CN114575819A - Visual simulation method and device for migration of fracturing propping agent of true triaxial three-dimensional well pattern - Google Patents
Visual simulation method and device for migration of fracturing propping agent of true triaxial three-dimensional well pattern Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于水力压裂室内物理模拟试验技术领域，尤其涉及一种真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法及装置。The invention belongs to the technical field of indoor physical simulation test of hydraulic fracturing, and in particular relates to a method and device for visual simulation of proppant migration in true triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing.
背景技术Background technique
当储层较厚时，对单一水平井进行压裂无法实现储层纵向上的全部动用，而对立体井网进行压裂可以使垂直井纵向动用更多的层，水平井横向动用更多的段。对立体井网进行压裂时可采用同步压裂、顺序压裂、拉链压裂等压裂方式。通常在压裂时将支撑剂带入裂缝中，用以支撑裂缝，在应力干扰作用下，立体井网的裂缝网络结构较为复杂，以增加储层的改造体积，从而增加油气产能。立体井网压裂后的裂缝网络的迂曲度较高，支撑剂在复杂裂缝网络中的运移和分布较为复杂。由于在实际地层中难以直接观测支撑剂的移动情况，因此，室内实验是研究支撑剂运移和分布的主要手段。When the reservoir is thick, fracturing a single horizontal well cannot achieve full production of the reservoir vertically, while fracturing a three-dimensional well pattern can produce more layers vertically in vertical wells and more horizontally in horizontal wells. part. When fracturing a three-dimensional well pattern, fracturing methods such as synchronous fracturing, sequential fracturing, and zipper fracturing can be used. Usually, proppant is brought into the fracture during fracturing to support the fracture. Under the action of stress interference, the fracture network structure of the three-dimensional well pattern is more complex, so as to increase the stimulation volume of the reservoir, thereby increasing the oil and gas production capacity. The fracture network after three-dimensional well pattern fracturing has a high degree of tortuosity, and the migration and distribution of proppant in the complex fracture network are more complicated. Since it is difficult to directly observe the movement of proppant in the actual formation, laboratory experiments are the main means to study the migration and distribution of proppant.
目前，室内研究支撑剂运移的可视化实验方法主要利用平行玻璃板模拟裂缝，其形态相对较为规则；另外，考虑到目前真三轴压裂支撑剂运移的实验方法主要是针对单一水平井或者直井，以上两种情况都无法模拟立体井网在压裂过程中的支撑剂的运移规律和分布情况。At present, the visual experimental method for studying proppant migration in the laboratory mainly uses parallel glass plates to simulate fractures, and its shape is relatively regular; For vertical wells, the above two situations cannot simulate the migration law and distribution of proppant during the fracturing process of the three-dimensional well pattern.
因此，如何提供一种真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法及装置，使其能够模拟真实地层的立体井网结构和应力条件，研究在多井多裂缝的应力干扰下支撑剂在裂缝中的实时运移过程，是本领域技术人员亟待解决的技术问题。Therefore, how to provide a real three-axis three-dimensional well pattern fracturing proppant migration visualization simulation method and device, so that it can simulate the three-dimensional well pattern structure and stress conditions of the real formation, and study the proppant under the stress interference of multiple wells and multiple fractures The real-time migration process of the agent in the fracture is a technical problem to be solved urgently by those skilled in the art.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
针对现有技术存在的问题，本发明提供一种真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法及装置，采用该方法能够模拟真实地层的应力条件和立体井网结构，进而在多井多裂缝的应力干扰条件下，研究压裂过程中支撑剂的运移和动态分布特征。In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a method and device for visual simulation of proppant migration in true three-axis three-dimensional well pattern fracturing. Using this method, the stress conditions and three-dimensional well pattern structure of the real formation can be simulated, and furthermore, in multiple The migration and dynamic distribution characteristics of proppant during fracturing were studied under the stress interference condition of multi-fracture wells.
本发明的一方面，提供一种真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法，包括以下步骤：获取立方体透明试样，立方体透明试样包括依次层叠设置的多层层位，立方体透明试样还设有摄像装备，其中，透明试样的材质为有机玻璃；在至少两层层位上钻取盲孔，且相邻两个钻取有盲孔的层位上的盲孔在垂直于所有盲孔的平面上交错设置，每个钻有盲孔的层位上钻取的盲孔数量为多个，该多个盲孔的长度方向互相平行，在每个盲孔内下入套管，在套管的壁的外侧与盲孔的内壁之间的环空中加入固井胶，使固井胶固化，形成固井胶环；然后进行割缝，并使通过割缝形成的裂缝满足：在从套管至盲孔的方向上，裂缝从套管的壁至少延伸至固井胶环，且裂缝贯穿套管的壁和固井胶环；其中，每一个层位上，相邻的两个套管对应的裂缝在沿盲孔的长度方向上交错设置；通过真三轴水力压裂系统对透明试样进行三轴加压，向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液进行压裂，然后通过摄像装备实时观测三轴应力状态下支撑剂的运移与动态分布特征。One aspect of the present invention provides a method for simulating proppant migration visualization in true triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing. The transparent sample is also provided with camera equipment, wherein the material of the transparent sample is plexiglass; blind holes are drilled on at least two layers, and the blind holes on the adjacent two layers with blind holes are drilled in Arranged staggered on the plane perpendicular to all blind holes, the number of blind holes drilled on each layer with blind holes is multiple, and the length directions of the multiple blind holes are parallel to each other, and run in each blind hole In the casing, cementing glue is added to the annulus between the outer side of the casing wall and the inner wall of the blind hole, so that the cementing glue is cured to form a cementing glue ring; Satisfaction: in the direction from the casing to the blind hole, the fracture extends from the wall of the casing to at least the cementing rubber ring, and the fracture penetrates the wall of the casing and the cementing rubber ring; wherein, in each layer, adjacent The fractures corresponding to the two casings are staggered along the length of the blind hole; the transparent sample is triaxially pressurized by the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing system, and fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into each casing Fracturing is carried out, and then the migration and dynamic distribution characteristics of proppant under triaxial stress state are observed in real time through camera equipment.
根据本发明的一实施方式，有机玻璃包含聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯；和/或，固井胶包含环氧树脂胶。According to an embodiment of the present invention, the plexiglass includes polymethyl methacrylate; and/or the cementing glue includes epoxy resin glue.
根据本发明的一实施方式，层叠设置的多层层位中，相邻的两个层位之间通过环氧树脂胶粘接。According to an embodiment of the present invention, in the stacked layers, two adjacent layers are bonded by epoxy resin glue.
