CN114583270B - Lithium ion battery - Google Patents
Lithium ion battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN114583270B CN114583270B CN202210086571.6A CN202210086571A CN114583270B CN 114583270 B CN114583270 B CN 114583270B CN 202210086571 A CN202210086571 A CN 202210086571A CN 114583270 B CN114583270 B CN 114583270B
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- positive electrode
- lithium ion
- ion battery
- negative electrode
- material layer
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 61
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- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
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- XHGIFBQQEGRTPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(prop-2-enyl) phosphate Chemical compound C=CCOP(=O)(OCC=C)OCC=C XHGIFBQQEGRTPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungstate Chemical compound [O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
In order to overcome the problem of insufficient safety performance of the existing high-voltage high-compaction lithium ion battery, the invention provides a lithium ion battery, which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode material layer, the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material layer, the positive electrode material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material comprises LiCoO 2 The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises a nonaqueous organic solvent, lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a compound shown in a structural formula 1:wherein n is 0 or 1, A is selected from C or O, and X is selected fromOr (b)R 1 、R 2 Each independently selected from H,Or (b)R 1 And R is 2 Not simultaneously selected from H, and X, R 1 And R is 2 Contains at least one sulfur atom; the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:and a is more than or equal to 8% and less than or equal to 58%, m is more than or equal to 0.05% and less than or equal to 5%, and 1.55g/cm 3 ≤n≤1.9g/cm 3 . The lithium ion battery provided by the invention effectively improves the safety performance of the battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of energy storage battery devices, and particularly relates to a lithium ion battery.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high working voltage, wide working temperature range, high energy density and power density, no memory effect, long cycle life and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of 3C digital products such as mobile phones, notebook computers and the like and the fields of new energy automobiles. In recent years, with the continuous development of 3C digital products with reduced weight and thickness, the requirement of the battery industry for high energy density of lithium ion batteries is also increasing, and meanwhile, due to the consideration of the user end, good safety performance has become a basic requirement of batteries.
In the positive electrode aspect, liCoO 2 Has the highest volume energy density in a plurality of positive electrode materials and better multiplying power performance, but LiCoO is gradually increased along with the increasing of the voltage of the battery 2 And when the lithium ion battery enters a higher lithium removal state, the structural stability of the material is poor, the Co in the positive electrode is easy to perform disproportionation reaction, and is dissolved in electrolyte in an ionic form, so that the structural damage of the positive electrode is caused, and the thermal runaway risk is easy to occur at high temperature and high pressure. And, the Co that dissolves out migrates to the negative electrode interface, takes place ion exchange with lithium in the negative electrode, takes up the negative electrode and inserts lithium position, leads to the negative electrode to store the lithium ability to reduce, and each performance of battery is poor, specifically shows: the battery produces gas, the internal resistance increases rapidly, and the capacity decreases sharply. The internal pressure of the battery can be increased due to gas generation, and the battery can be further developed into dangerous situations such as explosion and combustion of the battery, so that the high-voltage battery needs to be matched with electrolyte with better safety performance.
The angle of the cathode is a common means in the industry for improving the energy density and high compaction, and the purpose of bearing more active substances is achieved by reducing the porosity of the cathode. However, the higher the compacted density of the negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery, the higher the requirement on the electrolyte. The electrolyte suitable for the conventional compacted negative electrode is in a high-compaction system, a series of problems such as lithium precipitation, cycle life reduction, rate performance reduction and the like of the battery are easy to occur, and the damage of Co ions dissolved out from the positive electrode to the negative electrode is more serious under the high-compaction condition, so that the risk of safety accidents of the battery is further increased.
Thus in use of high voltage LiCoO 2 The design of the electrolyte is particularly important to the safety performance of the battery system matched with the high-compaction negative electrode.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem of insufficient safety performance of the existing high-voltage high-compaction lithium ion battery, the invention provides a lithium ion battery.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the invention provides a lithium ion battery, which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode material layer, the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material layer, the positive electrode material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material comprises LiCoO 2 The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises a nonaqueous organic solvent, lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a compound shown in a structural formula 1:
wherein n is 0 or 1, A is selected from C or O, and X is selected fromR 1 、R 2 Each independently selected from H, & gt> R 1 And R is 2 Not simultaneously selected from H, and X, R 1 And R is 2 Contains at least one sulfur atom;
the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:
and a is more than or equal to 8% and less than or equal to 58%, m is more than or equal to 0.05% and less than or equal to 5%, and 1.55g/cm 3 ≤n≤1.9g/cm 3 ；
Wherein a is the percentage value of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte and the mass of the positive electrode material layer, and the unit is;
m is the mass percentage content of a compound shown in a structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte, and the unit is;
n is the compacted density of the negative electrode material layer, and the unit is g/cm 3 。
Optionally, the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:
optionally, the percentage value a of the mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer is 10% -40%.
