CN114511228A - Ecological restoration effect evaluation method for hydro-fluctuation belt of three gorges reservoir area - Google Patents
Ecological restoration effect evaluation method for hydro-fluctuation belt of three gorges reservoir area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological restoration effect evaluation method for a hydro-fluctuation belt in a three gorges reservoir area, which combines literature data and on-site investigation, comprehensively considers comprehensive benefits in three aspects of ecology, economy and society, and constructs an ecological restoration demonstration engineering effect evaluation system for the hydro-fluctuation belt of the three gorges reservoir in two types of cities, towns and villages, wherein the system comprises 3 first-level indexes and 21 second-level indexes; meanwhile, 5-grade evaluation standards of excellent, good, medium, low and poor are divided; determining the weights of the first-level index and the second-level index by combining a Delphi method and an expert consulting method and in a questionnaire investigation mode to form a comprehensive evaluation index; the method can be used for evaluating the effect of the established typical hydro-fluctuation belt demonstration project, provides scientific basis for defining the hydro-fluctuation belt protection thought, making a plan and comprehensively developing the restoration work, and provides decision reference for the ecological environment restoration management of the three gorges reservoir area.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, in particular to an ecological restoration effect evaluation method for a hydro-fluctuation belt in a three gorges reservoir area.
Background
The three gorges reservoir is the biggest fresh water resource strategic reserve reservoir in China, and is used for conserving 35% of fresh water resources in China and ensuring the drinking safety of 3 hundred million people in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river. After the three gorges project operates, under the action of water level anti-season fluctuation, a water-land transition area of 'winter submerging summer dew' is formed between 145m and 175m of two banks of a dry branch and a tributary of a reservoir area, namely a three gorges reservoir area fluctuation belt. Compared with other domestic large-scale reservoir hydro-fluctuation belts, the tri-gorge reservoir area hydro-fluctuation belt has the advantages of short formation time (more than ten years) and small area (about 344 km)2) And the typical characteristics that the water level fluctuation range is the largest (30m), the reservoir bank area is wide in range (26 counties in Chongqing city and Hubei province), and the ecological environment and the ecological system are not stable.
The area of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Chongqing section in the three gorges reservoir area is about 298.055km2The length of the related shoreline is about 4881.43km, the length accounts for 86.59% of the total area of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the whole three gorges reservoir area and 87.5% of the total length of the shoreline, the shoreline is mainly distributed in 8 counties such as Kaizhou, Fuling, Yunyang, Zhongzhou, Wushan, Fengjie, Fengdu and the like, and the area reaches about 250.7km2(84.1% by weight). The areas of the main flow falling zone and the branch flow falling zone are approximately equal, the area distribution of the falling zones increases with the elevation of the sea level and increases with the gradientGradually reducing, wherein the area ratio of the area above 155m elevation exceeds 80%, and the area of the gentle slope hydro-fluctuation belt with the slope of 25 degrees and below reaches 83.86%. Due to the periodic water level fluctuation and alternate hydrological conditions, the ecological environment of the hydro-fluctuation zone of the three gorges reservoir area is fragile, the ecological environment function is unstable, and a series of ecological environment problems such as vegetation community degradation, soil erosion, water and soil loss aggravation and the like occur. Therefore, the hydro-fluctuation belt of the three gorges reservoir is used as the last natural defense line and the ecological barrier for protecting the water environment of the three gorges reservoir, and the health degree of the ecological system is directly related to the life safety of people in counties and counties around the reservoir and the sustainable and stable development of the social economy of the reservoir.
At present, protection and restoration works such as shoreline treatment, ecological barrier zone construction, geological disaster prevention and control, comprehensive regulation of four banks in two rivers and other places are developed by national ministries such as three gorges, water conservancy, science and technology, forestry and ecological environment and government departments in all levels of local regions, a hydro-fluctuation zone vegetation ecological restoration demonstration and engineering (part of demonstration engineering conditions are shown in table 1) are respectively built in regions such as the minor river basin of Yunyang county, Hanfeng lake and Pengxi river, the major town of Tengzhou, Shibazhen county and Nantuo town of Fuling area, and certain effects are achieved in the aspects of vegetation coverage, surface runoff pollutant retention and degradation, water and soil loss reduction and the like.
TABLE 1 ecological restoration engineering (partial) situation of hydro-fluctuation belt in three gorges reservoir area
With the continuous importance of scholars at home and abroad on the wetland ecosystem, a plurality of scholars develop research on the evaluation of the value of the wetland ecosystem. In 1997, Costanza et al divided the global ecosystem into 16 types, summarized 17 ecological service functions, and estimated the economic value of wetland ecosystems in the united states, indonesia, etc. In 2014, the ecological service function and value of the Spanish wetland were evaluated from the degree of land development and utilization by PZorrilla-Miras and the like. In 2015, Patton et al evaluated the ecological service value of carbon fixation and oxygen release of wetland by taking wetland in the wild protection area of the United states as a research object. The relevant research on the wetland ecosystem in China starts relatively late, and the ecological benefit evaluation on the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area is relatively lacked. A wetland ecosystem health evaluation system is provided in 2002 by Touris alpina et al. In 2006, Yuan-Hui and the like evaluate the three gorges reservoir area hydro-fluctuation belt protection and utilization mode and ecological health from the aspects of hydro-fluctuation belt ecological function characteristics, environmental quality and the like. In 2010, the Monazar and the like are evaluated for collapse and landslide fragility of a hydro-fluctuation zone, water conservancy erosion fragility, pollution fragility and landscape fragility, and the height distribution rule and the spatial distribution characteristics of the tri-ecological fragility of the geographical region of the hydro-fluctuation zone of the three gorges reservoir region are discussed. In 2012, remote sensing image interpretation and investigation data are utilized in the tuning and the like, and a three gorges reservoir area hydro-fluctuation zone ecological environment evaluation system is constructed on the basis of a pressure-state-response (PSR) model. In 2016, Wu Sheng Jun establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system of a hydro-fluctuation belt ecosystem from the internal ecological characteristics, functional indexes and external environmental characteristics of a hydro-fluctuation belt in a three gorges reservoir area.