根据本发明的一实施方式，盲孔的长度方向平行于透明试样的最小水平主应力加载方向；和/或，通过真三轴水力压裂系统对透明试样进行三轴加压的过程包括：对透明试样中层位所在的平面的法向加载垂向应力；对平行于所有盲孔的方向加载最小水平主应力；对最小水平主应力及垂向应力构成的平面的法向加载最大水平主应力。According to an embodiment of the present invention, the length direction of the blind hole is parallel to the minimum horizontal principal stress loading direction of the transparent sample; and/or, the process of triaxially pressurizing the transparent sample by the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing system includes: : The normal loading vertical stress on the plane where the horizon in the transparent specimen is located; the minimum horizontal principal stress is loaded in the direction parallel to all blind holes; the normal loading maximum horizontal stress on the plane composed of the minimum horizontal principal stress and the vertical stress principal stress.
根据本发明的一实施方式，在从套管至盲孔的法向上，裂缝从套管的壁延伸至层位的至少部分区域，其中，至少部分区域的长度为0.3cm-0.5cm。According to an embodiment of the present invention, in the normal direction from the casing to the blind hole, the fracture extends from the wall of the casing to at least a partial area of the horizon, wherein the length of the at least partial area is 0.3 cm-0.5 cm.
根据本发明的一实施方式，多层层位还包括两层未钻取盲孔的层位，钻取有盲孔的层位位于该两层未钻取盲孔的层位之间，每个未钻取盲孔的层位均设有摄像设备。According to an embodiment of the present invention, the multi-layered horizon further includes two horizons without blind holes drilled, and the horizon drilled with blind holes is located between the two horizons without blind holes drilled, and each horizon Camera equipment is installed at the layers where blind holes are not drilled.
根据本发明的一实施方式，注入含有支撑剂的压裂液的过程中，注入总量为20mL-2000mL。According to an embodiment of the present invention, in the process of injecting the fracturing fluid containing proppant, the total injection amount is 20mL-2000mL.
根据本发明的一实施方式，注入含有支撑剂的压裂液中，含有支撑剂的压裂液的流量为1mL/min-200mL/min，和/或，含有支撑剂的压裂液中支撑剂的质量分数为10％-20％。According to an embodiment of the present invention, the fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into the fracturing fluid containing proppant, and the flow rate of the fracturing fluid containing proppant is 1 mL/min-200 mL/min, and/or the proppant in the fracturing fluid containing proppant The quality fraction is 10%-20%.
根据本发明的一实施方式，向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液的过程包括：同时或不同时向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液。According to an embodiment of the present invention, the process of injecting fracturing fluid containing proppant into each casing includes: injecting fracturing fluid containing proppant into each casing at the same time or not at the same time.
本发明的另一方面，提供一种真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟装置，用于实施上述的方法，装置包括压裂装置、立方体透明试样；压裂装置包括腔体、加压装置、注入装置、压力传感器；立方体透明试样包括依次层叠设置的多层层位，且相邻两个钻取有盲孔的层位上的盲孔在垂直于所有盲孔的平面上交错设置；在至少两层层位上设置盲孔，且每个盲孔的层位上钻取的盲孔数量为多个；每个盲孔内设置套管，在套管的壁的外侧与盲孔的内壁之间的环空设置固井胶环；在从套管至盲孔的方向上设有裂缝，且裂缝贯穿套管的壁和固井胶环；其中，每一个层位上，相邻的两个套管对应的裂缝在沿盲孔的长度方向上交错设置；其中透明试样的材质为有机玻璃；固井胶环包含环氧树脂胶；立方体透明试样还设有摄像装备，摄像设备用于实时录像；相邻层位之间使用环氧树脂胶粘接；盲孔的方向为沿着透明试样的最小水平主应力的加载方向；加压装置包括加压泵、三个加压板，加压泵用于加压，三个加压板独立地与加压泵连接，通过三个加压板对透明试样在X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向上分别加载三轴应力；腔体用于盛放透明试样，三个加压板设置在腔体的内壁；注入装置用于向套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液；注入装置包括依次连接的注液泵、中间容器、多通阀，多通阀分别与每个套管的入口端相连；每个套管均连接压力传感器，压力传感器用于对套管内的压力进行实时监测。Another aspect of the present invention provides a real triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing proppant migration visualization simulation device for implementing the above method, the device includes a fracturing device and a cubic transparent sample; the fracturing device includes a cavity , pressure device, injection device, pressure sensor; the transparent cube sample includes multiple layers arranged in sequence, and the blind holes on the adjacent two layers with blind holes drilled are in the plane perpendicular to all blind holes Upper staggered arrangement; blind holes are arranged on at least two layers, and the number of blind holes drilled on the layer of each blind hole is multiple; a casing is arranged in each blind hole, and the outer side of the wall of the casing is arranged A cementing rubber ring is arranged in the annulus between the inner wall of the blind hole and the casing; a crack is arranged in the direction from the casing to the blind hole, and the crack penetrates the wall of the casing and the cementing rubber ring; , the cracks corresponding to two adjacent casings are staggered along the length of the blind hole; the transparent sample is made of plexiglass; the cementing rubber ring contains epoxy glue; the cube transparent sample is also provided with a camera equipment, camera equipment is used for real-time video recording; epoxy resin glue is used between adjacent layers; the direction of the blind hole is the loading direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress along the transparent sample; the pressurizing device includes a pressurizing pump, Three pressure plates, the pressure pump is used for pressure, the three pressure plates are independently connected to the pressure pump, and the transparent samples are loaded in the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis directions respectively through the three pressure plates Triaxial stress; the cavity is used to hold transparent samples, and three pressurizing plates are arranged on the inner wall of the cavity; the injection device is used to inject fracturing fluid containing proppant into the casing; the injection device includes injection fluids connected in sequence The pump, the intermediate container, the multi-port valve, and the multi-port valve are respectively connected with the inlet end of each casing; each casing is connected with a pressure sensor, and the pressure sensor is used for real-time monitoring of the pressure in the casing.
