CN114555761A - 包括分离步骤和根据阈值对所得颗粒的差异化处理的蒸汽裂解方法 - Google Patents
包括分离步骤和根据阈值对所得颗粒的差异化处理的蒸汽裂解方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及通过蒸汽裂解获得的固体生物燃料的领域。更具体地，本发明涉及通过蒸汽裂解处理木质纤维素生物质的方法，其中处理所得粉末以根据阈值将颗粒分成两类，并且对每一类进行不同处理。
Description
本发明涉及通过蒸汽裂解获得的固体生物燃料的领域。更具体地，本发明涉及通过蒸汽裂解处理木质纤维素生物质的方法，其中处理所得粉末以根据阈值将颗粒分成两类，并且对每一类进行不同处理。
发明领域
可再生来源的能量(电能和热能)的生产可以从环境(太阳、风、潮汐、膨胀、地热、水力)或从生物质实现。除了生物质、河流或拦河坝水力以及地热之外，这些可再生能源是间歇性的，除非能量存储装置有所发展。只有生物质是可以被运输到其转化为热和/或电的场所的主要能量。然而，生物质实际上是一种不是非常密集的能量，它是可变的且易腐烂。将木质纤维素生物质(木材、农业废物、农业和农业工业的副产品)转化成能量密集、可运输且易于储存的化合物，使得有可能开发和巩固固定能量工业门类(在家庭中、在固定点使用的生物燃料，与生物燃料油相反)，并且减少环境影响(CO2化石排放，使用不具有肥料或植物检疫剂的生物质)。
通过根据精确的参数条件(特别是尺寸分级、温度和停留时间)将生物质均质化为蒸汽裂解的粉末，通过蒸汽裂解对生物质的热处理允许能量的这种密集化。然后将粉末造粒以便于其运输、储存和使用。
因此，问题是确保蒸汽裂解方法能够确保恒定的产品，即在品质方面稳定的输出粉末，并且能够在该方法的下游转化或使用，以用于所需的应用。该粉末具有适合用于燃烧的热值和组成，并且能够被造粒。
如今，用于保证蒸汽裂解的最佳结果的最佳解决方案是规律且受控地供应相同品质的生物质。然而，为了增加生物质处理的体积，出于生产固体生物燃料的目的，似乎令人感兴趣的是还能够处理非均质生物质。
蒸汽裂解过程的参数是关键的，并且为了便于不同选项的比较，已经开发了基于如下假设的模型：即该方法的动力学是一级的并且遵循阿伦尼乌斯定律，使得有可能开发反应的纵坐标(R0)：
R0＝∫texp[(Tr-Tb)/14.75]dt
其中Tr是反应温度(℃)，Tb是基线温度(水在大气压下的沸点：100℃)，t是停留时间(min)，并且14.75是常规活化能，假定一般方法是水解法并且一般转化是一级。反应纵坐标的log10值给出了用于表示蒸汽爆破对生物质的影响的深度因子(或深度)：
深度＝log10(R0)
当处理非均质生物质时遇到的问题是所获得的粉末本身是非均质的，导致造粒的问题。实际上，取决于初始生物质的性质和应用的条件，蒸汽裂解在对材料的破坏方面不会有相同的效果。因此，当输入材料是非均质的时，必须调节深度条件，从而不会完全破坏耐受性最低的材料，否则将不利地影响造粒。当根据耐受性较低的生物质调节深度条件时，蒸汽裂解产生源自耐受性较高的生物质的残余颗粒，这也会破坏造粒过程。
不符合最终品质和制粒规格可能是致命的，无论是由于留下大颗粒的处理，还是由于太剧烈而使产品及其在制粒时的表现劣化的处理。
因此，需要获得适合于处理非均质生物质的蒸汽裂解方法，用于制造受控品质的黑色粒料。
蒸汽裂解与水热预处理(也称为水性分馏、溶剂解、水热裂解或水热处理)的不同之处在于，后者包括在高温和高压下使用水以促进木质纤维素基质的崩解和分离。该技术不适合于生产黑色粒料，因为所获得的产品大部分是液体。
热解是在没有氧气的情况下通过强烈加热使有机化合物化学分解。热解后获得的化合物就其特性而言不同于通过蒸汽裂解获得的那些。蒸汽裂解不能类比于热解技术，因为它使用蒸汽爆破并在氧的存在下进行。
还需要区分焙干方法，其特征在于100℃至300℃的热化学处理，这使得可以将一些有机材料改性以使纤维断裂，同时除去水。
现有技术
中国专利CN102949969A公开了一种使用绒料混合器和催化传热流体加热器热解固体碳材料或具有高粘度的材料的系统，以及使用该反应器系统的方法。该方法还包括固/固或固/液分离器，用于使固体或液体热解产物与用过的催化传热流体分离。
美国专利US2012/260563A1描述了一种通过水热裂解(常规热解液体反应，采用氢气并且在固体催化剂存在下)的热化学转化生物质以获得液体产物的方法。该方法特别包括惯性分离装置。