From the prior research, the evaluation of wetland ecosystem at home and abroad mainly takes wetland health evaluation, reservoir water quality health evaluation and hydro-fluctuation zone ecological environment vulnerability evaluation as well as mainly takes large-area whole area evaluation. The success evaluation of the small-scale area of the hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project is relatively lack, and most evaluation systems have the problems of incomplete indexes, high data acquisition difficulty, poor operability and the like. The reservoir hydro-fluctuation belt is a complex and special wetland ecosystem, has strong two-dimensional characteristic on the spatial structure, is an amphibious staggered belt in the transverse direction, the upper part of the land hydro-fluctuation belt is influenced by a land ecosystem, and the lower edge of the land hydro-fluctuation belt is influenced by the reservoir ecosystem; in the vertical direction, it is the medium for the exchange of surface water and ground water. The health and long-term stability of the ecosystem are one of the research hotspot problems in China in recent years, are closely related to ecological restoration, and the restoration effect is a direct index reflecting the health and stability of the ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the construction conditions of the hydro-fluctuation belt demonstration project in the three gorges reservoir area in Chongqing city, and carry out the result evaluation on the ecological restoration demonstration project of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area according to the influence degree of human activities in a classified manner (urban type and rural type), so as to establish a scientific, unified and strong-operability comprehensive evaluation system, and provide direction and guidance for the ecological restoration of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the whole three gorges reservoir area.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a method for evaluating ecological restoration demonstration engineering success in a hydro-fluctuation belt of a three gorges reservoir area, a scientific, unified and strong-operability comprehensive evaluation system is established according to the method, and a quantitative standard is provided for objectively evaluating ecological restoration success in the hydro-fluctuation belt demonstration area of the three gorges reservoir area.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
1. an ecological restoration effect evaluation method for a hydro-fluctuation belt in a three gorges reservoir area comprises the following steps:
(1) through the mode of looking up documents and field investigation and combining the ecological service function of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area, selecting an index which can directly or indirectly reflect the ecological restoration effect of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area, and building an evaluation system frame in an urban type and a rural type; primarily selecting 4 first-level indexes and 25 second-level indexes of ecological benefit, economic benefit, safety benefit and social benefit; wherein, the number of the second-level indexes of ecological benefit is 17, the number of the second-level indexes of economic benefit is 4, the number of the second-level indexes of safety benefit is 1, and the number of the second-level indexes of social benefit is 3;
(2) designing a first round of expert questionnaires on the basis of the indexes in the step (1), selecting 30-50 experts related to professions or having related practical experience to issue questionnaires, consulting the necessity and importance of the indexes, and completing increase, decrease and adjustment of evaluation indexes according to expert positive coefficients, expert authority degrees, expert opinion concentration degrees and expert opinion coordination degrees;
(3) based on the evaluation system adjusted in the step (2), performing preliminary weight calculation in a weighted average mode according to corresponding scores of the options selected by the experts in the first round of expert opinions, sorting the results into questionnaires, and selecting 10-15 experts to perform second round of expert questionnaire investigation and consultation to complete index adjustment and index weight correction;
(4) constructing an ecological restoration effect evaluation system of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the three gorges reservoir area, finally determining that the evaluation system is determined to be 3 first-level indexes and 21 second-level indexes, and showing the indexes and the weight of the evaluation system in a table 12;
(5) establishing evaluation criteria
Assigning each index by a grading assignment method, dividing each secondary index into 5 evaluation levels of superior, good, medium, low and poor according to 5 scores, and showing evaluation index grade standards in a table 11;
(6) evaluation of ecological restoration effect of hydro-fluctuation belt
Selecting an evaluation object, acquiring original data of each index of the evaluation object, and obtaining evaluation score I of each single index according to index grade assignment standardiThe sum of the products of the evaluation scores of the single indexes and the comprehensive weight Wi of the indexes is a comprehensive evaluation index CEI, and the calculation formula is as follows:
and comparing the ecological restoration effect of each evaluation object according to the magnitude of the comprehensive evaluation index, wherein the larger the numerical value is, the better the restoration effect is.
Preferably, in the step (1), the town-type hydro-fluctuation belt is a hydro-fluctuation belt section which is distributed near the places such as the district, the city, the county, the town and the like of the bank zone of the three gorges stem branch reservoir in the Yangtze river, has dense population and relatively developed related industries; the rural hydro-fluctuation belt is a hydro-fluctuation belt area which is mainly used in agriculture and is used for land utilization on the bank before a three gorges reservoir is built.
Preferably, in the step (1), the 17 ecological benefit secondary indexes are vegetation coverage rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, litter thickness, soil erosion strength, soil organic matters, soil total carbon, soil aggregate, soil compactness, effective soil thickness, plant carbon fixation amount, plant oxygen release amount, surface runoff ammonia nitrogen reduction rate, surface runoff total phosphorus reduction rate, chemical oxygen demand, water suspended matters and biological diversity index; 4 economic benefit secondary indexes are product value, demonstration project cost, daily maintenance and management cost and recreation value; the 1 second-level safety benefit index is the occurrence rate of geological disasters such as landslide and collapse; the 3 social benefit second-level indexes are landscape diversity indexes, and solve the employment problems of surrounding residents and the satisfaction degree of the residents in life.
