CN114583174A - Sodium ion battery and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Sodium ion battery and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN114583174A
CN114583174A CN202210277041.XA CN202210277041A CN114583174A CN 114583174 A CN114583174 A CN 114583174A CN 202210277041 A CN202210277041 A CN 202210277041A CN 114583174 A CN114583174 A CN 114583174A
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sodium
ion battery
positive electrode
metal foil
positive
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CN114583174B (en
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江卫军
周世波
郝雷明
杨红新
陈思贤
任海朋
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Svolt Energy Technology Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Abstract

The invention provides a sodium ion battery and a preparation method thereof, wherein the sodium ion battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a diaphragm and electrolyte, the anode comprises an anode active material and an anode sodium supplement additive, the cathode comprises a microporous metal foil, the sodium ion battery inhibits the formation of sodium dendrite by controlling the internal expansion force of a battery core and the characteristic that metal sodium is soft, and the microporous metal foil is used as the cathode and can absorb the metal sodium in micropores, so that the formation of dendrite penetrating through the diaphragm is reduced, the aperture of the battery diaphragm is controlled, and the migration rate of sodium ions is adjusted, so that the sodium can be uniformly deposited on the cathode, and the formation of dendrite is avoided.

Description

Sodium ion battery and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of sodium ion batteries, and relates to a sodium ion battery and a preparation method thereof.
Background
In recent years, new energy automobiles in the world are rapidly developed, and the high-speed growth of power lithium ion batteries is driven. However, due to the shortage of lithium resources, the recent market for power lithium ion batteries is also affected by the price increase and shortage of raw materials. Therefore, an urgent need exists in the market for an alternative secondary battery technology. Among them, sodium is very abundant. The operating principle and the manufacturing process flow of the sodium secondary battery are very similar to those of the lithium ion battery, so that the sodium secondary battery is expected to be thick. However, the energy density of the current sodium secondary battery cannot reach the level of a lithium ion battery, so that the lithium ion battery cannot be replaced on a new energy automobile.
Research on sodium secondary batteries with high energy density is currently focused on metallic sodium cathodes. However, the use of sodium metal as the negative electrode is liable to cause dendrites to pierce the separator, causing internal micro-short circuits or short circuits, resulting in poor cycle performance and causing safety risks. For this reason, research and improvement of these defects have been continued.
CN113451546A discloses a sodium metal battery and an electrochemical device, wherein the battery comprises a positive pole piece and a negative pole piece, the negative pole piece is a negative current collector, and the thickness of an in-situ deposited sodium layer on the negative current collector after the battery is charged and discharged for the first time is more than or equal to 30 nm.
CN114156543A discloses a sodium ion battery electrolyte, a sodium ion battery and a preparation method, wherein the sodium ion battery electrolyte comprises an organic solvent, electrolyte sodium salt and an additive, and the adopted ether-based solvent has excellent reduction stability and lower desolvation energy, can form a thinner SEI film on the surface of a negative electrode, improves the interfacial stability of the sodium ion battery, and ensures the faster interfacial reaction kinetics of sodium ions; the carbonate electrolyte additive can participate in the formation of an SEI film on the surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, so that the oxidation stability of the ether-based electrolyte is improved, and the cycle stability and the cycle efficiency of the battery are improved; in addition, the ether-based solvent hardly generates gas in the battery cycle process, so that the safety problem caused by battery gas expansion is reduced.
The sodium ion battery according to the above-mentioned scheme has a problem of poor cycle performance or dendrite generation at the negative electrode, and therefore, it is necessary to develop a sodium ion battery in which sodium dendrite is suppressed and cycle life is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a sodium ion battery and a preparation method thereof, wherein the formation of sodium dendrite is inhibited by controlling the internal expansion force of a battery core and the characteristic that metal sodium is soft, a microporous metal foil is used as a negative electrode, the metal sodium can be absorbed in micropores, the formation of dendrite penetrating through a diaphragm is reduced, the aperture of the diaphragm of the battery is controlled, and the migration rate of sodium ions is adjusted, so that the sodium can be uniformly deposited on the negative electrode, and the formation of dendrite is avoided.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a sodium ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive active material and a positive sodium supplement additive, and the negative electrode comprises a microporous metal foil.