本发明的实施，至少具有以下有益效果：The implementation of the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
本发明提供的真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法及装置，通过调整立方体透明试样中各个层位上的套管的排列，能够模拟真实地层的立体井网结构，通过沿着套管至盲孔的方向上进行割缝，可以使相邻套管内形成交错排列的裂缝，能够模拟真实地层中的多井多裂缝结构，通过对立方体透明试样进行三轴加压，可以更真实模拟真实地层的应力状态，本发明提供的模拟方法及装置能够模拟真实地层的应力条件和立体井网结构，进而在多井多裂缝的应力干扰条件下，通过摄像设备对压裂过程进行观测，实时记录支撑剂的运移，辅助研究裂缝在压裂过程中的扩展情况，以及随着裂缝的扩展，支撑剂在扩展的裂缝中的动态分布特征，使研究过程可视化。The method and device for visual simulation of proppant migration in true triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing provided by the present invention can simulate the three-dimensional well pattern structure of the real stratum by adjusting the arrangement of casings on each layer in the transparent cube sample. Slotting along the direction from the casing to the blind hole can form staggered fractures in adjacent casings, which can simulate the multi-well and multi-fracture structure in the real formation. The stress state of the real formation can be simulated more realistically, and the simulation method and device provided by the present invention can simulate the stress conditions and the three-dimensional well pattern structure of the real formation, and then under the stress interference condition of multiple wells and multiple fractures, the fracturing process can be monitored by the camera equipment. Observation, real-time recording of proppant migration, assisting in the study of fracture propagation during the fracturing process, as well as the dynamic distribution characteristics of proppant in the expanding fracture as the fracture expands, visualizes the research process.
此外，本发明提供的模拟装置还具有装置简单、工艺条件可控、易操作等优点。In addition, the simulation device provided by the present invention also has the advantages of simple device, controllable process conditions, easy operation, and the like.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明一实施方式中真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟装置的结构示意图；FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a device for visualizing proppant migration in a true triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2为本发明一实施方式中立方体透明试样中一层位上套管对应的裂缝的俯视透视图；2 is a top perspective view of a crack corresponding to a casing on one layer in a transparent cube sample according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图3为本发明一实施方式中真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法的流程图；3 is a flow chart of a method for visual simulation of proppant migration in true triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing according to an embodiment of the present invention;
附图标记：Reference number:
1-立方体透明试样；2-分层界面；301、302-盲孔；401、402-摄像设备；5-线槽；6-计算机；7-加压泵；8-六通阀；9-中间容器；10-压力传感器；11-注液泵；12-裂缝；13-支撑剂。1-cube transparent sample; 2-layer interface; 301, 302-blind hole; 401, 402-camera equipment; 5-line slot; 6-computer; 7-pressurizing pump; 8-six-way valve; 9- Intermediate container; 10-pressure sensor; 11-liquid injection pump; 12-fracture; 13-proppant.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
以下所列举具体实施方式只是对本发明的原理和特征进行描述，所举实例仅用于解释本发明，并非限定本发明的范围。基于本发明实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施方式，都属于本发明保护的范围。The specific embodiments listed below are only to describe the principles and features of the present invention, and the examples are only used to explain the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other implementations obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative work fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
本发明的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”、“第四”等是用于区别类似的对象，而不必用于描述特定的顺序或先后次序。The terms "first", "second", "third", "fourth", etc. in the description and claims of the present invention and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence.
本发明提供的真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法，包括以下步骤：获取立方体透明试样，立方体透明试样包括依次层叠设置的多层层位，立方体透明试样还设有摄像装备，其中，透明试样的材质为有机玻璃；在至少两层层位上钻取盲孔，且每个钻取有盲孔的层位上钻取的盲孔数量为多个，该多个盲孔的长度方向互相平行；相邻两层盲孔在垂直于盲孔所在的平面上交错设置。在每个盲孔内下入套管，在套管的壁的外侧与盲孔的内壁之间的环空中加入固井胶，使固井胶固化，形成固井胶环；然后进行割缝，并使通过割缝形成的裂缝满足：在从套管至盲孔的方向上，裂缝从套管的壁至少延伸至固井胶环，且裂缝贯穿套管的壁和固井胶环；其中，每一个层位上，相邻的两个套管对应的裂缝在沿着盲孔的长度方向上交错设置；通过真三轴水力压裂系统对透明试样进行三轴加压，向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液，然后通过摄像装备实时观测三轴应力状态下支撑剂的运移与分布特征。The real triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing proppant migration visualization simulation method provided by the present invention includes the following steps: obtaining a cube transparent sample, the cube transparent sample includes multiple layers arranged in sequence, and the cube transparent sample is further provided with There is camera equipment, wherein the material of the transparent sample is plexiglass; blind holes are drilled on at least two layers, and the number of blind holes drilled on each layer with blind holes is multiple, the The length directions of the plurality of blind holes are parallel to each other; the two adjacent layers of blind holes are arranged staggered on the plane perpendicular to the blind holes. Run casing into each blind hole, add cementing glue in the annulus between the outer side of the casing wall and the inner wall of the blind hole to solidify the cementing glue to form a cementing glue ring; And make the fractures formed by the slits meet: in the direction from the casing to the blind hole, the fractures extend from the wall of the casing to at least the cementing rubber ring, and the fractures penetrate the wall of the casing and the cementing rubber ring; wherein, At each layer, the corresponding fractures of two adjacent casings are staggered along the length of the blind hole; the transparent sample is triaxially pressurized by the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing system, and each casing is subjected to triaxial pressure. The fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into the pipe, and then the migration and distribution characteristics of proppant under triaxial stress state are observed in real time through camera equipment.
一般情况下，真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟方法在真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟装置中实施，立方体透明试样包含有机玻璃，一般采用有机玻璃块作为原料进行切割，以制备合适大小的立方体样品，在一些实施例中，有机玻璃包含聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯；通常根据模拟装置的腔体(加载室)的尺寸确定立方体样品的尺寸。In general, the real triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing proppant migration visualization simulation method is implemented in the true three-axis three-dimensional well pattern fracturing proppant migration visualization simulation device. The cubic transparent sample contains plexiglass, and plexiglass is generally used. The block is cut as a raw material to prepare a cube sample of suitable size, in some embodiments, the plexiglass contains polymethyl methacrylate; the size of the cube sample is usually determined according to the size of the cavity (loading chamber) of the simulation device.
