good heat resistance, excellent electrical insulation property and good comprehensive performance, and is widely applied to the fields of household appliances, digital products and the like. For the electronic and electrical industry, for example, heat generated by electronic devices such as electronic components and chips can be rapidly accumulated and increased, the devices can not work normally due to overhigh temperature, and the metal with good heat conduction performance is usually used as a heat dissipation shell, but the metal shell can bring about the problems of signal shielding and the like. In order to solve the problems, the heat-conducting plastic is produced at the same time, and compared with metal, the heat-conducting plastic has the characteristics of light weight, strong plasticity, easy processing and forming, chemical corrosion resistance and the like; meanwhile, the heat-conducting plastic has the advantages of color diversity and low comprehensive cost, can meet the design freedom degree to the maximum extent, and becomes a good alternative scheme.
At present, the heat-conducting performance of the material is improved by adopting a method of adding a heat-conducting filler to uniformly fill a polymer matrix material. Among the common thermally conductive fillers are thermally conductive oxides (e.g., Al)2O3、MgO、SiO2Etc.), thermally conductive nitrides (e.g., AlN, Si3N4、BN、SiC、B4C3Etc.), the higher the thermal conductivity, the better the thermal conductivity of the plastic. For example, chinese patent application CN111087778A discloses a heat conductive polycarbonate composition with improved flow properties, which is obtained by adding surface-treated oxides, sulfides, and nitrides of main group II, III, and IV elements to achieve the effect of heat conduction. However, the filler adopted by the method needs higher filling amount to achieve better heat-conducting property, and the realization of high heat-conducting rate has a bottleneck; secondly, the impact property, the processing property and the like of the plastic can be directly reduced due to large filling amount, so that the practical application is influenced; and isThe surface polarity of the heat-conducting filler is strong, and the heat-conducting filler is difficult to uniformly disperse in a polymer, so that the viscosity of the composite material is increased, the requirement on production fluidity is difficult to meet, the mechanical property of the composite material is greatly reduced, and the application of the composite material is greatly limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the heat conductivity of the existing heat-conducting plastic is difficult to improve, and the impact property, the processing property, the flowing property and the like are reduced, and provides a polycarbonate material with good heat conductivity, impact property and fluidity.
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of the polycarbonate material.
The invention also aims to provide application of the polycarbonate material.
The above purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a polycarbonate material comprises the following components in parts by weight:
100 parts of polycarbonate, 1-5 parts of phosphate ester compound and 10-40 parts of organic ceramic;
wherein the organic ceramic is selected from one or more of zirconium silicate ceramic, calcium phosphate ceramic, aluminum silicate ceramic and calcium aluminate ceramic. According to the invention, a phosphate compound and organic ceramic are added into polycarbonate and mixed to prepare the polycarbonate material, wherein the organic ceramic interacts with each other to form a heat conduction network chain similar to a net or a chain in a system, and the direction of the heat conduction network chain is consistent with the direction of heat flow, so that the heat conduction performance is obviously improved; in addition, the effect of the invention can be achieved only within a specific content range, when the content is too low, a network cannot be formed, and when the content is too high, the network structure is damaged, the heat conduction is influenced, and the impact and the fluidity are reduced. The phosphate compound has good infiltration effect, can fully infiltrate the organic ceramic, adjusts the combination degree of the organic ceramic and the polycarbonate matrix, and is beneficial to forming a uniform heat conduction network.
The two materials can improve the thermal conductivity through the combined action in the polycarbonate, and simultaneously can ensure high impact and high fluidity, and have better processing performance.
Further, the organic ceramic has an average particle size of 3 to 10 μm.
Furthermore, the sphericity of the organic ceramic is 0.8 to 1. The organic ceramic with specific sphericity is selected, so that the heat conductivity and the fluidity of the polycarbonate material can be better improved. Wherein the test method of sphericity is determined with reference to qualitative and quantitative representations of the shape and morphology of ISO 9276-6-2008 particles.
Further, the kinematic viscosity of the phosphate ester compound is (10-200) cps when measured at 70 ℃. The phosphate compound with specific kinematic viscosity can obviously improve the thermal conductivity and the fluidity of the polycarbonate material. Preferably, the phosphate ester compound has a kinematic viscosity of (100-200) cps when measured at 70 ℃. Wherein the kinematic viscosity is measured by referring to GB 265-1988 petroleum product kinematic viscosity measurement method and dynamic viscometer algorithm.