According to the invention, the expansion force in the battery core is controlled by doping the positive sodium supplement additive in the positive electrode of the sodium ion battery, the formation of sodium dendrite is inhibited by utilizing the characteristic that metal sodium is soft, the positive sodium supplement additive provides a large amount of sodium, a metal sodium layer with the thickness of 5-20 micrometers is deposited in situ in the negative electrode, and the metal sodium can be deposited in a large amount in micropores by utilizing a microporous metal foil material as the negative electrode, so that the formation of dendrite penetrating through the diaphragm is reduced.
Preferably, the positive electrode active material includes any one of or a combination of at least two of a polyanion positive electrode material, a layered oxide, or a prussian blue derivative, preferably a polyanion positive electrode material.
Preferably, the polyanionic positive electrode material includes Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7And/or Na2Fe2(SO4)3。
Preference is given toThe positive active material satisfies 5 × 10-6<[(Qc-Qd)×h×ρIs just]/(QNa×ρNa)<20×10-6Wherein Q iscIs the first charge capacity of the positive electrode, QdIs the first discharge capacity of the positive electrode, with the unit of Ah/kg, h is the coating thickness of the positive electrode, with the unit of m, rhoIs just forPositive electrode compacted density in kg/m3，QNaThe theoretical capacity of the metallic sodium is 1165Ah/kg, rhoNaIs metallic sodium with density of 970kg/m3。
Preferably, the positive sodium supplement additive comprises any one of sodium oxalate, sodium oxide or sodium peroxide or a combination of at least two of the above.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the positive electrode sodium supplement additive to the positive electrode active material is 1: 10.
Preferably, the microporous metal foil comprises a microporous aluminum foil.
Preferably, the thickness of the microporous metal foil is 10 to 20 μm, for example: 10 μm, 12 μm, 15 μm, 18 μm, 20 μm, or the like.
Preferably, the pore diameter of the microporous metal foil is 2-30 μm, for example: 2 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, or the like.
Preferably, the pore density of the microporous metal foil is 2000-20000/cm2For example: 2000 pieces/cm25000 pieces/cm210000 pieces/cm215000 pieces/cm2Or 20000 pieces/cm2And the like.
Preferably, the membrane comprises a nanoporous membrane.
Preferably, the thickness of the diaphragm is 10 to 15 μm, for example: 10 μm, 11 μm, 12 μm, 13 μm, 14 μm, 15 μm, or the like.
Preferably, the pore diameter of the diaphragm is 1-10 nm, such as: 1nm, 2nm, 5nm, 8nm or 10nm, etc.
Preferably, the porosity of the separator is 40 to 60%, for example: 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, etc.
According to the invention, the aperture of the battery diaphragm is controlled to be 1-10 nm (the porosity is 40-60%), and the migration rate of sodium ions is adjusted, so that sodium can be uniformly deposited on the negative electrode, and dendritic crystals are prevented from being formed.
Preferably, the electrolyte includes an electrolyte and an organic solvent.
Preferably, the electrolyte comprises any one of sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium tetrafluoroborate or sodium perchlorate or a combination of at least two thereof.
Preferably, the organic solvent comprises any one of PC, EC, DMC, DEC, VC, FEC, diethyl ether, diglyme, tetraglyme, methyl tert-butyl ether, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate or a combination of at least two thereof.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a sodium-ion battery as described in the first aspect, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing the positive active material, the conductive agent, the binder and the positive sodium supplement additive, coating the mixture on the surface of an aluminum foil, adopting a microporous metal foil as a negative electrode, and assembling the microporous metal foil, a diaphragm and electrolyte to obtain the sodium-ion battery.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the invention, the formation of sodium dendrites is inhibited by controlling the internal expansion force of the battery core and the characteristic that the metal sodium is soft, the microporous metal foil is used as the negative electrode, the metal sodium can be absorbed in micropores, the formation of dendrites penetrating through the diaphragm is reduced, the aperture of the battery diaphragm is controlled, and the migration rate of sodium ions is adjusted, so that the sodium can be uniformly deposited on the negative electrode, and the formation of dendrites is avoided.