本发明中，将有机玻璃块切割至合适大小，形成立方体样品；当所模拟的地层为均质地层时，对该立方体样品进行切割形成多层层位，得到立方体样品；当所模拟的地层为非均质地层时，将具有不同力学性质的有机玻璃块进行切割，根据实际地层的地层性质，使切割得到的样品层叠放置形成多层层位，得到立方体样品，其中各个层位的厚度根据所模拟的地层的厚度同比例缩小获得，其中层位的厚度方向为垂直于盲孔的长度方向，层位数量为至少2层，例如3层、4层或5层以上。In the present invention, the plexiglass block is cut to a suitable size to form a cube sample; when the simulated stratum is a homogeneous stratum, the cube sample is cut to form multi-layer horizons to obtain a cube sample; when the simulated stratum is a heterogeneous stratum When the stratum is formed, the plexiglass blocks with different mechanical properties are cut. According to the stratigraphic properties of the actual stratum, the cut samples are stacked to form multi-layer horizons to obtain cube samples, in which the thickness of each horizon is based on the simulated The thickness of the formation is obtained by reducing the thickness in the same proportion, wherein the thickness direction of the horizon is perpendicular to the length direction of the blind hole, and the number of horizons is at least 2 layers, such as 3 layers, 4 layers or more than 5 layers.
在一些实施例中，在层叠设置的多层层位中，相邻的两个层位之间为通过环氧树脂胶粘接形成的分层界面，在本发明的具体实施过程中，通过调节A胶和B胶的加入比例，使相邻的两个层位粘接固定，使分层界面接近于实际地层之间的界面。In some embodiments, in the multi-layered layers arranged in layers, a layered interface is formed by bonding epoxy resin between two adjacent layers. In the specific implementation process of the present invention, by adjusting The addition ratio of glue A and glue B makes the two adjacent layers bond and fix, so that the layered interface is close to the interface between the actual formations.
本发明中，在立方体样品中至少两层层位上钻取盲孔(井眼)，每个钻取有盲孔的层位上钻取的盲孔数量为多个，所有盲孔的长度方向均互相平行。盲孔的长度方向(轴向)平行于多层层位中的一者至另一者的方向，即平行于从一个层位至另一个层位的方向。在一些实施例中，盲孔的长度方向平行于透明试样的最小水平主应力加载方向，即垂直于最大水平主应力加载方向，钻取的盲孔总数量根据所模拟的立体井网中的总井数确定，每个钻取有盲孔的层位上钻取的盲孔数量可以相同或不同，一般为至少2个，例如2个、3个或4个以上，每个钻取有盲孔的层位上钻取的盲孔之间的间距在次不作限定。In the present invention, blind holes (boreholes) are drilled in at least two layers of the cube sample, and the number of blind holes drilled in each layer with blind holes is multiple, and the length direction of all blind holes is are parallel to each other. The length direction (axial direction) of the blind hole is parallel to the direction from one of the multilayer levels to the other, that is, parallel to the direction from one level to the other. In some embodiments, the length direction of the blind holes is parallel to the minimum horizontal principal stress loading direction of the transparent sample, that is, perpendicular to the maximum horizontal principal stress loading direction, and the total number of drilled blind holes is based on the simulated three-dimensional well pattern. The total number of wells is determined, and the number of blind holes drilled in each layer with blind holes can be the same or different, generally at least 2, such as 2, 3 or 4 or more, each drilling has blind holes. The spacing between the blind holes drilled on the hole level is not limited.
进一步地，钻取的盲孔深度和直径在此不作限定，根据所模拟的实际地层与透明试样的比值，将实际地层中井眼尺寸按照比值大小同比例缩小获得。在一些实施例中，在依次层叠设置的多层层位上，相邻两个钻取有盲孔的层位上的盲孔在沿着盲孔的长度方向上交错设置，通过调整相邻两个钻取有盲孔的层位上在沿着盲孔的长度方向上各个井的排列情况，能够模拟不同结构的井网结构，尤其能够模拟实际地层的立体井网结构。Further, the depth and diameter of the drilled blind holes are not limited here. According to the ratio of the simulated actual formation to the transparent sample, the size of the wellbore in the actual formation is reduced in the same proportion as the ratio. In some embodiments, on the multi-layer layers arranged in sequence, the blind holes on two adjacent layers drilled with blind holes are staggered along the length direction of the blind holes. The arrangement of each well along the length direction of the blind hole in a layer with blind holes drilled can simulate the well pattern structure of different structures, especially the three-dimensional well pattern structure of the actual formation.
本发明中，在每个盲孔内下入套管，套管的外径一般小于盲孔的内径，使得套管的壁的外侧与盲孔的内壁之间形成环空，在环空中加入固井胶，放置预设时间，使固井胶固化(凝固)，形成固井胶环，其中下入套管的方向与钻取盲孔的方向一致，即盲孔的轴向与套管的轴向相同。在一些实施例中，固井胶包含环氧树脂胶。In the present invention, a casing is run in each blind hole, and the outer diameter of the casing is generally smaller than the inner diameter of the blind hole, so that an annular space is formed between the outer side of the wall of the casing and the inner wall of the blind hole, and a solid is added in the annular space. The well glue is placed for a preset time to make the cementing glue solidify (solidify) to form a cementing rubber ring, in which the direction of running the casing is the same as the direction of drilling the blind hole, that is, the axial direction of the blind hole is the same as the axis of the casing. to the same. In some embodiments, the cementing glue comprises epoxy glue.
进一步地，待固井胶固化形成固井胶环后，在套管内下入割缝设备进行割缝，通过割缝形成裂缝，该裂缝在从套管至盲孔的方向上延伸，穿透套管的壁、固井胶环，一直延伸至层位的至少部分区域，即进入层位一定长度，一定长度是指裂缝延伸至层位的长度，该长度为0.3cm-0.5cm，例如0.3cm、0.32cm、0.35cm、0.36cm、0.38cm、0.4cm、0.42cm、0.45cm、0.48cm、0.5cm或其中的任意两者组成的范围。在每个套管内下入割缝设备进行割缝，通过割缝形成的裂缝数量至少为2条，例如2条、3条、4条或5条以上。Further, after the cementing adhesive is solidified to form a cementing rubber ring, a slitting device is installed in the casing to perform slitting, and a crack is formed through the slit. The crack extends in the direction from the casing to the blind hole and penetrates the casing. The wall of the pipe and the cementing ring extend all the way to at least a part of the horizon, that is, a certain length into the horizon, a certain length refers to the length of the fracture extending to the horizon, and the length is 0.3cm-0.5cm, such as 0.3cm , 0.32cm, 0.35cm, 0.36cm, 0.38cm, 0.4cm, 0.42cm, 0.45cm, 0.48cm, 0.5cm or a range of any two of them. A slitting device is installed in each casing to perform slitting, and the number of slits formed by the slitting is at least 2, for example, 2, 3, 4 or 5 or more.