Optionally, the mass percentage content m of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.05% -3%.
Optionally, the negative electrode material layer has a compacted density n of 1.6g/cm 3 ～1.85g/cm 3 。
Optionally, the compound represented by the structural formula 1 is selected from one or more of the following compounds 1 to 22:
optionally, the porosity of the negative electrode material layer is 50% or less.
Alternatively, the lithium salt is selected from LiPF 6 、LiPO 2 F 2 、LiBF 4 、LiBOB、LiSbF 6 、LiAsF 6 、LiCF 3 SO 3 、LiDFOB、LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 、LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 、LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 、LiN(SO 2 F) 2 、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO 4 、LiBF 4 、LiB 10 Cl 10 、LiAlCl 4 At least one of lithium chloroborane, lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate having 4 or less carbon atoms, lithium tetraphenyl borate, and lithium iminoborate.
Optionally, the nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises an auxiliary additive, wherein the auxiliary additive comprises at least one of a cyclic sulfate compound, a sultone compound, a cyclic carbonate compound, an unsaturated phosphate compound and a nitrile compound, and the addition amount of the auxiliary additive is 0.01-30% based on the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte being 100%.
Optionally, the cyclic sulfate compound is selected from at least one of vinyl sulfate, propylene sulfate or vinyl methyl sulfate;
the sultone compound is at least one selected from 1, 3-propane sultone, 1, 4-butane sultone or 1, 3-propylene sultone;
the cyclic carbonate compound is at least one selected from ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate or a compound shown in a structural formula 2,
in the structural formula 2, R 21 、R 22 、R 23 、R 24 、R 25 、R 26 Each independently selected from one of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C5 group;
the unsaturated phosphate compound is at least one compound shown in a structural formula 3:
in the structural formula 3, R 31 、R 32 、R 32 Each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C5 saturated hydrocarbon groups, unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, halogenated hydrocarbon groups, -Si (C) m H 2m+1 ) 3 M is a natural number of 1 to 3, and R 31 、R 32 、R 33 At least one of them is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group;
the nitrile compound is selected from one or more of succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether, hexanedinitrile, adiponitrile, pimelic dinitrile, suberonitrile, nonyldinitrile and decyldinitrile.
According to the lithium ion battery provided by the invention, liCoO is adopted 2 As a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode material layer with high compacted density, the energy density of a battery can be effectively improved, and meanwhile, a compound shown as a structural formula 1 is added into a nonaqueous electrolyte as an additive, the inventor finds that when a percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer, a mass percentage m of the compound shown as the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte and the compacted density n of the negative electrode material layer satisfy the conditions through a large number of researchesIn the process, the compound shown in the structural formula 1 can be decomposed at the interface of the positive electrode and the negative electrode to generate a passivation film with a more stable structure and a more compact composition, which is favorable for reducing the dissolution of Co ions in the positive electrode, avoiding the problem of thermal runaway caused by the structural damage of the positive electrode material, improving the stability of the negative electrode, and inhibiting the increase of the impedance of the negative electrode, so that the accumulation of heat in the battery caused by overlarge impedance is avoided, and the safety performance of the battery is effectively improved.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical schemes and beneficial effects solved by the invention more clear, the invention is further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Implementation of the inventionThe embodiment provides a lithium ion battery, comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode material layer, the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material layer, the positive electrode material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material comprises LiCoO 2 The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises a nonaqueous organic solvent, lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a compound shown in a structural formula 1:
wherein n is 0 or 1, A is selected from C or O, and X is selected fromR 1 、R 2 Each independently selected from H, & gt> R 1 And R is 2 Not simultaneously selected from H, and X, R 1 And R is 2 Contains at least one sulfur atom;
the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:
and a is more than or equal to 8% and less than or equal to 58%, m is more than or equal to 0.05% and less than or equal to 5%, and 1.55g/cm 3 ≤n≤1.9g/cm 3 ；
Wherein a is the percentage value of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte and the mass of the positive electrode material layer, and the unit is;
m is the mass percentage content of a compound shown in a structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte, and the unit is;
n is the compacted density of the negative electrode material layer, and the unit is g/cm 3 。
The inventor has found through extensive research that when the quality of the nonaqueous electrolyte isThe mass percentage value a of the positive electrode material layer, the mass percentage m of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte and the compaction density n of the negative electrode material layer meet the conditionsIn the process, the compound shown in the structural formula 1 can be decomposed at the interface of the positive electrode and the negative electrode to generate a passivation film with a more stable structure and a more compact composition, which is favorable for reducing the dissolution of Co ions in the positive electrode, avoiding the problem of thermal runaway caused by the structural damage of the positive electrode material, improving the stability of the negative electrode, and inhibiting the increase of the impedance of the negative electrode, so that the accumulation of heat in the battery caused by overlarge impedance is avoided, and the safety performance of the battery is effectively improved.