专利US2014/298716A1涉及一种用于干燥和焙干木质纤维素生物质的方法。干燥和焙干设备包括两个回路。第二回路包括旋风分离器，其能够消除所有大的挥发性颗粒。
最后，专利US2016/251611A1公开了一种用于生长微生物体的方法，其包括在从已经经历蒸汽爆破步骤的木质纤维素原料获得的水解的组合物的存在下培养微生物。处理的木质纤维素生物质还包括根据阈值(例如纤维的尺寸)分离纤维的步骤。
现有技术的缺点
现有技术的解决方案并不完全令人满意，因为它们使用技术或使用非粉状产品。实际上，这些技术是：
-热解，导致获得与通过蒸汽裂解获得的那些化合物不同的化合物
-焙干，其是一种具有可接受的产率(10％至20％损失)的技术，但成本仍然过高，并且该技术还不成熟。
发明内容
为了满足这种需要，本发明人开发了一种具有给定深度因子的蒸汽裂解方法，其特征在于，该方法包括处理粉状产品以分离高于阈值的颗粒和低于所述阈值的颗粒的步骤，以及对第一类颗粒和第二类颗粒的差异化处理的步骤。
所述方法使得可以一方面将已除去耐受性颗粒的均匀粉末造粒，另一方面通过返回蒸汽裂解罐或另一延迟处理来处理劣质材料的溢流。
本发明还涉及用于实施该方法的蒸汽裂解设备，其包括颗粒分离器。
本发明的优点
因此，本发明包括应用筛网以从可造粒的粉末中分离出降解不良的耐受性颗粒，或将尺寸分级过细的粉末从可造粒的粉末中分离。
该方法的主要优点是它使得可以由任何类型的生物质、特别是由非均质生物质生产高品质的黑色粒料。实际上，从待造粒的粉末中除去降解不良的颗粒改善了粒料的品质，因此粒料更粘、更疏水且能量更高。
因此，就品质和品质一致性而言，该方法可以同时符合制粒方法整体的规格和最终产品的规格。
该方法可以回收降解不良的颗粒并重新使用它们。问题可能是使它们第二次经受蒸汽裂解处理或将它们用于其它目的。
也可以通过筛网除去造粒不良的最细粉末，并仅保留能够堵塞的粉末，目标是生产粒料。例如，可以设想将所述最细粉末用在生物转化过程中。
应注意到，如果增加处理的深度可以能够克服仍然粗糙的颗粒的问题，这将导致更不稳定的木材颗粒的降解，并且还将由于聚合物形式的分子过度降解成挥发性化合物(例如对温度和停留时间最敏感的半纤维素)而增加材料损失。因此，有利的是在将粉末的蒸汽裂解后的筛溢流再循环到工艺的起始处，而不是增加深度，或使其实际单独地或以组合在一起的方式经受更合适的深度条件。
具体实施方式
本发明首先涉及一种用于木质纤维素生物质的蒸汽裂解的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括处理粉状产品以分离高于阈值的颗粒和低于所述阈值的颗粒的步骤，以及对第一类颗粒和第二类颗粒进行差异化处理的步骤。
这种方法包括以下步骤：
-蒸汽裂解木质纤维素生物质
-筛分通过蒸汽裂解获得的粉状产品，以分离高于阈值的颗粒(称为“第一类”)和低于所述阈值的颗粒(称为“第二类”)
-差异化处理第一类颗粒和第二类颗粒。
在蒸汽裂解步骤期间应用的深度因子将取决于待处理的生物质而确定。由反应纵坐标的Log10值确定。
深度＝log10(R0)
这是蒸汽裂解过程固有的特征，本领域技术人员知道如何测量和调整。典型地，深度因子为4.0至4.02，更精确地为4.05至4.15。
该方法实施筛分，其目的在于将蒸汽裂解颗粒分成两类，以便进行不同的处理。阈值例如可以是质量、尺寸、横截面积或颗粒的密度，但也可以是它们的气动行为，或使得可以分离与阈值相比太细、太大、太致密等的颗粒的任何其他标准。
在一个优选的实施方式中，将两类颗粒中的一类造粒以制备黑色粒料。
在一个具体实施方式中，待造粒的颗粒对应于高于阈值的颗粒类别。问题在于消除最大和/或最致密和/或最具耐受性的颗粒。
在一个替代性实施方式中，待造粒的颗粒对应于高于阈值的颗粒类别。问题在于消除太细而不能造粒的颗粒。
在诸如耐水性、机械强度和高热值的其它预期品质中，黑色粒料一般而言可通过主要组成(>80％)为尺寸小于500μm的颗粒以及若干百分比的大于1毫米或实际上数毫米的颗粒来鉴定。
粒料的耐水性可以通过浸泡来评价，即产品不应在浸泡过程中吸收大量的水，并且产品的品质例如其机械强度等不应在浸泡之后改变。粒料的机械强度与抗冲击性和机械耐久性相关。
粒料的热值必须相对于初始生物质的热值增加。
蒸汽裂解步骤的深度因子根据生物质的性质和期望收集的粉末的类型而固定。