Preferably, in step (2), the statistical analysis method of the data is as follows:
(1) expert positive coefficient
The expert positive coefficient, namely the recovery rate of the expert consulting table, can reflect the attention degree of the expert to research and the attention degree of the expert to the content, and influences the accuracy of data statistics, and the formula is as follows:
E＝m/M
in the formula: e, consulting the table recovery rate, namely questionnaire survey recovery rate; m is the number of experts who actually retrieve the questionnaire; m represents the total number of experts; when E is more than 70%, the expert enthusiasm is high;
(2) degree of expert authority
The expert authority degree can reflect the reliability and accuracy of the questionnaire, and is mainly determined by the familiarity degree of the expert to the indexes and the judgment basis, and the formula is as follows:
Cr＝(Ca+Cs)/2
in the formula: cr is the authority degree of the experts; the judgment basis of Ca for experts is divided into 4 dimensions of practical experience, theoretical analysis, reference of domestic and foreign data and visual sensation, and each dimension is divided into three levels of large, medium and small according to the degree of influence on the experts; cs is the familiarity degree of the expert on the index, and is divided into 5 grades which are very familiar, relatively familiar, generally familiar, relatively unfamiliar and very unfamiliar, and the Cs are respectively assigned with 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2; when Cr is more than 0.7, the investigation result is reliable; see table 2.
(3) Concentration degree of expert opinions
The concentration degree of the opinions of the experts, namely the concentration degree of the opinions of the experts on the relative importance of each evaluation factor in the questionnaire, is expressed by three indexes of average number, grade and unimportant percentage. The larger the scores of the average number and the grade sum are, the more important the position of the evaluation factor in the corresponding part is, and the more concentrated the expert opinions are; the more the unimportant percentage is, the larger the unnecessity of the evaluation factor in the corresponding part is, the smaller the importance is, and the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor;
(ii) a grade of
The grade sum refers to the total score of an expert on a certain evaluation factor and represents the importance of the evaluation factor; s is less than 50% of full score (product of the highest score and the quantity of recovered questionnaires), and can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factors, and the specific formula is as follows:
Si＝∑i
in the formula: siThe sum of the grades of the I parameter factors;
mean number-
The average value refers to the average value of the scores of a certain evaluation factor by an expert; the number of the first-level indexes is less, and the average number takes 6 as a boundary value; the secondary indexes are more, and the boundary value of the average number is calculated by subtracting the standard deviation from the average number;
in the formula: siThe sum of the grade of the evaluation factors is i, and the total number of the evaluation experts is n;
③ percent of unimportant
The unimportant percentage refers to the proportion of the unnecessity of the evaluation factor, when the value is more than 50%, the unnecessity of the evaluation factor is larger, and the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor;
R＝Mi/n
in the formula: mi is the number of the experts considering the evaluation factor as 'unnecessary', and n is the total number of the evaluation experts;
(4) degree of expert opinion coordination
The expert opinion coordination degree is expressed by a variation coefficient; the smaller the variation coefficient is, the more consistent the expert opinions are, and the higher the coordination degree is; the boundary value of the variation coefficient is equal to the mean plus the standard deviation; when the variation coefficient is larger than the threshold value, the opinion of the expert on the evaluation factor is different, the coordination degree is poor, and the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor;
in the formula: CV ofiCoefficient of variation, σ, of the i-parameteriIs the standard deviation of the evaluation factors,
is an average number.
Preferably, in step (6), the manner of obtaining the raw data of each index of the evaluation object is as follows:
data of vegetation coverage, plant carbon fixation amount and plant oxygen release amount are obtained by combining RS, unmanned aerial vehicle technology and field sample survey; measuring the soil erosion or deposition thickness by using the soil erosion strength in a field fixed point marking method; collecting a water sample through a water site, and determining the reduction rate of surface runoff ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and water body suspended matters; measuring the effective soil thickness, the soil organic matter content and the soil aggregate content through soil condition investigation and analysis; the biodiversity index is measured through a sample side survey, and the landscape diversity index is obtained through a mode of combining a sample line survey and a remote sensing monitoring technology. Through the modes of field investigation monitoring, questionnaire visiting, department interview and the like, the occurrence frequency of geological disasters such as landslide and collapse, the construction cost for demonstration, the daily maintenance and management cost, the recreation value, the social security value, the satisfaction degree of resident life and the data and information of science and education propaganda are obtained.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention constructs an ecological restoration demonstration engineering effect evaluation system of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the three gorges reservoir in two different types, namely town type and rural type, by combining literature data and on-site research and comprehensively considering three comprehensive benefits of ecology, economy and society, wherein the system comprises 3 first-level indexes and 21 second-level indexes; meanwhile, 5-grade evaluation standards of excellent, good, medium, low and poor are divided; and determining the weights of the first-level index and the second-level index by combining a Delphi method and an expert consulting method and in a questionnaire investigation mode to form a comprehensive evaluation index.
On the basis of analyzing the current situation of the hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project of two different types, namely urban and rural, the invention takes the ecological function as the leading factor and constructs a set of success evaluation system suitable for the hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project. And meanwhile, the established typical hydro-fluctuation belt demonstration project is selected for effect evaluation, so that scientific basis is provided for defining the hydro-fluctuation belt protection thought, making a plan and comprehensively developing restoration work, and a decision reference is provided for ecological environment recovery and treatment of the three gorges reservoir area.
Drawings
In order to make the object, technical scheme and beneficial effect of the invention more clear, the invention provides the following drawings for explanation:
FIG. 1 is a technical scheme of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an evaluation index system of the ecological restoration demonstration project of the hydro-fluctuation belt.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described with reference to the following drawings and specific examples so that those skilled in the art can better understand the present invention and can practice the present invention, but the examples are not intended to limit the present invention.