Still further, the phosphate ester compound is selected from one or more of triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol-bis (diphenyl phosphate), bisphenol a-bis (diphenyl phosphate), condensed phosphate, phosphazene.
Further, the melt index of the polycarbonate is (3-64) g/10min measured at 300 ℃ under the condition of 1.2 kg. The detection method of the molten finger refers to ISO 1133-2011 for measurement. Preferably, the polycarbonate has a melt index of (20-50) g/10min measured at 300 ℃ under the condition of 1.2 kg. Furthermore, the polycarbonate material further comprises 0.1-3 parts of an auxiliary agent.
Further, the auxiliary agent is selected from one or more of a stabilizer, a flame retardant, an anti-dripping agent, a lubricant, a mold release agent, a filler, an antistatic agent, an antibacterial agent and a coloring agent.
Further preferably, the stabilizer is n-octadecyl beta- (4-hydroxyphenyl-3, 5-di-tert-butyl) propionate (antioxidant 1076), pentaerythritol tetrakis- [3- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate ] ester (antioxidant 1010), 1,3,5- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) s-triazine-2, 4,6(1H, 3H, 5H) trione (antioxidant 3114), 1,3, 5-trimethyl-2, 4,6- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzene (antioxidant 1330), diethylene glycol bis [ beta- (3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) propionate ] or triethylene glycol bis beta- (3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5) -one or more of methyl phenyl) propionate (antioxidant 245), tris (2, 4-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) phosphite ester (phosphite triester 168), benzylidene propane di-ester (antioxidant B-CAP), bis (2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (antioxidant PEP-36), bis (2, 4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (antioxidant S-608) or C20-24-alpha-maleic anhydride-2, 2,6, 6-tetramethylolefin (antioxidant 5050H).
Further preferably, the flame retardant is one or more of a sulfonate flame retardant, a phosphazene flame retardant, a phosphate flame retardant or a silicon-containing flame retardant.
Further preferably, the anti-dripping agent is polytetrafluoroethylene.
Further preferably, the lubricant is one or more of a montan wax type lubricant, a silicone type lubricant, an alkane type lubricant or a pentaerythritol ester type lubricant.
Further preferably, the release agent is one or more of PPA release agent, montan wax release agent and silicon release agent.
Further preferably, the filler is one or more of talcum powder, wollastonite, mica, montmorillonite or kaolin.
Further preferably, the antistatic agent is one or more of polyether antistatic agents or monoglyceride antistatic agents.
More preferably, the antistatic agent is one or more of polyethylene glycol ester or ether, polyoxyethylene fatty ether, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether, polyether ester amide, ethylenediamine ethylene oxide, octylstyrene ether, polyether ester imide or fatty amine ethoxy ether.
Further preferably, the colorant is one or more of carbon black, black seeds, titanium dioxide, titanium yellow, phthalocyanine blue or anthraquinone red.
Further preferably, the antibacterial agent is one or more of a silver ion antibacterial agent, an anilide antibacterial agent, an imidazole antibacterial agent, a thiazole antibacterial agent, an isothiazolone derivative antibacterial agent, a quaternary ammonium salt antibacterial agent, a biguanidine antibacterial agent and a phenol antibacterial agent.
In addition, the invention also provides a preparation method of the polycarbonate material, which comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing the components, mixing at 270-290 ℃, melting, homogenizing, extruding, granulating and cooling to obtain the high-performance high-temperature-resistant high-pressure-resistant high-temperature-resistant high-pressure-resistant high-temperature-pressure-resistant high-temperature-resistant material.
In addition, the invention also provides application of the polycarbonate material in plastic parts of heat-generating products.
Further, the heat-generating product may be a wearable device, an electronic and electrical product (e.g., an electronic component, a chip), or the like.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the polycarbonate material is mainly prepared from polycarbonate, a phosphate compound and organic ceramic, wherein the organic ceramic can form a heat-conducting network chain in the polycarbonate material, so that the heat-conducting property of the material is remarkably improved; meanwhile, the organic ceramic filler can be fully infiltrated by the phosphate compound, the organic ceramic heat-conducting network chain is assisted to be formed, and the heat-conducting property of the material is further improved. And the polycarbonate, the phosphate compound and the organic ceramic act synergistically together, so that the prepared polycarbonate material has good thermal conductivity, fluidity and mechanical properties, and is very suitable for preparing plastic parts of heating products with high requirements on thermal conductivity and heat dissipation.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way. Reagents, methods and apparatus used in the present invention are conventional in the art unless otherwise indicated.