In some embodiments, when n is 0, the compound of formula 1 is:
wherein A is selected from C or O and X is selected fromR 1 、R 2 Each independently selected from H,R 1 And R is 2 Not simultaneously selected from H, and X, R 1 And R is 2 Contains at least one sulfur atom.
In some embodiments, when n is 1, the compound of formula 1 is:
wherein A is selected from C or O and X is selected fromR 1 、R 2 Each independently selected from H,R 1 And R is 2 Not simultaneously selected from H, and X, R 1 And R is 2 Contains at least one sulfur atom.
In a preferred embodiment, the lithium ion battery satisfies the following conditions:
the mass percent value a of the nonaqueous electrolyte and the mass percent value a of the positive electrode material layer, the mass percent content m of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte and the compaction density n of the negative electrode material layer are related, so that the influences of the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte on the battery performance can be integrated to a certain extent, and the lithium ion battery with excellent safety performance can be obtained.
In specific embodiments, the percentage value a of the nonaqueous electrolyte mass to the positive electrode material layer mass may be 8%, 9%, 10%, 13%, 15%, 16%, 18%, 21%, 23%, 24%, 26%, 27%, 29%, 30%, 32%, 33%, 35%, 39%, 41%, 43%, 46%, 49%, 53%, 56% or 58%.
In a preferred embodiment, the percentage value a of the mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer is 10% -40%.
The positive electrode material layer is made of porous materials, the compound shown in the structural formula 1 is decomposed on the surface of the positive electrode material layer to form a passivation film, the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer influences the infiltration of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the positive electrode material layer, and further influences the surface contact efficiency of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte to the positive electrode material layer, meanwhile, the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer also jointly determines the total amount of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the battery with the mass percentage m of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte, so that the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer is a limiting condition directly related to the battery system, and the free nonaqueous electrolyte in the lithium ion battery is increased, and the gas production probability of the battery is increased; the ratio a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer is too small, so that the intercalation and deintercalation efficiency of lithium ions in the positive electrode material layer is affected, the impedance of the battery is increased, meanwhile, the compound with the structural formula 1 reacts with the positive electrode material layer to form a passivation film, and a nonaqueous organic solvent in the nonaqueous electrolyte participates in the decomposition reaction, so that the problems of gas production and cycle performance reduction are also brought.
In specific embodiments, the mass percentage m of the compound represented by structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte may be 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.12%, 0.15%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.7%, 1.9%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.7%, 2.9%, 3.1%, 3.3%, 3.5%, 3.7%, 4.2%, 4.4%, 4.7%, 4.9% or 5.0%.
In a preferred embodiment, the mass percentage m of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.05% -3%.
In a more preferred embodiment, the mass percentage m of the compound represented by the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.1% -2%.
If the content of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte is too small, the generation quality of passivation films on the surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be influenced, and the dissolution of Co ions in the positive electrode is difficult to effectively inhibit and the negative electrode material layer is difficult to protect; if the content of the compound represented by structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte is too large, the viscosity of the nonaqueous electrolyte increases, which affects the wetting of the positive and negative electrode materials by the nonaqueous electrolyte, and the impedance increases, which affects the battery performance.
In a specific embodiment, the negative electrode material layer may have a compacted density n of 1.55g/cm 3 、1.6g/cm 3 、1.65g/cm 3 、1.7g/cm 3 、1.75g/cm 3 、1.8g/cm 3 、1.83g/cm 3 、1.86g/cm 3 、1.89g/cm 3 Or 1.9g/cm 3
In a preferred embodiment, the negative electrode material layer has a compacted density n of 1.6g/cm 3 ～1.85g/cm 3 。
In a more preferred embodiment, the negative electrode material layer has a compacted density n of 1.65g/cm 3 ～1.85g/cm 3 。
The negative electrode material layer is of a porous structure, and the charging and discharging process of the battery actually comprises liquid phase conduction of lithium ions in the negative electrode material layer, so that the richness of pore channels in the negative electrode material layer directly influences the electrochemical performance of the battery. Under the same conditions, the smaller the compaction density of the anode material layer, the more developed the pore channel structure, which is more beneficial to the liquid phase conduction of active ions, especially under the severe condition that the battery is repeatedly expanded after multiple charge and discharge. However, the compaction density is too small, so that the negative electrode plate can be subjected to film removal and powder removal, and the electronic conductivity is poor during charging to produce lithium precipitation, so that the electrochemical performance of the battery is affected, and the energy density of the battery is reduced. Since the compacted density of the negative electrode affects the wetting effect of the nonaqueous electrolyte on the negative electrode and the volume expansion rate of the negative electrode, the compacted size is also directly related to the performance of the battery system. When the compacted density of the anode material layer is in the above range, the lithium ion battery has the best performance.