In the invention, the urban-type hydro-fluctuation belt mainly refers to hydro-fluctuation belt sections which are distributed near places such as districts, cities, counties, towns and the like of the bank zone of the three gorges stem branch flow of the Yangtze river, have dense population and are relatively developed in related industries. The rural hydro-fluctuation belt is mainly an agricultural hydro-fluctuation belt area for land utilization on reservoir banks before the reservoir is built in the three gorges reservoir.
Research method and content
1. Technical route
The research technical route of the invention is shown in figure 1.
2. Evaluation system research method
The Delphi method, also called expert survey method or expert evaluation method, is selected for the research. The delphi method was generated in the 50 s of the 20 th century and was used in the technical predictions by helmo and gorden, united states, landed, in the 60 s. The Delphi method is based on expert opinions, can be used for predicting and evaluating various subjects, and can also be used for determining index weight. The Delphi method has the advantages of fully playing the role of an expert group, bringing the best of the masses, collecting the broad interests and guaranteeing the scientificity, objectivity and fairness of the evaluation result.
3. Principles of evaluation architecture construction
(1) Principle of scientific systematics
The method combines domestic and foreign researches and related theories, focuses on the selection of systematic, integral and stability indexes, and establishes an index system which is clear, concise and understandable.
(2) General principle of the nature
The function and the function of different hydro-fluctuation belts are comprehensively considered, and the comprehensiveness and the difference of the functions are comprehensively considered, so that the characteristics of the ecological functions and the function change rules of the hydro-fluctuation belts of different types are reflected.
(3) Principle of operability
Starting from the data acquirability and the actual situation of a falling zone, on the premise of ensuring the comprehensive systematization of an index system, the indexes have testability and feasibility, and data which is easy to obtain and has social recognition degree is selected as much as possible, or the indexes which can be simply and efficiently measured or calculated are selected.
(4) Normative principle
The evaluation of the ecological environment condition of the exemplary engineering is a long-term work, and the acquired data and data are comparable in time and space, so that the content and the method of the adopted indexes are required to be unified and standardized.
4. Data statistical analysis method
(1) Expert positive coefficient
The expert positive coefficient, namely the recovery rate of the expert consulting table, can reflect the attention degree of the expert to research and the attention degree of the expert to the content, and influences the accuracy of data statistics, and the formula is as follows:
E＝m/M
in the formula: e, consulting the table recovery rate, namely questionnaire survey recovery rate; m is the number of experts who actually retrieve the questionnaire; m represents the total number of experts. When E > 70%, it means that the expert's enthusiasm is high.
(2) Degree of expert authority
The expert authority degree can reflect the reliability and accuracy of the questionnaire, and is mainly determined by the familiarity degree and judgment basis of the experts on the indexes, and the formula is as follows:
Cr＝(Ca+Cs)/2
in the formula: cr is the authority degree of experts; the judgment basis of Ca for experts is divided into 4 dimensions of practical experience, theoretical analysis, reference of domestic and foreign data and visual sensation, and each dimension is divided into three levels of large, medium and small according to the degree of influence on the experts (table 2); cs is the familiarity of the expert with the index and is divided into 5 grades which are very familiar, relatively familiar, generally familiar, relatively unfamiliar and very unfamiliar, and the Cs are respectively assigned with 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2. When Cr > 0.7, the investigation result is reliable.
TABLE 2 expert judgment according to influence quantitative table
(3) Concentration degree of expert opinions
The concentration degree of the opinions of the experts, namely the concentration degree of the opinions of the experts on the relative importance of each evaluation factor in the questionnaire, is expressed by three indexes of average number, grade and unimportant percentage. The larger the scores of the average number and the grade sum are, the more important the position of the evaluation factor in the corresponding part is, and the more concentrated the expert opinions are; the larger the unimportant percentage is, the larger the unnecessity of the evaluation factor in the corresponding part is, and the smaller the importance is, so that the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor.
(ii) grade sum
The grade sum refers to the total score of an expert on a certain evaluation factor and represents the importance of the evaluation factor. S is less than 50% of full score (product of the highest score and the quantity of recovered questionnaires), and can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factors, and the specific formula is as follows:
Si＝∑i
in the formula: siThe sum of the ratings for the factor i is given.
Mean number-
The average number refers to the average value of the scores of a certain evaluation factor scored by an expert. The number of the first-level indexes is small, and the average number takes 6 as a boundary value. The second-level indexes are more, and the boundary value of the mean is calculated by subtracting the standard deviation from the mean.
In the formula: siThe sum of the grades of the evaluation factors is i, and the total number of the evaluation experts is n.
③ percent of unimportant
The unimportant percentage is the proportion of the unnecessity of the evaluation factor, and when the value is more than 50%, the unnecessity of the evaluation factor is larger, and the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor. R ═ Mi/n
In the formula: mi is the number of experts considered as 'unnecessary' for the evaluation factor, and n is the total number of the evaluation experts.
(4) Degree of expert opinion coordination
The degree of coordination of the expert opinions is expressed by a coefficient of variation. The smaller the coefficient of variation, the more consistent the expert opinion, the higher the degree of coordination. The coefficient of variation has a cutoff equal to the mean plus the standard deviation. When the variation coefficient is larger than the threshold value, the opinion of the expert on the evaluation factor is different, the coordination degree is poor, and the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor.
In the formula: CV ofiCoefficient of variation, σ, of the i-parameteriIs prepared from radix GinsengThe standard deviation of the evaluation factors was determined,
are averaged.
(5) Index of comprehensive evaluation
The overall evaluation results are reflected by the overall evaluation index (CEI).
In the formula: I.C. AiThe evaluation score is a single index, Wi is the weight of the evaluation index, and N is the number of the evaluation indexes.