在一些实施例中，每一个层位上，相邻的两个套管对应的裂缝在沿着盲孔的长度方向上交错设置，即以交错形式排列，通过调整相邻的两个套管对应的裂缝的排列方式，能够模拟立体井网中的多井多裂缝结构，从而有助于在后续模拟地层应力条件下，研究立体井网中裂缝起裂、扩展及支撑剂运移的过程，能够使该过程更接近实际地层情况。In some embodiments, in each layer, the fractures corresponding to two adjacent casings are arranged staggered along the length of the blind hole, that is, arranged in a staggered form. By adjusting the corresponding fractures of the adjacent two casings It can simulate the multi-well and multi-fracture structure in the three-dimensional well pattern, which is helpful to study the process of fracture initiation, propagation and proppant migration in the three-dimensional well pattern under the condition of subsequent simulated formation stress. Bring the process closer to the actual formation conditions.
本发明中，立方体透明试样还设有摄像装备，摄像设备能够透过透明试样清晰捕获到裂缝的扩展过程及支撑剂在裂缝中的分布情况。多层层位还包括两层未钻取盲孔的层位，钻取有盲孔的层位位于该两层未钻取盲孔的层位之间，在每个未钻取盲孔的层位均设有摄像设备，例如在本发明的具体实施过程中，立方体透明试样包括依次层叠设置的四层层位，沿着垂直于盲孔的长度方向上，即在厚度从底层到顶层的方向上依次为第一层位、第二层位、第三层位、第四层位，在第二层位和第三层位分别钻取盲孔，在每个盲孔内下入套管；在第一层位和第四层位未钻取盲孔，在第一层位和第四层位上设置摄像设备，位于第一层位的摄像设备用于观测第二层位上套管的压裂过程，位于第四层位的摄像设备用于观测第三层位上套管的压裂过程。In the present invention, the cube transparent sample is also provided with camera equipment, and the camera equipment can clearly capture the expansion process of the crack and the distribution of proppant in the crack through the transparent sample. The multi-layer layer also includes two layers without blind holes drilled, the layer with blind holes drilled is located between the two layers without blind holes drilled, and in each layer without blind holes drilled. Each position is equipped with a camera device. For example, in the specific implementation process of the present invention, the transparent cube sample includes four layers arranged in sequence, along the length direction perpendicular to the blind hole, that is, in the thickness from the bottom layer to the top layer. The direction is the first layer, the second layer, the third layer and the fourth layer. Blind holes are drilled in the second layer and the third layer respectively, and the casing is run in each blind hole. ;Blind holes are not drilled in the first and fourth horizons, and camera equipment is installed on the first and fourth horizons, and the camera equipment at the first horizon is used to observe the casing on the second horizon The fracturing process of the 4th horizon is used to observe the fracturing process of the casing on the third horizon.
在一些实施例中，在透明试样的未钻取盲孔的层位设置观测孔，在观测孔内设置摄像设备，其中观测孔通过切割获得。进一步地，观测孔的数量为至少两个，在每个观测孔均设置摄像设备，观测孔的尺寸以能够容纳摄像设备为依据，调整摄像设备的视角，以使摄像设备能够观测到支撑剂的运移和分布特征。In some embodiments, an observation hole is provided in the layer of the transparent sample where the blind hole is not drilled, and a camera device is provided in the observation hole, wherein the observation hole is obtained by cutting. Further, the number of observation holes is at least two, and each observation hole is provided with imaging equipment. The size of the observation hole is based on the ability to accommodate the imaging equipment, and the viewing angle of the imaging equipment is adjusted so that the imaging equipment can observe the proppant. Migration and distribution characteristics.
在一些实施例中，立方体透明试样的尺寸为30cm x 30cm x 30cm，在透明试样的第一层位和第四层位分别设置2个观测孔，能够使设置在观测孔内的摄像设备观测到透明试样的全部区域。In some embodiments, the size of the cubic transparent sample is 30cm x 30cm x 30cm, and two observation holes are respectively set in the first and fourth layers of the transparent sample, so that the camera device arranged in the observation hole can be The entire area of the transparent sample was observed.
本发明中，通过真三轴水力压裂系统对透明试样进行三轴加压，三轴加压是指对立方体透明试样在X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向分别加载应力，可以更真实模拟应力状态，应力范围为0-50MPa，例如0、5MPa、10MPa、15MPa、20MPa、25MPa、30MPa、35MPa、40MPa、45MPa、50MPa或其中的任意两者组成的范围。通过控制三轴加压的应力的大小，能够研究不同地应力对支撑剂运移和分布特征的影响。通过真三轴水力压裂系统对透明试样进行三轴加压的过程包括：对透明试样加载X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向上的三轴应力，具体可以包括对透明试样中层位所在的平面的法向加载垂向应力；对平行于所有盲孔的方向加载最小水平主应力；对最小水平主应力及垂向应力构成的平面的法向加载最大水平主应力。In the present invention, the transparent sample is triaxially pressurized by the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing system, and the triaxial pressurization refers to applying stress to the cube transparent sample in the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions respectively, which can be more realistic To simulate the stress state, the stress range is 0-50MPa, such as 0, 5MPa, 10MPa, 15MPa, 20MPa, 25MPa, 30MPa, 35MPa, 40MPa, 45MPa, 50MPa or a range composed of any two thereof. By controlling the stress of triaxial compression, the influence of different in-situ stresses on the migration and distribution characteristics of proppant can be studied. The process of triaxially pressurizing the transparent sample through the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing system includes: loading the transparent sample with triaxial stress in the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions. Load the vertical stress in the normal direction of the plane where it is located; load the minimum horizontal principal stress in the direction parallel to all blind holes; load the maximum horizontal principal stress in the normal direction of the plane formed by the minimum horizontal principal stress and the vertical stress.
一般情况下，待加载的应力稳定后，向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液进行压裂模拟，通过摄像设备实时观测三轴应力状态下支撑剂的运移和分布特征，其中含有支撑剂的压裂液为含有支撑剂、压裂液的混合液。In general, after the stress to be loaded is stabilized, inject fracturing fluid containing proppant into each casing for fracturing simulation, and observe the migration and distribution characteristics of proppant under triaxial stress state in real time through camera equipment. The fracturing fluid of proppant is a mixed fluid containing proppant and fracturing fluid.