In some embodiments, the compound of formula 1 is selected from one or more of the following compounds 1-22:
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the above is only a preferred compound of the present invention, and does not represent a limitation of the present invention.
The preparation method of the above-mentioned compound can be known to those skilled in the art based on common general knowledge in the field of chemical synthesis, knowing the structural formula of the compound represented by structural formula 1. For example: compound 7 can be made by the following method:
placing sorbitol, dimethyl carbonate, a methanol alkaline substance catalyst potassium hydroxide, DMF and other organic solvents in a reaction vessel, reacting for a plurality of hours under the heating condition, adding a certain amount of oxalic acid to adjust the pH to be neutral, filtering, recrystallizing to obtain an intermediate product 1, esterifying the intermediate product 1, the carbonate, thionyl chloride and the like under the high temperature condition to obtain an intermediate product 2, and oxidizing the intermediate product 2 by using an oxidant such as sodium periodate and the like to obtain the compound 7.
In some embodiments, the porosity of the negative electrode material layer is 50% or less, preferably 35% or less.
In some embodiments, the lithium salt is selected from LiPF 6 、LiPO 2 F 2 、LiBF 4 、LiBOB、LiSbF 6 、LiAsF 6 、LiCF 3 SO 3 、LiDFOB、LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 、LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 、LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 、LiN(SO 2 F) 2 、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO 4 、LiBF 4 、LiB 10 Cl 10 、LiAlCl 4 At least one of lithium chloroborane, lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate having 4 or less carbon atoms, lithium tetraphenyl borate, and lithium iminoborate. Specifically, the lithium salt may be LiBF 4 、LiClO 4 、LiAlF 4 、LiSbF 6 、LiTaF 6 、LiWF 7 An inorganic lithium salt; liPF (LiPF) 6 Lithium isophosphate; liWOF 5 Lithium tungstate; HCO (hydrogen chloride) 2 Li、CH 3 CO 2 Li、CH 2 FCO 2 Li、CHF 2 CO 2 Li、CF 3 CO 2 Li、CF 3 CH 2 CO 2 Li、CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Lithium carboxylates such as Li; CH (CH) 3 SO 3 Lithium sulfonate such as Li; liN (FCO) 2 ) 2 、LiN(FCO)(FSO 2 )、LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 、LiN(FSO 2 )(CF 3 SO 2 )、LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 、LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 Cyclic 1, 2-perfluoroethanedisulfonimide lithium, cyclic 1, 3-perfluoropropanedisulfonylimide lithium, and LiN (CF) 3 SO 2 )(C 4 F 9 SO 2 ) Lithium imide salts; liC (FSO) 2 ) 3 、LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 、LiC(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 Isomethyllithium salts; lithium oxalate salts such as lithium difluorooxalato borate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, lithium tetrafluorooxalato phosphate, lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate, and lithium tris (oxalato) phosphate; liPF (liquid crystal display) and LiPF 4 (CF 3 ) 2 、LiPF 4 (C 2 F 5 ) 2 、LiPF 4 (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 、LiPF 4 (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 、LiBF 3 CF 3 、LiBF 3 C 2 F 5 、LiBF 3 C 3 F 7 、LiBF 2 (CF 3 ) 2 、LiBF 2 (C 2 F 5 ) 2 、LiBF 2 (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 、LiBF 2 (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 And fluorine-containing organolithium salts.
In general, lithium salt in an electrolyte is a transfer unit of lithium ions, and the concentration of lithium salt directly affects the transfer rate of lithium ions, which affects the potential change of a negative electrode. In the process of quick battery charging, the moving speed of lithium ions needs to be improved as much as possible, the formation of lithium dendrites caused by too fast negative electrode potential drop is prevented, potential safety hazards are brought to the battery, and meanwhile, the too fast attenuation of the circulating capacity of the battery can be prevented.
In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of the lithium salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is 0.5 to 3.5mol/L.
In a preferred embodiment, the total concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolyte may be 0.5 to 2.0mol/L, 0.5 to 0.6mol/L, 0.6 to 0.7mol/L, 0.7 to 0.8mol/L, 0.8 to 0.9mol/L, 0.9 to 1.0mol/L, 1.0 to 1.1mol/L, 1.1 to 1.2mol/L, 1.2 to 1.3mol/L, 1.3 to 1.4mol/L, 1.4 to 1.5mol/L, 1.5 to 1.6mol/L, 1.6 to 1.7mol/L, 1.7 to 1.8mol/L, 1.8 to 1.9mol/L, or 1.9 to 1.9mol/L, or 0.7 to 1.8mol/L, and preferably 0.7 to 1.8 mol/L.