Polycarbonate 1: PC 7020PJ, Mitsubishi, Japan, bisphenol A polycarbonate, melt index (300 ℃, 1.2kg) is 20g/10 min;
polycarbonate 2: PC 7030PJ, Mitsubishi, Japan bisphenol A type polycarbonate, melt index (300 ℃, 1.2kg) 3g/10 min;
phosphate ester compound 1: bisphenol A-bis (diphenyl phosphate), Wansheng chemical, kinematic viscosity (70 deg.C) 200 cps;
phosphate ester Compound 2: resorcinol-bis (diphenyl phosphate), adico chemical, kinematic viscosity (70 ℃)100 cps;
phosphate ester Compound 3: triphenyl phosphate, edico chemical, kinematic viscosity (70 ℃)10 cps;
phosphate ester Compound 4: condensed phosphate ester, Edisco chemical, kinematic viscosity (70 ℃ C.) 250 cps.
Organic ceramic 1: aluminum silicate, Hulk bioceramic powder, chengjiake textile ltd, sphericity 0.8, average particle size 8 μm;
organic ceramic 2: calcium phosphate, alpha-Ca3(PO4)2Shanghai Mailuo pharmaceutical Co., sphericity 1, average particle size 3 μm;
organic ceramic 3: calcium aluminate, Kaili, Xintai melt Co., Ltd., sphericity 0.8, average particle diameter 10 m;
organic ceramic 4: calcium Phosphate (BCP), cydia, sphericity 0.6, mean particle size 5 μm.
Kaolin: polyfil HG 90, usa KAMIN kaolin.
Antioxidant: antioxidant 1076, n-octadecyl beta- (4-hydroxyphenyl-3, 5-di-tert-butyl) propionate, commercially available
Unless otherwise specified, some of the components (e.g., antioxidants) in the parallel examples and comparative examples of the present invention are the same commercial products.
Unless otherwise indicated, reagents and materials used in the following examples are commercially available.
Examples 1 to 9 polycarbonate materials having good thermal conductivity
The components of the polycarbonate material with good heat conductivity are shown in table 1, and the mixture ratio is shown in table 2.
TABLE 1 composition of polycarbonate materials
Group of Polycarbonate resin Organic ceramics Phosphate ester compound
Example 1 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramics 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
Example 2 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramic 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
Example 3 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramic 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
Example 4 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramics 2 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
Example 5 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramic 3 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
Example 6 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramics 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 2
Example 7 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramic 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 3
Example 8 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramic 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
Example 9 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramic 4 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
Example 10 Polycarbonate 1 Organic ceramic 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 4
Example 11 Polycarbonate 2 Organic ceramic 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1
TABLE 2 parts by weight of the components of the polycarbonate materials
Figure BDA0003537401420000051
Figure BDA0003537401420000061
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing the components, putting the mixture into a double-screw extruder, setting the temperature of a middle screw cylinder to be 270-290 ℃, setting the length-diameter ratio of the double-screw extruder to be 40:1 and the rotating speed to be 400 r/min, mixing, melting, homogenizing, extruding, granulating and cooling to obtain the composite material.
Comparative examples 1 to 7 polycarbonate materials
Comparative example the composition ratios of the polycarbonate materials are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 component proportions for comparative polycarbonate materials
Group of Polycarbonate resin Organic ceramic 1 Phosphoric acid ester Compound 1 Kaolin clay
Comparative example 1 100 / 4 /
Comparative example 2 100 5 4 /
Comparative example 3 100 50 4 /
Comparative example 4 100 15 10 /
Comparative example 5 100 15 / /
Comparative example 6 100 / 4 15
The difference from the embodiment 1 is that: comparative example 1 no organic ceramic was added; comparative example 2 the addition of the organic ceramic was too low (only 5 parts); comparative example 3 too high content of added organic ceramic (50 parts); comparative example 4 excessive (10 parts) of the phosphate ester compound was added; comparative example 5 no phosphate compound was added; comparative example 6 the organic ceramic was replaced with an equivalent amount of kaolin.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing the components, putting the mixture into a double-screw extruder, setting the temperature of a middle screw cylinder to be 270-290 ℃, setting the length-diameter ratio of the double-screw extruder to be 40:1 and the rotating speed to be 400 r/min, mixing, melting, homogenizing, extruding, granulating and cooling to obtain the composite material.