在一些实施例中，在模拟同步压裂时，同时向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液；此外也可以不同时向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液；例如在模拟顺序压裂时，依次向每个套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液，即先向第一套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液，待第一段压裂完成后，再向第二套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液，以此类推，注入顺序根据所要模拟的地层实际情况确定。通过调整注入顺序，能够研究同步压裂、顺序压裂等压裂方式下对裂缝的扩展情况和支撑剂运移过程的影响。In some embodiments, when simulating simultaneous fracturing, fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into each casing at the same time; in addition, fracturing fluid containing proppant may not be injected into each casing at the same time; for example, in the simulation During sequential fracturing, the fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into each casing in sequence, that is, the fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into the first casing first, and after the fracturing of the first stage is completed, the fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into the second casing. The fracturing fluid containing proppant is injected into the pipe, and so on, and the injection sequence is determined according to the actual situation of the formation to be simulated. By adjusting the injection sequence, the effects of simultaneous fracturing and sequential fracturing on fracture propagation and proppant migration can be studied.
在一些实施例中，注入含有支撑剂的压裂液的过程中，注入总量为20mL-2000mL，例如20mL、30mL、40mL、45mL、50mL、60mL、70mL、80mL、90mL、100mL、200mL、300mL、400mL、500mL、1000mL、2000mL或其中的任意两者组成的范围。In some embodiments, during the injection of the fracturing fluid containing proppant, the total injection amount is 20mL-2000mL, such as 20mL, 30mL, 40mL, 45mL, 50mL, 60mL, 70mL, 80mL, 90mL, 100mL, 200mL, 300mL , 400mL, 500mL, 1000mL, 2000mL or the range of any two of them.
在一些实施例中，注入含有支撑剂的压裂液的流量为1mL/min-200mL/min，例如1mL/min、2mL/min、3mL/min、4mL/min、5mL/min、10mL/min、15mL/min、20mL/min、25mL/min、30mL/min、35mL/min、40mL/min、45mL/min、50mL/min、55mL/min、60mL/min、70mL/min、80mL/min、90mL/min、100mL/min、150mL/min、200mL/min或其中的任意两者组成的范围。通过控制注入流量的大小，能够研究不同注入流量对裂缝的扩展情况和支撑剂运移过程的影响。In some embodiments, the flow rate of fracturing fluid injected with proppant is 1 mL/min-200 mL/min, such as 1 mL/min, 2 mL/min, 3 mL/min, 4 mL/min, 5 mL/min, 10 mL/min, 15mL/min, 20mL/min, 25mL/min, 30mL/min, 35mL/min, 40mL/min, 45mL/min, 50mL/min, 55mL/min, 60mL/min, 70mL/min, 80mL/min, 90mL/min min, 100 mL/min, 150 mL/min, 200 mL/min, or a range of any two of them. By controlling the injection flow rate, the effects of different injection flow rates on fracture propagation and proppant migration can be studied.
在一些实施例中，混合液中支撑剂的质量分数为10％-20％，例如10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％或其中的任意两者组成的范围。In some embodiments, the mass fraction of proppant in the mixed solution is 10%-20%, such as 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% %, 20%, or a range of any two of them.
本发明提供的真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟装置，用于实施上述的方法，装置包括压裂装置、立方体透明试样；压裂装置包括腔体、加压装置、注入装置、压力传感器。The real triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing proppant migration visualization simulation device provided by the present invention is used to implement the above method. The device includes a fracturing device and a cubic transparent sample; the fracturing device includes a cavity, a pressurizing device, an injection device, pressure sensor.
进一步地，立方体透明试样包括依次层叠设置的多层层位；在至少两层层位上设置盲孔，且相邻两层盲孔在垂直于盲孔所在平面上交错设置。每个盲孔的层位上钻取的盲孔数量为多个；每个盲孔内设置套管，在套管的壁的外侧与盲孔的内壁之间的环空设置固井胶环；在从套管至盲孔的方向上设有割缝，且割缝贯穿套管的壁和固井胶环；其中，每一个层位上，相邻的两个套管对应的裂缝在沿着盲孔的长度方向上交错设置。Further, the transparent cube sample includes multiple layers arranged in sequence; blind holes are arranged on at least two layers, and two adjacent layers of blind holes are staggered on a plane perpendicular to the blind holes. The number of blind holes drilled on the horizon of each blind hole is multiple; a casing is arranged in each blind hole, and a cementing rubber ring is arranged in the annulus between the outer side of the casing wall and the inner wall of the blind hole; A slit is provided in the direction from the casing to the blind hole, and the slit penetrates the wall of the casing and the cementing rubber ring; wherein, on each layer, the corresponding fractures of the two adjacent casings are along the The blind holes are staggered in the length direction.
进一步地，透明试样的材质为有机玻璃，有机玻璃包含聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯；固井胶环包含环氧树脂胶。Further, the material of the transparent sample is plexiglass, and the plexiglass contains polymethyl methacrylate; the cementing rubber ring contains epoxy resin glue.
进一步地，层位数量为至少2层，在本发明的具体实施过程中，立方体透明试样的尺寸为30cm x 30cm x 30cm，层位为4层，每个层位的厚度为7.5cm，相邻层位之间使用环氧树脂胶粘接。Further, the number of layers is at least 2, and in the specific implementation process of the present invention, the size of the cube transparent sample is 30cm x 30cm x 30cm, the layers are 4, the thickness of each layer is 7.5cm, and the Adjacent layers are bonded with epoxy resin.
进一步地，所有盲孔的长度方向均互相平行，盲孔的长度方向平行于透明试样的最小水平主应力加载方向；盲孔的轴向与套管的轴向相同。各个层位上的盲孔的数量可以相同或不同。Further, the length directions of all blind holes are parallel to each other, and the length directions of the blind holes are parallel to the minimum horizontal principal stress loading direction of the transparent specimen; the axial direction of the blind holes is the same as that of the casing. The number of blind holes on each layer can be the same or different.
进一步地，相邻两个设置有盲孔的层位上的盲孔在沿着垂直所有盲孔长度的方向上交错设置，其中垂直于所有盲孔的长度的方向即为所在层位的厚度方向。Further, the blind holes on two adjacent layers provided with blind holes are staggered along the direction perpendicular to the length of all blind holes, wherein the direction perpendicular to the length of all blind holes is the thickness direction of the layer. .
进一步地，在从套管至盲孔的方向上，裂缝从套管的壁延伸至层位的至少部分区域，其中至少部分区域的长度为0.3cm-0.5cm。Further, in the direction from the casing to the blind hole, the fracture extends from the wall of the casing to at least a partial area of the horizon, wherein the length of the at least partial area is 0.3 cm-0.5 cm.
进一步地，多层层位还包括两层未钻取盲孔的层位，钻取有盲孔的层位位于该两层未钻取盲孔的层位之间，每个未钻取盲孔的层位均设有摄像设备，摄像设备用于实时录像。Further, the multi-layered horizon also includes two horizons without blind holes drilled, the horizon drilled with blind holes is located between the two horizons where blind holes are not drilled, and each undrilled blind hole is located between the two horizons. All layers are equipped with camera equipment, and the camera equipment is used for real-time video recording.