Second, construction of hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration engineering success evaluation system
1. Evaluation index system construction process
The construction of the ecological restoration demonstration engineering success evaluation system of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the three gorges reservoir area is mainly divided into four stages: firstly, indexes capable of directly or indirectly reflecting the effect of ecological restoration demonstration engineering in a hydro-fluctuation belt are preliminarily selected by looking up documents, field investigation and the like, and an evaluation system framework is built. And secondly, designing a first round of expert questionnaire based on the indexes, selecting 30-50 related professionals or experts with a large amount of related practical experience to issue the questionnaire, consulting the necessity and importance of the indexes, and completing increase, decrease and adjustment of the evaluation indexes. Thirdly, based on the adjusted evaluation system, performing preliminary weight calculation according to the first round of expert opinions, sorting the results into questionnaires, and selecting 10-15 experts for consultation to finish index weight correction. And fourthly, completing construction of a performance evaluation system of ecological restoration demonstration engineering of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area.
2. Preliminary screening of evaluation index
The hydro-fluctuation belt of the three gorges reservoir is an artificial wetland formed by artificial scheduling operation of the reservoir, and is a composite ecosystem with interaction of the nature, economy and society. 4 first-level indexes and 25 second-level indexes of ecological benefit, economic benefit, safety benefit and social benefit are preliminarily selected by looking up documents, field investigation and the like and combining with the ecological service function of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area. Wherein, the ecological benefit secondary index is 17, the economic benefit secondary index is 4, the safety benefit secondary index is 1, and the social benefit secondary index is 3. The specific indexes are shown in FIG. 2.
(1) Description of the first level index
Ecological benefits are as follows: the hydro-fluctuation belt is the last ecological barrier for silt, various organic matters and pollutants in the reservoir area to enter the reservoir, has the ecological functions of purifying water bodies, stabilizing reservoir banks, conserving water sources, reducing reservoir sedimentation, reducing the eutrophication degree of reservoir water and the like, and plays an important role in maintaining the biological diversity of the reservoir area, improving the productivity of an ecological system, maintaining the dynamic balance of the ecological system and the like.
Secondly, economic benefits: mainly comprising forward benefits and reverse outputs. The positive benefit mainly refers to a recreation value brought by demonstration engineering and some additional products brought by a repair mode, and has a certain economic value. The reverse output mainly refers to construction cost, management and maintenance cost and the like of a demonstration project.
Safety benefits: after the ecological restoration demonstration engineering of the hydro-fluctuation belt is constructed, the soil structure can be improved, and water and soil loss and soil erosion are reduced, so that geological disasters such as landslide and collapse are reduced, and the safety of people in a reservoir area is maintained.
Social benefit: the water-level-fluctuating zone has unique natural landscape, and the demonstration project can combine natural resources with landscape design by utilizing the linear natural structure and vegetation distribution of the water-level-fluctuating zone, so that the environment of the reservoir area is beautified, the landscape value of the reservoir area is improved, and abundant materials are provided for scientific research and education. Meanwhile, maintenance of the demonstration project can also create some employment opportunities for surrounding residents.
(2) Description of the second level of ecological benefit
Vegetation coverage: refers to the percentage of the vertical projected area of vegetation in a unit area. The method is an important parameter for describing a vegetation community and an ecosystem, is a comprehensive quantification of the condition that a plant community covers the earth surface, and reflects the vegetation condition of a hydro-fluctuation belt. The higher the vegetation coverage, the better the vegetation recovery condition of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and the more beneficial to maintaining the health of the hydro-fluctuation belt ecosystem. The vegetation coverage index is used for representing, and the measurement can be carried out in modes of unmanned aerial vehicles, remote sensing images and the like.
(vii) saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil (Ks): the method is characterized in that when all pores of the soil are in a saturated state, water flow vertically passing through the cross section of unit saturated soil in unit time under unit water potential gradient is one of common physical parameters in scientific research of a surface system of the earth, can provide a basis for evaluating the water conservation capacity of an ecological system, and has guiding significance for preventing and controlling water and soil loss. The method can be used for measuring by an SATURO double-water-head permeameter, a field soil saturated hydraulic conductivity measuring instrument, a constant water head saturated hydraulic conductivity measuring method and the like.
③ thickness of litter layer: the dry branch and fallen leaf layer has obvious promotion effects on improving soil properties, increasing rainfall infiltration, maintaining water and soil and conserving water sources, and the absorbed water amount can reach 2-4 times of the total amount of the dry branch and fallen leaf layer. Generally speaking, when the thickness of the litter layer reaches 0.5cm, the runoff speed can be retarded, when the thickness reaches 0.5-1cm, the soil can be prevented from being eroded, and when the thickness reaches 1-2cm, the soil moisture evaporation can be inhibited and the surface soil scour resistance can be improved. The assay can be performed by a field assay.
Fourthly, soil erosion strength: the soil erosion amount is the soil erosion amount which is degraded and displaced in unit area in unit time under the action of natural nutrient and human activities and the like of the crust soil, and the soil erosion thickness (mm/a) in unit time is adopted for evaluating the soil erosion degree on a unit or a plot. Soil erosion thickness can be measured by field site-directed marking.
Soil organic matter: is an important source of various nutrient elements in soil, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, contains substances such as humic acid and the like which stimulate the growth of plants, and is an essential carbon source and energy source substance of heterotrophic microorganisms in soil. Because it has colloid property, it can adsorb more cations, so that it can make soil possess fertility-retaining property and buffer property, and can make soil be loosened and formed into granular structure so as to improve physical property of soil. Generally, the content of organic matters in soil is an important index of the fertility of the soil, so that the measurement of the content of the organic matters is of great significance for understanding the fertility condition of the soil. Generally, under the same or similar other conditions, the content of the organic matters is in positive correlation with the soil fertility level within a certain content range. Soil organic matters are generally determined by a potassium dichromate oxidation-external heating method, and can also be directly determined in the field by a soil fertilizer nutrient detector.