(2) The sodium ion battery technology can keep the capacity above 90% after 600 weeks of test cycle, and has good application prospect.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a graph of the cycling profile of the sodium ion battery described in example 1.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained by the following embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the examples are only for the understanding of the present invention and should not be construed as the specific limitation of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a sodium-ion battery, which is prepared by the following method:
mixing Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7Mixing and stirring the conductive carbon black, the PVDF and the sodium oxalate according to the mass ratio of 100:5:5:10, coating the mixture on a common aluminum foil with the thickness of 12 mu m, wherein the compaction density is 2.1g/cc, and a cathode adopts a microporous aluminum foil with the thickness of 12 mu m (the aperture is 20 mu m, the pore density is 10000/cm)2) The diaphragm adopts a nano-pore diaphragm (the aperture is 8nm, the porosity is 50 percent) with the thickness of 13 mu M and the electrolyte is 1M NaPF6And (4) ether solution, and assembling to obtain the sodium ion battery.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a sodium ion battery, which is prepared by the following method:
mixing Na2Fe2(SO4)3Mixing and stirring conductive carbon black, PVDF and sodium peroxide according to the mass ratio of 100:5:5:10, coating the mixture on a common aluminum foil with the thickness of 12 mu m, wherein the compaction density is 2.1g/cc, and a negative electrode adopts a microporous aluminum foil with the thickness of 15 mu m (the aperture is 15 mu m, and the pore density is 15000 pieces/cm)2) The diaphragm adopts a nano-pore diaphragm (the aperture is 5nm, the porosity is 55 percent) with the thickness of 15 mu M and the electrolyte is 1M NaBF4And assembling the diethylene glycol dimethyl ether solution to obtain the sodium ion battery.
Example 3
The difference between the present example and example 1 is that the additive amount of the positive electrode sodium supplement additive is 5/100 of the positive electrode active material, and other conditions and parameters are exactly the same as those of example 1.
Example 4
The difference between the present example and example 1 is that the additive amount of the positive electrode sodium supplement additive is 20/100 of the positive electrode active material, and other conditions and parameters are exactly the same as those of example 1.
Example 5
This example is different from example 1 only in that the pore diameter of the microporous aluminum foil is 1 μm, and other conditions and parameters are exactly the same as example 1.
Example 6
The present example is different from example 1 only in that the pore diameter of the microporous aluminum foil is 40 μm, and other conditions and parameters are exactly the same as example 1.
Example 7
This example differs from example 1 only in that the pore size of the nanoporous membrane was 0.5nm, and the other conditions and parameters were exactly the same as example 1.
Example 8
This example differs from example 1 only in that the pore size of the nanoporous membrane was 15nm, and the other conditions and parameters were exactly the same as example 1.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example is different from example 1 only in that the sodium supplement additive is not added to the positive electrode, the negative electrode uses the negative electrode containing the sodium layer, and other conditions and parameters are completely the same as those of example 1.
Comparative example 2
The comparative example is different from example 1 only in that a common aluminum foil is used for the negative electrode, and other conditions and parameters are completely the same as those of example 1.
And (3) performance testing: the anode is a slurry prepared by uniformly dispersing powder of 90% of active substance, 5% of binder (PVDF) and 5% of conductive agent (SP) in NMP solution by mass ratio, and is coated on 20 mu m aluminum foil. The diaphragm is a PP diaphragm with the diameter of 20 mu M, the negative electrode is corresponding different aluminum foils, and the electrolyte is 1M NaPF6The volume ratio of EC to DMC is 1:1, and a flexible package battery is formed. Charging by adopting CC-CV, wherein the upper limit voltage of charging is 4.05V, and the cut-off current of charging is 0.02C; with CC discharge, the cut-off voltage was 2V. The first charge and discharge was 0.1C current, followed by cycle testing using 1C charge and discharge.
The test results are shown in table 1 and fig. 1:
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0003556235300000071
Figure BDA0003556235300000081
As can be seen from Table 1, the capacity retention rate of the sodium-ion battery of the invention can reach more than 90% after 600 cycles, as can be seen from the examples 1-8.
Compared with the examples 3 to 4, the addition amount of the sodium supplement additive affects the performance of the prepared sodium ion battery, if the addition amount of the sodium supplement additive is too large, the thickness of a metal layer deposited on a negative electrode is too large, and the deformation of the whole battery core is too large, so that the cycle performance is affected; if the amount of the sodium supplement additive is too small, the internal pressure is not sufficient, and dendrites are likely to be generated, which affects the service life.