In some embodiments, the nonaqueous electrolyte further includes an auxiliary additive, wherein the auxiliary additive includes at least one of a cyclic sulfate compound, a sultone compound, a cyclic carbonate compound, a phosphate compound, a borate compound, and a nitrile compound;
in a preferred embodiment, the cyclic sulfate compound is selected from at least one of vinyl sulfate, propylene sulfate, or vinyl methyl sulfate;
the sultone compound is at least one selected from methyl disulfonic acid methylene ester, 1, 3-propane sultone, 1, 4-butane sultone or 1, 3-propylene sultone;
the cyclic carbonate compound is at least one selected from ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate or a compound shown in a structural formula 2,
in the structural formula 2, R 21 、R 22 、R 23 、R 24 、R 25 、R 26 Each independently selected from one of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C5 group;
the phosphate compound is at least one selected from tri (trimethylsilane) phosphate and a compound shown in a structural formula 3:
in the structural formula 3, R 31 、R 32 、R 32 Each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C5 saturated hydrocarbon groups, unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, halogenated hydrocarbon groups, -Si (C) m H 2m+1 ) 3 M is a natural number of 1 to 3, and R 31 、R 32 、R 33 At least one of them is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group.
In a preferred embodiment, the unsaturated phosphate compound may be at least one of tri (trimethylsilane) phosphate, tripropylethyl phosphate, dipropargyl methyl phosphate, dipropargylethyl phosphate, dipropargylpropyl phosphate, dipropargyl trifluoromethyl phosphate, dipropargyl-2, 2-trifluoroethyl phosphate, dipropargyl-3, 3-trifluoropropyl phosphate, dipropargyl hexafluoroisopropyl phosphate, triallyl phosphate, diallyl methyl phosphate, diallyl ethyl phosphate, diallyl propyl phosphate, diallyl trifluoromethyl phosphate, diallyl-2, 2-trifluoroethyl phosphate, diallyl-3, 3-trifluoropropyl phosphate, diallyl hexafluoroisopropyl phosphate.
The borate compound is selected from tris (trimethylsilane) borate;
the nitrile compound is selected from one or more of succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether, hexanedinitrile, adiponitrile, pimelic dinitrile, suberonitrile, nonyldinitrile and decyldinitrile.
In other embodiments, the auxiliary additive may further include other additives that improve battery performance: for example, additives that enhance the safety performance of the battery, specifically flame retardant additives such as fluorophosphate and cyclophosphazene, or overcharge-preventing additives such as t-amyl benzene and t-butyl benzene.
In some embodiments, the auxiliary additive is added in an amount of 0.01% to 30% based on 100% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
In general, the addition amount of any one of the optional substances in the auxiliary additive to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is 10% or less, preferably 0.1 to 5%, and more preferably 0.1 to 2%, unless otherwise specified. Specifically, the addition amount of any optional substance in the auxiliary additive may be 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 3%, 3.2%, 3.5%, 3.8%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 7.8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, 10%.
In some embodiments, when the auxiliary additive is selected from fluoroethylene carbonate, the fluoroethylene carbonate is added in an amount of 0.05% to 30% based on 100% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
In some embodiments, the positive electrode further comprises a positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode material layer covers the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
The positive current collector is selected from a metal material that can conduct electrons, preferably, the positive current collector includes one or more of Al, ni, tin, copper, stainless steel, and in a more preferred embodiment, the positive current collector is selected from aluminum foil.
In some embodiments, the positive electrode active material layer further comprises a positive electrode binder and a positive electrode conductive agent, and the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode conductive agent are blended to obtain the positive electrode material layer.
The positive electrode binder includes thermoplastic resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, a copolymer of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-trichloroethylene, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-fluoroethylene, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene, thermoplastic polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, and the like; an acrylic resin; and one or more of styrene butadiene rubber.
The positive electrode conductive agent comprises one or more of conductive carbon black, conductive carbon spheres, conductive graphite, conductive carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene or reduced graphene oxide.
In some embodiments, the negative electrode material layer includes a negative electrode active material including one or more of a carbon-based negative electrode, a tin-based negative electrode, a silicon-based negative electrode, and a lithium negative electrode. Wherein the carbon-based negative electrode may include graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, mesophase carbon microspheres, and the like; the silicon-based negative electrode may include one or more of a silicon material, an oxide of silicon, a silicon-carbon composite material, and a silicon alloy material; the tin-based negative electrode may include tin, tin carbon, tin oxygen, and tin metal compounds; the lithium negative electrode may include metallic lithium or a lithium alloy. The lithium alloy may specifically be at least one of a lithium silicon alloy, a lithium sodium alloy, a lithium potassium alloy, a lithium aluminum alloy, a lithium tin alloy, and a lithium indium alloy.