Sixthly, soil total carbon: is an important index for measuring the soil fertility status, mainly comes from animals and plants, microbial residues, root secretions and the like, is a main factor for maintaining the carbon balance and carbon circulation system of a land ecosystem, and can be measured by a carbon nitrogen element analyzer.
Seventhly, soil aggregate: the soil particles are structural units with the diameter of 10-0.25 mm formed by various actions, and the structural units are the results of various physical, chemical and biological actions in the soil. The soil aggregate is a foundation formed by a soil structure, influences various physical and chemical properties of soil, and the stability of the aggregate directly influences the water and soil interface behaviors of the soil surface layer, and is particularly closely related to rainfall infiltration and soil erosion. The soil aggregate can be measured by a sampling-wet screening method, a soil aggregate analyzer and the like.
Eighthly, soil compactness: also called soil hardness or soil firmness or soil penetration resistance, refers to the ability of the soil to resist compaction and crushing by external forces, one aspect of the soil properties. The resistance (in Pa) of a metal plunger or probe pressed into the soil is generally expressed, and may be measured by a soil compactometer or evaluated by indicators such as soil bulk density, porosity and mechanical resistance.
Ninthly, effective soil thickness: the soil layer and the loose matrix layer are combined, and the soil layer comprises a leaching layer, a deposition layer and a matrix layer which are used in soil science. The thickness of the live soil layer above the plough layer is generally used for measurement, and the measurement is carried out on the spot.
Carbon fixation of plants in r: the quantity of the carbon is the quantity that the plant synthesizes organic matters by absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and fixes the carbon in the plant, and the measurement and calculation can be carried out by field long-term monitoring or remote sensing and GIS technology.
(3) Second level index description of economic benefit
(4) Second level indicator description of safety benefit
(5) Second level index description of social benefit
3. First round of expert questionnaire survey
(1) Degree of expert's aggressiveness
50 questionnaires of the first round of expert questionnaires are distributed in total, all the questionnaires are filled by using questionnaire star software, 46 effective questionnaires are recovered, the recovery rate of the questionnaires is 92%, and the initiative degree of the experts is good.
(2) Authority degree of expert opinion
According to the expert self-evaluation information, the authority degree of the first round of expert opinions reaches 0.86 and is higher than 0.7, and the credibility and authority degree of the experts are higher.
(3) Evaluation of first-order index of system
According to the expert opinions (tables 3 and 4), the indexes are given in the following grades, average numbers, insignificant percentages and coefficient of variation. Through calculation, the first-level index variation coefficient threshold values of the town type hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project and the rural type hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project are 0.198 and 0.200 respectively, the first-level index variation coefficients of the town type hydro-fluctuation belt and the rural type hydro-fluctuation belt are both located in the range, and the expert opinion coordination degree is high. Meanwhile, the grade sum of the first-grade indexes of the urban and rural hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project is more than 50% of full score, the unimportant percentage is less than 50%, and the concentration degree of expert opinions is high, so that the engineering can be reserved.
TABLE 3 first-level index of urban-type hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project
| First order index | Grade and | mean number | Unimportant percentages | Coefficient of variation |
| Ecological benefit | 384 | 8.35 | 0 | 0.152 |
| Economic benefits | 282 | 6.13 | 0 | 0.198 |
| Safety benefits | 376 | 8.17 | 0 | 0.151 |
| Social benefits | 352 | 7.65 | 0 | 0.191 |
TABLE 4 first-level index of rural hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project
(4) Evaluation of the second level index of the system
Through calculation (table 5 and table 6), the grade sum of the secondary indexes of the urban and rural hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration engineering is greater than 50% of the full score, the unimportant percentage is lower than 50%, and the expert opinion concentration degree is high. The secondary index variation coefficient threshold values of the urban and rural hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration projects are 0.309 and 0.260 respectively, and 3 secondary index variation coefficients of the urban and rural hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration projects exceed the threshold values, which indicates that the expert opinion co-scheduling of the index is poor. Taking expert opinions as a leading factor, combining documents, related legal documents and practical situations of demonstration projects, and combining the first-level indexes into 3 latitudes of ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits; the number of the second-level indexes is reduced by 3, and increased by 1, specifically as follows:
combining the safety benefit into the ecological benefit: the safety benefit is only 1 secondary index, the indexes are less, and the geological safety is mostly related to the ecological environment condition, so the safety benefit is deleted from the primary index, and the occurrence rate of geological disasters such as landslide and collapse is adjusted to the secondary index under the ecological benefit.
Secondly, deleting the thickness of the litter layer by ecological benefit: the variation coefficient of the expert opinions of the thickness of the urban litter layer is 0.36, the variation coefficient of the rural litter layer is 0.31, the variation coefficients are both higher than a threshold value, and the coordination degree of the expert opinions is lower.
Thirdly, the ecological benefit eliminates the soil full carbon: the coefficient of variation of the full-carbon expert opinions of the urban soil is 0.37, the coefficient of variation of the rural soil is 0.27, which are both higher than a threshold value, and the coordination degree of the expert opinions is lower; meanwhile, the organic matter content of the soil is reserved in the secondary index, and the conditions such as soil fertility and the like can be reflected.
Fourthly, deleting the product value in the economic benefit: the variation coefficient of the opinions of the town type product value experts is 0.35, the variation coefficient of the rural type is 0.27, and the variation coefficients are higher than the threshold value, so that the coordination degree of the opinions of the experts is low; according to the temporary method for managing hydro-fluctuation belts of three gorges reservoir in Chongqing city: and limiting the development of agricultural planting behaviors. And according to the practical situation of the repair engineering, only a small amount of repair byproducts have product value and economic benefit, such as lotus roots generated by lotus flowers and the like.