在一些实施例中，加压装置包括加压泵、三个加压板，三个加压板独立地与加压泵连接，加压泵用于加压，通过三个加压板对透明试样加载X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向上的三轴应力。加压装置还包括与三个加压板相对应设置的加压活塞，加压泵分别与加压活塞连接，通过加压泵将压力传递给加压板，再通过三个加压板对透明试样加载X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向上的三轴应力。In some embodiments, the pressurizing device includes a pressurizing pump and three pressurizing plates, the three pressurizing plates are independently connected to the pressurizing pump, the pressurizing pump is used for pressurizing, and the transparent test is tested by the three pressurizing plates. The triaxial stress in the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions of the sample is loaded. The pressurizing device also includes pressurizing pistons corresponding to the three pressurizing plates, the pressurizing pumps are respectively connected with the pressurizing pistons, the pressure is transmitted to the pressurizing plates through the pressurizing pumps, and then the three pressurizing plates are transparent to the pressurizing plates. The triaxial stress in the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions of the specimen is loaded.
在一些实施例中，腔体用于盛放透明试样，三个加压板设置在腔体的内壁。一般情况下，在压裂过程中，腔体为密封腔体。In some embodiments, the cavity is used to hold transparent samples, and three pressing plates are arranged on the inner wall of the cavity. Generally, in the fracturing process, the cavity is a sealed cavity.
进一步地，透明试样还设有摄像装备，摄像设备用于观测透明试样在三轴应力状态下的压裂情况。摄像设备的信号线、电源线沿着线槽设置，信号线、电源线的一端连接摄像设备，另一端连接显示设备，摄像设备用于录像，该录像实时在显示设备中显示，并且支持回放。Further, the transparent sample is also provided with camera equipment, and the camera equipment is used to observe the fracturing situation of the transparent sample under the triaxial stress state. The signal line and power line of the camera equipment are arranged along the wire groove. One end of the signal line and power line is connected to the camera equipment, and the other end is connected to the display equipment. The camera equipment is used for video recording. The video is displayed on the display device in real time and supports playback.
在一些实施例中，注入装置用于向套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液；注入装置包括依次连接的注液泵、中间容器、多通阀，中间容器盛放含有支撑剂的压裂液。多通阀的阀门分别与每个套管的入口端相连。多通阀的第一阀门与中间容器连接，其他阀门分别与套管的入口端连接，多通阀可以实现同时打开，也可以实现逐个打开。In some embodiments, the injection device is used to inject fracturing fluid containing proppant into the casing; the injection device includes a fluid injection pump, an intermediate container, and a multi-port valve connected in sequence, and the intermediate container holds the fracturing fluid containing proppant . The valves of the multi-port valve are respectively connected to the inlet end of each casing. The first valve of the multi-port valve is connected with the intermediate container, and the other valves are respectively connected with the inlet end of the casing. The multi-port valve can be opened simultaneously or one by one.
在一些实施例中，每个套管均连接压力传感器，压力传感器用于对套管内的压力进行实时监测，压力传感器均与计算机连接，以记录实施压裂时的压力变化。In some embodiments, each casing is connected with a pressure sensor, and the pressure sensor is used for real-time monitoring of the pressure in the casing, and the pressure sensors are all connected with a computer to record pressure changes during fracturing.
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明的实施例，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the implementation of the present invention. examples, but not all examples. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
图1为真三轴立体井网压裂支撑剂运移可视化模拟装置的结构示意图，至少包括压裂装置、立方体透明试样1；Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a real triaxial three-dimensional well pattern fracturing proppant migration visualization simulation device, which at least includes a fracturing device and a cubic transparent sample 1;
压裂装置包括腔体、加压装置、注入装置、压力传感器10；The fracturing device includes a cavity, a pressurizing device, an injection device, and a
其中，立方体透明试样包括依次层叠设置的4层层位；沿着立方体样品的底层到顶层的方向分别为第一层位、第二层位、第三层位、第四层位；相邻层位之间为分层界面2；第二层位、第三层位上设置盲孔，且第二层位2个盲孔302，第三层位3个盲孔301；盲孔的轴向方向平行于透明试样的最小水平主应力加载方向，每个盲孔内设置有套管，盲孔的轴向与套管的轴向相同，在套管的壁的外侧与盲孔的内壁之间的环空设置固井胶环；在从套管至盲孔的方向上设有裂缝12，且裂缝12贯穿套管的壁和固井胶环；其中每个套管对应2条裂缝；第三层位上的套管对应的裂缝12的俯视透视图如图2所示；每一个层位上，相邻的两个套管对应的裂缝12在沿着盲孔的长度方向上交错设置；在第一层位和第四层位分别设置摄像设备402、401；摄像设备的信号线、电源线沿着线槽5设置，信号线、电源线的一端连接摄像设备402、401，另一端连接计算机6，设置在第一层位的摄像设备402用于观测第二层位上井的压裂情况，设置在第四层位401的摄像设备用于观测第三层位上井的压裂情况；Among them, the transparent cube sample includes 4 layers arranged in sequence; the direction from the bottom layer to the top layer of the cube sample is the first layer, the second layer, the third layer, and the fourth layer; adjacent Layer interface 2 is between the layers; blind holes are arranged on the second layer and the third layer, and there are 2
加压装置包括加压泵7、三个加压板，三个加压板独立地与加压泵连接；通过三个加压板对透明试样加载X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向上的三轴应力；The pressurizing device includes a pressurizing pump 7, and three pressurizing plates, which are independently connected to the pressurizing pump; triaxial stress;
腔体用于盛放透明试样1，三个加压板设置在腔体的内壁。The cavity is used to hold the transparent sample 1, and three pressing plates are arranged on the inner wall of the cavity.