In some embodiments, the negative electrode further comprises a negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode material layer covers the surface of the negative electrode current collector. The material of the negative electrode current collector may be the same as that of the positive electrode current collector, and will not be described again. In a more preferred embodiment, the negative current collector is selected from copper foil.
In some embodiments, the negative electrode material layer further comprises a negative electrode binder and a negative electrode conductive agent, and the negative electrode active material, the negative electrode binder and the negative electrode conductive agent are blended to obtain the negative electrode material layer. The negative electrode binder and the negative electrode conductive agent may be the same as the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode conductive agent, respectively, and will not be described again here.
In some embodiments, a separator is also included in the battery, the separator being located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
The membrane can be an existing conventional membrane, and can be a ceramic membrane, a polymer membrane, a non-woven fabric, an inorganic-organic composite membrane and the like, including but not limited to a membrane such as single-layer PP (polypropylene), single-layer PE (polyethylene), double-layer PP/PE, double-layer PP/PP, and three-layer PP/PE/PP.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
The compounds referred to in the following examples and comparative examples are shown in table 1 below:
TABLE 1
Table 2 examples and comparative examples designs of parameters
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Example 1
The embodiment is used for explaining the lithium ion battery and the preparation method thereof, and comprises the following operation steps:
1) Preparation of positive electrode plate
LiCoO as positive electrode active material 2 Dispersing conductive carbon black and a binder PVDF into a non-aqueous organic solvent NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) and uniformly mixing to obtain anode slurry; and uniformly coating the positive electrode slurry on a positive electrode current collector aluminum foil, and drying, rolling and cutting to obtain a positive electrode plate, wherein the weight ratio of the positive electrode active material to the conductive carbon black to the binder PVDF is 96:2:2.
2) Preparation of negative electrode plate
Dispersing negative electrode active material graphite, a conductive agent, CMC and SBR in deionized water according to a weight ratio of 96:1:1:2, and stirring to obtain negative electrode slurry; and uniformly coating the negative electrode slurry on a negative electrode current collector copper foil, and drying, rolling and cutting to obtain a negative electrode plate, wherein the compaction density of the negative electrode plate is shown in table 1.
3) Preparation of nonaqueous electrolyte
Uniformly mixing Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a weight ratio of 30:70, and adding LiPF 6 And (3) adding the compound shown in the structural formula 1 to 1mol/L, and dissolving the compound in the nonaqueous organic solvent to obtain a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the content of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte is shown in table 1, and the content is calculated according to the percentage of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
4) Preparation of lithium ion batteries
And sequentially stacking the positive electrode plate, the isolating film and the negative electrode plate by adopting a lamination process, and then performing the procedures of top side sealing, non-aqueous electrolyte injection and the like to prepare the soft package battery. The injection amount of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is shown in table 1.
5) Formation into
The method comprises the following steps of: and (3) carrying out constant current charging at 0.05C for 180min, constant current charging at 0.1C for 180min, shaping and sealing after standing for 24hr, then further carrying out constant current charging at 0.2C until the voltage is cut off, and carrying out constant current discharging at 0.2C until the voltage is 3.0V after standing for 24hr at normal temperature.
Examples 2 to 37
Examples 2 to 37 are for illustrating the lithium ion battery and the method of manufacturing the same disclosed in the present invention, and include most of the operation steps in example 1, which are different in that:
the negative electrode compacted density, electrolyte additive components, and injection ratio of the electrolyte shown in table 1 were used.
Comparative examples 1 to 15
Comparative examples 1 to 15 are for comparative illustration of the disclosed battery and its preparation method, including most of the operation steps in example 1, except that:
the negative electrode compacted density, electrolyte additive components, and injection ratio of the electrolyte shown in table 1 were used.
Performance testing
The lithium ion battery prepared by the method is subjected to the following performance test:
(1) Thermal shock testing
At 25 ℃, the lithium ion battery is placed for 5 minutes, is charged to 4.48V at a constant current with a 1C multiplying power, is charged to a current of less than or equal to 0.05C at a constant voltage, and is placed for 5 minutes. Then the battery was placed in a high temperature box, the temperature of the high temperature box was set to rise from 25 ℃ to 130 ℃ at a rate of 2 ℃/min, and the temperature was kept for 1 hour. And monitoring the surface temperature and the state of the battery in the heating process and the heat preservation process.
(2) High temperature cycle performance test
At 45 ℃, placing a lithium ion secondary battery for 5 minutes, charging to 4.48V at a constant current of 1C rate, charging to a current of 0.05C or less at a constant voltage, placing for 5 minutes, discharging to 3.0V at a constant current of 1C rate, performing 700 cycles of charge and discharge tests according to the method, recording the discharge capacity of each cycle, and discharging DCIR, wherein the calculation method of the capacity retention rate and the DCIR growth rate of 700 cycles is as follows:
capacity retention after 700 cycles (%) =discharge capacity at 700 cycles/discharge capacity at 1 cycle×100%.