Social benefit increases scientific education and publicity: according to expert opinions, scientific education propaganda indexes are mostly set by referring to other similar evaluation systems; meanwhile, by combining the practical situation of demonstration projects, most of demonstration projects develop popular science propaganda in the modes of news media or propaganda and pictorial report, and the like, so that the popularization is increased.
TABLE 5 Secondary indexes of urban hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration engineering
TABLE 6 secondary indexes of ecological restoration demonstration engineering of rural hydro-fluctuation belt
(5) Evaluation index weight calculation
Based on the above-mentioned index after the increase and decrease adjustment, the weight calculation is performed by a weighted average method according to the score corresponding to the option selected by the expert, and the results are as follows (table 7, table 8).
TABLE 7 index weight of urban-type hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration engineering evaluation system
TABLE 8 index weight of rural hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration engineering evaluation system
4. Second round of expert questionnaires
(1) Degree of expert's aggressiveness
15 parts of the second round of expert questionnaires are distributed in total, 11 parts of effective questionnaires are recovered, the recovery rate is 73.3%, and the expert positive degree is high.
(2) Authority degree of expert opinion
According to the expert self-evaluation information, the authority degree of the second round of expert opinions reaches 0.914 which is higher than 0.7, and the credibility and authority degree of the experts are higher.
(3) Index adjustment
The "saturated water conductivity of soil" in the ecological benefit can be deleted by 20% of experts, and the "soil compactness" in the ecological benefit can be deleted by 30% of experts. On the basis of communication with experts and reference of documents, the two indexes are deleted by combining with actual operation, mainly because the saturated water conductivity and the compactness of the soil are different in different soil types, different vegetation structures and different soil depths, and no relevant grading standard exists at home and abroad at present, so that objective evaluation cannot be carried out. Therefore, 14 ecological benefit indexes, 3 economic indexes and 4 social benefits are selected by the ecological restoration demonstration engineering evaluation system of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the three gorges reservoir area finally.
(4) Pointer weight validation
The final weight was determined by performing weight adjustment according to the second round of expert opinion, as follows (tables 9 and 10).
TABLE 9 index weight of urban-type hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration engineering evaluation system
TABLE 10 evaluation system index weight of rural hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration project
5. Standardization of evaluation index and evaluation standard
In the multi-index comprehensive evaluation, not only are qualitative and quantitative indexes present, but also dimensions of different indexes are different, so that evaluation cannot be performed by direct comparison. Therefore, on the basis of referring to relevant documents, factors such as actual needs and field investigation are combined, the indexes are assigned by a grading assignment method, each secondary index is divided into 5 grades according to 5 scores, and specific evaluation standards are shown in a table 11.
TABLE 11 evaluation index grade standard for ecological demonstration engineering performance of hydro-fluctuation belt in three gorges reservoir area
6. Evaluation System construction
TABLE 12 ecological demonstration project achievement evaluation system index weight of three gorges reservoir area hydro-fluctuation belt
Third, evaluation of effect of ecological restoration demonstration engineering of typical hydro-fluctuation belt
1. Evaluating demonstration area selection
The established three gorges reservoir hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration and demonstration engineering project mainly carries out hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration from two aspects of vegetation restoration and wetland diversity protection, wherein the vegetation restoration is to select and try to plant species of winter-drowning resistant plants, and pertinently develop adaptive plant community restoration test points according to the environmental and hydrological characteristics of elevation; the wetland diversity protection is to select sections with large area, various types of landforms and appropriate conditions in the hydro-fluctuation areas of the gentle slope and the moderate slope in rural areas, and adopt necessary engineering and protection management measures to maintain the diversity of the wetland environmental types in the hydro-fluctuation areas and slow down the adverse effect of the habitat homogenization in the hydro-fluctuation areas.
Selecting a demonstration area which is more prominent in aspects of typicality, demonstration area, influence and the like from ecological restoration projects implemented in the three gorges reservoir area, and finally selecting the following typical ecological restoration demonstration projects of the three gorges reservoir area hydro-fluctuation belt for evaluation: (1) town type: an ecological restoration demonstration area of a Tuo-Korea hydro-fluctuation belt and an ecological restoration demonstration area of a Kaizhou Hanfeng lake hydro-fluctuation belt; (2) rural type: an ecological restoration demonstration area of a Kaizhou Dalang dam hydro-fluctuation belt, an ecological restoration demonstration area of a Shibazhai hydro-fluctuation belt in Zhongxian province and an ecological restoration demonstration area of a Fuling Nantuo hydro-fluctuation belt.
An ecological restoration demonstration area of a Tuo-Kou hydro-fluctuation belt in Tenn: the Wanzhou area is located in the ventral region of the three gorges reservoir area and the whole area longitudinally extending through the Yangtze river, and the area of the waiter is 3457km2Reservoir area 100km2The length of a reservoir shore line is 334km, and the area of a Yangtze river hydro-fluctuation belt reaches 23.435km2The area of the hydro-fluctuation belt occupies 8.08 percent of the area of the hydro-fluctuation belt in Chongqing city, and the hydro-fluctuation belt is located in the 6 th place of the whole city. In 2009, a demonstration project for recovering the zhongshan fir by vegetation in a hydro-fluctuation belt of a three gorges reservoir area is started in a Wanzhou area, and 208 zhongshan firs with the seedlings of 3-4 m in height and the diameter of 3-5 cm (the diameter of the seedlings at one meter from the ground) are planted in the range of 170-175 m of the hydro-fluctuation belt at the Yangtze river side of a local Tuo mouth. In 2012, the method is popularized and applied in 5 areas such as tuo, new towns and villages, water level sections of 160-175 meters in a hydro-fluctuation zone of a reservoir area are enlarged for planting, the planting area exceeds 1200 mu and more than 10 ten thousand plants, the growth vigor is good, and the survival rate reaches more than 85%.