Experimental examples Performance test
The thermal conductivity and the flowability of the polycarbonate materials obtained in the examples and the comparative examples were measured.
The method for measuring the thermal conductivity comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of manufacturing a polycarbonate material into a sample plate with the size of 100mm multiplied by 2mm, placing the sample plate into a heat insulation effect simulation device, turning on a simulation light source under the conditions of ensuring constant room temperature and stable power of a simulation solar light source, recording the internal and external temperatures of the device once every half hour, obtaining the internal and external temperature difference delta T of the device at the moment T, and averaging after the temperature difference delta T is stable. If DeltaT is greater than 5, the evaluation is OK, and if DeltaT < 5, the result is NG.
The fluidity measurement method comprises the following steps: molding in a spiral mold with the thickness of 2.0mm multiplied by the width of 60mm under the conditions that the temperature of a charging barrel is 280 ℃ and the injection pressure is 85MPa, continuously injecting 10 plates, reading the flow length number, taking an average value to represent the fluidity of the material, wherein the higher the value, the higher the fluidity.
Test method of impact strength: the test is carried out according to ASTM D256-2010 standard test, under the conditions of 3.2mm thickness and pendulum impact strength of 2.75J.
The results are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 results of performance testing
Figure BDA0003537401420000071
Figure BDA0003537401420000081
As can be seen from the table, the PC material provided by each embodiment of the invention has better heat conductivity and fluidity, the heat conductivity is more than or equal to 4 ℃, the fluidity is more than or equal to 295mm, and the comprehensive performance of the embodiment 1 is optimal; among them, calcium phosphate (BCP) added in example 9 has a low sphericity and contributes less to thermal conductivity; the phosphate ester compound used in example 10 had too high a kinematic viscosity and slightly lowered thermal conductivity.
Comparative example 1 does not add organic ceramic, the heat conductivity is reduced apparently; comparative example 2 when the content of the added organic ceramic is too low (only 5 parts), the thermal conductivity is slightly improved, but the fluidity is reduced; comparative example 3 the addition of the organic ceramic had too high a content (50 parts) and low fluidity; comparative example 4 the thermal conductivity decreased with too much phosphate compound added; comparative example 5 no phosphate compound was added, the impact strength was slightly higher, but the fluidity was poor, and the thermal conductivity was low; comparative example 6 the kaolin was used instead of the organic ceramic, and the contribution to the thermal conductivity was low.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The polycarbonate material is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight:
100 parts of polycarbonate, 1-5 parts of phosphate ester compound and 10-40 parts of organic ceramic;
wherein the organic ceramic is selected from one or more of zirconium silicate ceramic, calcium phosphate ceramic, aluminum silicate ceramic and calcium aluminate ceramic.
2. The polycarbonate material according to claim 1, wherein the organic ceramic has an average particle size of 3 to 10 μm.
3. The polycarbonate material of claim 1, wherein the organic ceramic has a sphericity of 0.8 to 1.
4. The polycarbonate material of claim 1, wherein the phosphate ester compound has a kinematic viscosity of (10-200) cps when measured at 70 ℃.
5. The polycarbonate material of claim 1, wherein the phosphate compound is selected from one or more of triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol-bis (diphenyl phosphate), bisphenol-a-bis (diphenyl phosphate), condensed phosphate, and phosphazene.
6. The polycarbonate material of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate has a melt index of (3-64) g/10min measured at 300 ℃ under 1.2 kg.
7. The polycarbonate material of any one of claims 1-6, further comprising 0.1-3 parts of an additive.
8. The polycarbonate material of claim 7, wherein the additives are selected from one or more of stabilizers, flame retardants, anti-drip agents, lubricants, mold release agents, fillers, antistatic agents, antimicrobial agents, and colorants.
9. The method for preparing the polycarbonate material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of:
uniformly mixing the components, mixing at 270-290 ℃, melting, homogenizing, extruding, granulating and cooling to obtain the high-performance high-temperature-resistant high-pressure-resistant high-temperature-resistant high-pressure-resistant high-temperature-pressure-resistant high-temperature-resistant material.
10. Use of the polycarbonate material of any of claims 1 to 8 in the plastic part of heat-generating products.
CN202210228954.2A 2022-03-08 2022-03-08 Polycarbonate material and preparation method and application thereof Pending CN114591617A (en)

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