DCIR increase rate (%) = (discharge DCIR at 700 th turn-discharge DCIR at 1 st turn)/discharge DCIR at 1 st turn after 700 turns.
(1) The test results obtained in examples 1 to 28 and comparative examples 1 to 15 are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Table 3
From the test results of examples 1 to 28 and comparative examples 1 to 15, it is understood that the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer in the lithium ion battery, the mass percentage of the compound represented by structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyteThe content m and the compacted density n of the anode material layer have a mutual correlation function, and when the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution to the mass of the cathode material layer, the mass percentage content m of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte solution and the compacted density n of the anode material layer satisfy the relational expressionAnd a is more than or equal to 8% and less than or equal to 58%, m is more than or equal to 0.05% and less than or equal to 5%, and 1.55g/cm 3 ≤n≤1.9g/cm 3 In the process, the thermal shock resistance and the high-temperature cycle performance of the obtained lithium ion battery are greatly improved, and it is presumed that the compound shown in the structural formula 1 can generate a passivation film which is stable and compact at high temperature on the interface of the positive electrode and the negative electrode under the conditions of the addition proportion and the negative electrode compaction density, so that the dissolution of Co ions in the positive electrode is reduced, the stability of the positive electrode material is improved, the problem of thermal runaway caused by structural damage of the positive electrode material is avoided, meanwhile, the increase of the negative electrode impedance is also inhibited, the accumulation of heat in the battery caused by the overlarge impedance is avoided, the surface temperature of the battery is reduced under the thermal shock state, and the safety performance and the high-temperature cycle performance of the battery are improved.
From the test results of comparative examples 1 to 8, it is understood that even if the value a, the value m and the value n satisfy the parameter range limits, the excessive or excessively small value am/n may cause degradation of the battery safety performance and the high temperature cycle performance, which means that the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte and the mass of the positive electrode material layer in the lithium ion battery, the mass percentage m of the compound shown in structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte and the compaction density n of the negative electrode material layer are mutually affected in terms of improving the battery safety performance and the high temperature cycle performance, and if and only if the three reach a better balance state, the electrochemical performance of the battery under the high temperature condition can be obviously improved. Meanwhile, as is clear from the test results of comparative examples 10 to 15, when one of the values of a, m and n exceeds the limit range, even if the relational expression can be satisfied:is required to have a capacity retention rate and an impedance growth rate under high temperature conditionsPoor thermal shock resistance of the battery indicates that when the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer, the mass percentage content m of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte and the compaction density n of the negative electrode material layer are too high or too low, the formation of a passivation film on the surface of the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be influenced, and the stability of the performance of the battery under high temperature conditions is improved, for example, in comparative example 11, the content of the nonaqueous electrolyte is too high, the viscosity of the nonaqueous electrolyte is increased, the infiltration effect of the nonaqueous electrolyte on the positive electrode or the negative electrode is influenced, and the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery is influenced; in comparative example 12, too low a percentage value of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer is also unfavorable for the infiltration of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the positive electrode material layer, resulting in an increase in impedance; in comparative example 13, if the percentage value of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte to the mass of the positive electrode material layer is too high, the free nonaqueous electrolyte in the lithium ion battery is too much, and the risk of gas generation and decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte easily occurs at high temperature, it can be seen from comparative example 14 and comparative example 15 that the compaction density of the negative electrode material layer is too low, the negative electrode is easy to fall off in the circulation process, and the compaction density of the negative electrode material layer is too high, so that the nonaqueous electrolyte is difficult to enter the inside of the negative electrode material layer, and the circulation performance of the battery at high temperature is affected.
As can be seen from the test results of examples 1 to 28, when the relationship satisfiesWhen the lithium ion battery is used, the lithium ion battery has the best battery comprehensive performance. For example, as can be seen from the test results of examples 8, 9, 17 and 18, when the compacted density of the anode material layer and the addition amount of the compound represented by structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte are consistent, the lithium ion battery has better safety and cycle performance when the am/n value is in the preferred range, and when the am/n value is out of the preferred range, the free nonaqueous electrolyte in the lithium ion battery is excessive, and the safety and cycle performance of the battery are degraded.
As shown by the test results of examples 1 to 7 and examples 14 to 19, in the lithium ion battery provided by the invention, as the addition amount of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 is increased, the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery is gradually increased under the high temperature condition, and the impedance growth rate is reduced, which indicates that the compound shown in the structural formula 1 is beneficial to improving the density of the passivation film on the positive and negative electrode surfaces, and when the content of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 is too high, the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery is reduced under the high temperature condition, which indicates that the excessive addition of the compound shown in the structural formula 1 can increase the thickness of the passivation film on the positive electrode and negative electrode surfaces, thereby affecting the migration efficiency of lithium ions, but being unfavorable for improving the capacity retention rate under the high temperature cycle.