Compared with the examples 5-6, the pore diameter of the microporous aluminum foil influences the performance of the prepared sodium ion battery, if the pore diameter of the microporous aluminum foil is too large, metal sodium is deposited in the pore diameter and is not dense, so that the cycle performance is poor; if the pore diameter of the microporous aluminum foil is too small, metal dendrites are easily generated, and the cycle life is also affected.
As can be seen from the comparison between example 1 and examples 7-8, the pore size of the nanoporous separator affects the performance of the sodium ion battery, controls the pore size of the battery separator, and adjusts the migration rate of sodium ions, so that sodium can be uniformly deposited on the negative electrode, thereby avoiding the formation of dendrites. If the pore diameter of the nano-pore diaphragm is too large, dendrites are easy to generate to influence the cycle life; if the aperture of the nano-pore diaphragm is too small, the internal resistance of the battery cell is too large, and the application is influenced.
Compared with the comparative examples 1 and 2, the sodium ion battery positive electrode is doped with the positive sodium supplement additive to control the internal expansion force of the battery core, the characteristic that metal sodium is soft is utilized to inhibit the formation of sodium dendrite, the positive sodium supplement additive provides a large amount of sodium, the negative electrode is in situ deposited with a metal sodium layer of 5-20 micrometers, the microporous metal foil is utilized as the negative electrode, the metal sodium can be deposited in micropores in large amount, and the formation of dendrite penetrating through the diaphragm is reduced.
The applicant declares that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and it should be understood by those skilled in the art that any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are within the scope and disclosure of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The sodium-ion battery is characterized by comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a diaphragm and electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive active material and a positive sodium supplement additive, and the negative electrode comprises microporous metal foil.
2. The sodium-ion battery of claim 1, wherein the positive electrode active material comprises any one of or a combination of at least two of a polyanionic positive electrode material, a layered oxide, or a prussian blue derivative, preferably a polyanionic positive electrode material;
preferably, the polyanionic positive electrode material includes Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7And/or Na2Fe2(SO4)3。
3. The sodium-ion battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the positive electrode active material satisfies 5 x 10-6<[(Qc-Qd)×h×ρIs just]/(QNa×ρNa)<20×10-6Wherein Q iscIs the first charge capacity of the positive electrode, QdIs the first discharge capacity of the positive electrode, with the unit of Ah/kg, h is the coating thickness of the positive electrode, with the unit of m, rhoIs justPositive electrode compacted density in kg/m3，QNaThe theoretical capacity of the metallic sodium is 1165Ah/kg, rhoNaIs metallic sodium with density of 970kg/m3。
4. The sodium ion battery of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the positive sodium supplement additive comprises any one of sodium oxalate, sodium oxide, or sodium peroxide, or a combination of at least two thereof;
preferably, the mass ratio of the positive electrode sodium supplement additive to the positive electrode active material is 1: 10.
5. The sodium ion battery of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the microporous metal foil comprises a microporous aluminum foil;
preferably, the thickness of the microporous metal foil is 10-20 μm.
6. The sodium ion battery of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the microporous metal foil has a pore size of 2 to 30 μm;
preferably, the pore density of the microporous metal foil is 2000-20000/cm2。
7. The sodium-ion battery of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the separator comprises a nanoporous separator;
preferably, the thickness of the diaphragm is 10-15 μm.
8. The sodium ion battery of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the separator has a pore size of 1-10 nm;
preferably, the porosity of the separator is 40-60%.
9. The sodium ion battery of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the electrolyte comprises an electrolyte and an organic solvent;
preferably, the electrolyte comprises any one of sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium tetrafluoroborate or sodium perchlorate or a combination of at least two thereof;
preferably, the organic solvent comprises any one of PC, EC, DMC, DEC, VC, FEC, diethyl ether, diglyme, tetraglyme, methyl tert-butyl ether, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate or a combination of at least two thereof.
10. A method of manufacturing a sodium-ion battery according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the steps of:
mixing the positive active material, the conductive agent, the binder and the positive sodium supplement additive, coating the mixture on the surface of an aluminum foil, adopting a microporous metal foil as a negative electrode, and assembling the microporous metal foil, a diaphragm and electrolyte to obtain the sodium-ion battery.
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