被除去的颗粒经历不同于造粒的处理，并且被收集和再循环，例如通过在分离后立即或以延迟方式再引入到蒸汽裂解罐中，或通过在其它工艺中再使用。
除了本发明的特定实施方式还有许多不同的处理被除去颗粒的可能方式。
在一个具体实施方式中，将高于阈值(例如，耐受性、太大和/或太致密)的颗粒直接再引入蒸汽裂解罐中，以便在连续工艺中再次处理。
在另一具体实施方式中，收集高于或低于阈值的颗粒以便以延迟方式再循环。它们可随后在不同深度条件下再引入蒸汽裂解罐中，或在其它工艺中再使用。太细而不能造粒的颗粒可例如用作生物转化反应如生物技术工艺和绿色化学等的基质。太大的颗粒可通过锅炉中的局部燃烧再使用，或可再整合到生物材料中。
因此，该方法使得处理非均质生物质和再利用所有这种生物质成为可能。
所述非均质生物质可包括幼龄木材和老龄木材的混合物、源自不同物种的木材的混合物、废木材等。
其次，本发明涉及一种蒸汽裂解设备，其包括至少一个蒸汽裂解单元，和用于根据阈值将颗粒分离成两类的分离器，以及用于输送由此分离的颗粒的装置。
蒸汽裂解设备是涉及到位于蒸汽裂解罐出口处的粉末收集器的元件的常规设备。颗粒分离器可以是任何类型，并且取决于为筛网选择的标准。因此，筛分装置可以是通过尺寸选择的分离装置，例如旋转筛、穿孔或倾斜振动台，动态密度分离装置，例如弹道筛或离心效应。
差异化输送颗粒的装置使得可以将溢流粉末输送到立即处理的位点或输送到延迟处理的储存位点。这种输送装置可以是传送器、斜槽、螺杆、链式传送器、气动系统等。
该设备还可以包括与所述溢流下游的处理相关的设备项目。
Claims (8)
1.一种木质纤维素生物质的蒸汽裂解方法，其特征在于，该方法包括：
-木质纤维素生物质的蒸汽裂解步骤
-筛分在蒸汽裂解步骤结束时获得的粉状产品以便分离高于阈值的颗粒和低于该阈值的颗粒的步骤
-差异化处理第一类颗粒和第二类颗粒的步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述阈值选自质量、尺寸、横截面积、颗粒的密度、所述颗粒的气动行为。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述颗粒类别中的一类被造粒，而另一类被除去。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其中，所述除去的颗粒类别通过立即或延迟再引入或者在其它工艺中再使用而被收集和再循环。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，所述除去的颗粒高于所述阈值，并且在局部燃烧中再使用或整合到生物材料中。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，所述除去的颗粒低于所述阈值，并在生物技术或绿色化学工艺中再使用。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述生物质是非均质的。
8.一种蒸汽裂解设备，其特征在于，该设备包括至少一个蒸汽裂解单元，和根据阈值将颗粒分离成两类的分离器，以及用于差异化输送由此分离的颗粒的装置。
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| MX2022000210A (es) | 2022-04-12 |
| AU2020307195A1 (en) | 2022-02-03 |
| EP3986990A1 (fr) | 2022-04-27 |
| WO2020260799A1 (fr) | 2020-12-30 |
| BR112021026316A2 (pt) | 2022-06-07 |
| US20220315851A1 (en) | 2022-10-06 |
| FR3097556A1 (fr) | 2020-12-25 |
| FR3097556B1 (fr) | 2021-11-26 |
| CA3144995A1 (fr) | 2020-12-30 |
| KR20220024849A (ko) | 2022-03-03 |
| JP2022538234A (ja) | 2022-09-01 |
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