(2) The test results obtained in example 9 and examples 29 to 33 are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 Table 4
From the test results of example 9 and examples 29 to 33, it is understood that when the compound of formula 1 is used as an additive for a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, the relationship is satisfied as wellThe definition of the formula shows that the cyclic sulfur-containing groups contained in the compounds shown in different structural formulas 1 play a decisive role in the forming process of the passivation film on the surfaces of the positive and negative electrodes, the passivation film which is generated by decomposition and is rich in S element can effectively inhibit the dissolution of Co ions, and a better protective effect is formed on the negative electrode material layer.
(3) The test results obtained in example 9 and examples 34 to 37 are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5
From the test results of example 9 and examples 34 to 37, it is understood that, on the basis of the battery provided by the present invention, PS (1, 3-propane sultone), DTD (vinyl sulfate), tripropylene phosphate or succinonitrile was added as an auxiliary additive, the capacity retention property of the battery could be further improved and the impedance growth of the battery could be reduced, presumably because of a certain co-decomposition reaction between the compound represented by structural formula 1 and the added PS (1, 3-propane sultone), DTD (vinyl sulfate), tripropylene phosphate and succinonitrile, the formation of the passivation film on the electrode surface could be co-participated, and the obtained passivation film could improve the stability of the nonaqueous electrolyte, and maintain the high temperature stability and safety property of the battery cycle.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A lithium ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode material layer, the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material layer, the positive electrode material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material comprises LiCoO 2 The nonaqueous electrolyte comprises a nonaqueous organic solvent, lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a compound shown in a structural formula 1:
wherein n is 0 or 1, A is selected from C or O, and X is selected fromR 1 、R 2 Each independently selected from R 1 And R is 2 Not simultaneously selected from H, andX、R 1 and R is 2 Contains at least one sulfur atom;
the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:
and a is more than or equal to 8% and less than or equal to 58%, m is more than or equal to 0.05% and less than or equal to 5%, and 1.55g/cm 3 ≤n≤1.9g/cm 3 ；
Wherein a is the percentage value of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte and the mass of the positive electrode material layer, and the unit is;
m is the mass percentage content of a compound shown in a structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte, and the unit is;
n is the compacted density of the negative electrode material layer, and the unit is g/cm 3 。
2. The lithium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion battery meets the following conditions:
3. the lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the percentage value a of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution to the mass of the positive electrode material layer is 10% to 40%.
4. The lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the mass percentage m of the compound represented by the structural formula 1 in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.05% -3%.
5. The lithium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode material layer has a compacted density n of 1.6g/cm 3 ～1.85g/cm 3 。
6. The lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by structural formula 1 is selected from one or more of the following compounds 1 to 22:
7. the lithium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the porosity of the negative electrode material layer is 50% or less.
8. The lithium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is selected from LiPF 6 、LiPO 2 F 2 、LiBF 4 、LiBOB、LiSbF 6 、LiAsF 6 、LiCF 3 SO 3 、LiDFOB、LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 、LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 、LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 、LiN(SO 2 F) 2 、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO 4 、LiB 10 Cl 10 、LiAlCl 4 At least one of lithium chloroborane, lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate having 4 or less carbon atoms, lithium tetraphenyl borate, and lithium iminoborate.
9. The lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises an auxiliary additive, the auxiliary additive comprising at least one of a cyclic sulfate compound, a sultone compound, a cyclic carbonate compound, an unsaturated phosphate compound, and a nitrile compound; the addition amount of the auxiliary additive is 0.01% -30% based on 100% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
10. The lithium ion battery of claim 9, wherein the cyclic sulfate compound is selected from at least one of vinyl sulfate, propylene sulfate, or vinyl methyl sulfate;
the sultone compound is at least one selected from 1, 3-propane sultone, 1, 4-butane sultone or 1, 3-propylene sultone;
the cyclic carbonate compound is at least one selected from ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate or a compound shown in a structural formula 2,
in the structural formula 2, R 21 、R 22 、R 23 、R 24 、R 25 、R 26 Each independently selected from one of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C5 group;
the unsaturated phosphate compound is at least one compound shown in a structural formula 3:
in the structural formula 3, R 31 、R 32 、R 32 Each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C5 saturated hydrocarbon groups, unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, halogenated hydrocarbon groups, -Si (C) m H 2m+1 ) 3 M is a natural number of 1 to 3, and R 31 、R 32 、R 33 At least one of them is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group;
the nitrile compound is selected from one or more of succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether, hexanedinitrile, adiponitrile, pimelic dinitrile, suberonitrile, nonyldinitrile and decyldinitrile.
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