注入装置包括依次连接的注液泵11、中间容器9、六通阀8，六通阀的第一阀门与中间容器连接，其他阀门分别与每个套管的入口端相连；每个阀门可以实现独立地开关，每个套管均连接压力传感器10，压力传感器10均与计算机6连接。The injection device includes a
图3为采用图1所示的模拟装置实施模拟方法的流程图，包括以下步骤：Fig. 3 is the flow chart that adopts the simulation device shown in Fig. 1 to implement the simulation method, comprises the following steps:
S301：获取立方体透明试样；采用以下步骤获取立方体透明试样：S301: Obtain a cube transparent sample; use the following steps to obtain a cube transparent sample:
将玻璃块切割成尺寸为30cm x 30cm x 30cm的立方体样品，将立方体样品进行层位切割，使其层位为4层，每层厚度为7.5cm，相邻层位之间通过环氧树脂胶粘接；其中沿着立方体样品的底层到顶层的方向将其进行层位切割，分别得到第一层位、第二层位、第三层位、第四层位；Cut the glass block into cube samples with a size of 30cm x 30cm x 30cm, and cut the cube samples into 4 layers, each with a thickness of 7.5cm, and epoxy glue between adjacent layers. Bonding; wherein the cube samples are cut along the direction from the bottom layer to the top layer to obtain the first layer, the second layer, the third layer and the fourth layer respectively;
在第二层位、第三层位上钻取盲孔，其中钻取盲孔的方向为沿着最小水平主应力方向，第二层位钻取2个盲孔302，第三层位钻取3个盲孔301，第二层和第三层位上的盲孔在垂直于所有盲孔的平面上以交错形式排列；Blind holes are drilled on the second and third horizons, wherein the blind holes are drilled in the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress, two
在上述每个盲孔中下入套管，在套管的壁的外侧与盲孔的内壁之间的环空中加入固井胶，放置预设时间，使固井胶固化，形成固井胶环；然后再套管内下入割缝设备进行割缝，形成裂缝12，形成的裂缝满足：在从套管至盲孔的方向上，裂缝贯穿套管的壁、固井胶环，一直延伸至所在层位的长度为0.5cm；如图2所示，同一层位上相邻套管对应的裂缝在沿着盲孔的长度方向上交错设置；Run casing into each of the above blind holes, add cementing glue in the annulus between the outer side of the casing wall and the inner wall of the blind hole, and leave it for a preset time to solidify the cementing glue to form a cementing glue ring ; Then, the slitting equipment is put into the casing for slitting to form cracks 12. The formed cracks satisfy: in the direction from the casing to the blind hole, the cracks penetrate the wall of the casing, the cementing rubber ring, and extend all the way to the The length of the horizon is 0.5cm; as shown in Figure 2, the cracks corresponding to adjacent casings on the same horizon are staggered along the length of the blind hole;
在第一层位和第四层位分别切割2个观测孔，分别在观测孔内设置摄像设备；摄像设备的信号线、电源线沿着线槽设置，信号线、电源线的一端连接摄像设备，另一端连接显示设备，设置在第一层位的摄像设备402用于观测第二层位上井的压裂情况，设置在第四层位401的摄像设备用于观测第三层位上井的压裂情况；Two observation holes are cut at the first and fourth levels, respectively, and the camera equipment is installed in the observation holes; the signal line and power line of the camera equipment are arranged along the wire groove, and one end of the signal line and the power line is connected to the camera equipment. , the other end is connected to the display device, the
S302：对透明试样分别加载X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向上的三轴应力；S302: Load the transparent sample with triaxial stress in the directions of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis respectively;
通过连接加压泵，采用三个加压板对立方体透明试样加载X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向上的三轴应力；如图1所示，三个加压板位于腔体的内壁，分别对应透明试样的两两相邻的三个表面，加载应力的过程为：通过加压泵、加压板的作用，对透明试样进行三轴加压的过程包括：对透明试样中层位所在的平面的法向加载垂向应力σv；对平行于所有盲孔的方向加载最小水平主应力σh；对最小水平主应力及垂向应力构成的平面的法向加载最大水平主应力σH。By connecting the pressurizing pump, three pressurizing plates are used to load the triaxial stress in the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis directions to the transparent cube sample; as shown in Figure 1, the three pressurizing plates are located on the inner wall of the cavity, Corresponding to the three adjacent surfaces of the transparent sample, the process of loading stress is: through the action of the pressurizing pump and the pressurizing plate, the process of triaxially pressing the transparent sample includes: applying the middle layer of the transparent sample to the The normal loading vertical stress σ v of the plane where the position is located; the minimum horizontal principal stress σ h is loaded in the direction parallel to all blind holes; the maximum horizontal principal stress is normally loaded on the plane composed of the minimum horizontal principal stress and the vertical stress σ H .
S303：向套管内注入含有支撑剂的压裂液对透明试样进行压裂；S303: inject fracturing fluid containing proppant into the casing to fracturing the transparent sample;
待三轴应力加载完成后，通过注液泵11加压将中间容器9中的含有支撑剂的压裂液注入各套管进行压裂，当六通阀8同时打开时，可以模拟同步压裂过程；当六通阀逐个打开时，可以模拟顺序压裂过程，其打开顺序及数量依据要模拟的实际情况确定。本示例对打开顺序不做明确规定；After the triaxial stress loading is completed, the fracturing fluid containing proppant in the
S304：在压裂的同时，启动摄像设备401、402，实时观察三轴应力状态下透明试样中裂缝12的扩展情况及支撑剂13的运移情况，并利用计算机6进行记录；S304: while fracturing, start the
上述摄像设备能够透过透明试样清晰捕获裂缝扩展过程及不同时刻支撑剂在裂缝中的分布情况；同时，摄像设备连接至计算机，其拍摄的视频能够实时在计算机中显示，同时也支持压裂结束后回放。The above camera equipment can clearly capture the crack propagation process and the distribution of proppant in the fracture at different times through the transparent sample; at the same time, the camera equipment is connected to the computer, and the video captured by the camera can be displayed on the computer in real time, and also supports fracturing. Play back when finished.
S305：压裂结束后，综合压力数据及压裂录像分析模拟真实地层的立体井网在应力条件下压裂时支撑剂的运移与分布特征。S305: After the fracturing, comprehensive pressure data and fracturing video analysis simulate the migration and distribution characteristics of proppant during fracturing of the three-dimensional well pattern of the real formation under stress conditions.
具体地，将压裂曲线上的压力响应特征与压裂录像中的裂缝扩展及支撑剂运移情况对应起来，分析其裂缝扩展和支撑剂运移时二者的对应关系，从而帮助现场从压力曲线特征判断支撑剂的铺置及运移情况。Specifically, the pressure response characteristics on the fracturing curve are corresponding to the fracture propagation and proppant migration in the fracturing video, and the corresponding relationship between the fracture propagation and proppant migration is analyzed, so as to help the on-site pressure from the pressure The curve characteristics judge the placement and migration of proppant.
以上，对本发明的实施方式进行了说明。但是，本发明不限定于上述实施方式。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。The embodiments of the present invention have been described above. However, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.
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