Ecological restoration demonstration area of Kaizhou Hanfeng lake hydro-fluctuation belt: the area of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Kaizhou area is 42.78km2The water-soluble fertilizer occupies 12.3 percent of the total area of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the whole storehouse area, occupies 13.79 percent of the total area of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the storehouse area of the Chongqing city, and is positioned in the 1 st place of the whole city. The Hanfeng lake is located at the upstream of the Mongolian river in the ventral region of the three gorges reservoir area, is an artificial lake formed after the three gorges reservoir is built, and has a water surface of 14.8km all the year round2The water storage capacity reaches 8.0 multiplied by 107m3. In 2015, Kaizhou vigorously implements a habitat restoration project, a vegetation community construction project, a pond building project and the like, and develops a variety of protection test points of the wetland of Hanfeng lake. The pond-building engineering is mainly characterized in that a 150-165 m area of a hydro-fluctuation belt is dug to form a pond, flooding-resistant aquatic plants such as lotus, canna, arrowhead and water caltrop are planted, and four modes of a bay pond, a river bank pond, a peninsula pond and an urban landscape pond are built, so that single landscape of the hydro-fluctuation belt is improved, water quality is purified, and the human living environment of the river bank is improved. The forest and luster engineering mainly plants wet forest trees which are resistant to water logging and have economic value in the area from 165 m to 175m, and recovers the structure of arbor-shrub-grass in the water-level-fluctuating zone. Small micro-wetlandThe engineering is mainly to plant wetland plants such as canna, iris, nephrolepis and the like in the forms of biological ditches, biological ponds, biological depressions, life landscape walls, biological towers and the like. The habitat restoration engineering of the hydro-fluctuation belt is mainly used for constructing diversified habitat patches, reconstructing micro landforms and substrates, configuring wetland plant communities and the like.
Ecological restoration demonstration area of Kaizhou large wave dam hydro-fluctuation belt: the Chongqing Kaizhou canal opening town large wave dam is built from the three gorges hydraulic engineering and operates after water storage, and the flat dam land which is suitable for cultivation originally becomes a hydro-fluctuation zone area of 'winter water and summer land'. The method is characterized in that a canhai mulberry field ecological economy construction project is implemented in Kaizhou, a test demonstration base is built, good feed mulberry is selected, an ecological and economic dual-purpose feed mulberry forest is built in a hydro-fluctuation zone and a reservoir mountain land, artificial mulberry forests are used for replacing disordered planting, pollution caused by disordered planting, fertilization and pesticide application and straw decay is eliminated, pollution to a water body due to natural growth weed decay is eliminated, and the effect that the mulberry is generated when water is depleted in autumn and winter and water is depleted in spring and summer is achieved.
Ecological restoration demonstration area of the Zhongxian Shibaozhai hydro-fluctuation belt: the Zhongxian hydro-fluctuation belt is located in the middle section of the main flow of the Yangtze river in the three gorges reservoir area, has a large hydro-fluctuation belt area (next to the areas of the Kaixian, Fuling and Yunyang hydro-fluctuation belts), mostly exists between 155 and 175m, and is mostly of a medium and gentle slope type. After the water storage of the three gorges reservoir reaches 175m, the water level is just submerged to the Shibazhai gate, and the Shibazhai four-side circulating water forms an island. The stony village hydro-fluctuation area, in particular to a riverside section between a village door and a stony village tourist dock, is just positioned in a backwater tuo of a Yangtze river, and residual ruins of ancient towns with gentle slopes and a large area of cultivated land exceed 300 mu, and in addition, a Shenxi river on the river back of the village building is easy to deposit and retain pollutants, garbage, floaters and sludge, so that bacteria are bred, and the health of residents is influenced. In this regard, the faith county actively develops ecological environment construction projects, develops vegetation restoration trial spots, plants larch, metasequoia, reed, salix autumn, Chinese mosquitos, and the like.
The ecological restoration demonstration area of the Fuling south Tuo Tou zone: after the three gorges reservoir is built, the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area in the Fuling area relates to 13 town streets such as Yangtze river coasts and the like, and the area of the hydro-fluctuation belt is 5.91 ten thousand mu. In Fuling area, 100 mu of vegetation reconstruction and ecological restoration pilot demonstration of a hydro-fluctuation belt is built in the Nantuo town, projects such as bank clearing and improvement, plant configuration and planting, vegetation caress and management and protection are implemented, bamboo willow, mulberry and the like are widely planted, and therefore the effects of maintaining water and soil, stabilizing the bank and reducing pollution are achieved.
2. Assessment data acquisition
Data such as vegetation coverage, plant carbon fixation amount, plant oxygen release amount and the like are obtained by combining RS, unmanned aerial vehicle technology and field sample survey. Soil erosion intensity soil erosion or deposition thickness was measured by means of spot-marking in the field. And (3) collecting a water sample through a water site, and measuring the reduction rate of surface runoff ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, the chemical oxygen demand, water suspended matters and the like. And measuring the effective soil thickness, the soil organic matter content, the soil aggregate content and the like through soil condition investigation and analysis. The biodiversity index is measured through a sample side survey, and the landscape diversity index is obtained through a mode of combining a sample line survey and a remote sensing monitoring technology. Through the modes of on-site investigation monitoring, questionnaire visiting, department interviewing and the like, the occurrence frequency of landslide, collapse and other geological disasters, the construction cost of a demonstration project, the daily maintenance and management cost, the recreation value, the social security value, the satisfaction degree of resident life, science and education propaganda and other data and information are obtained, and the data and the information are specifically shown in a table 13.
TABLE 13 data relating to exemplary ecological restoration demonstration engineering in typical hydro-fluctuation belt
3. Demonstration of engineering performance evaluation results
And (3) calculating a Comprehensive Evaluation Index (CEI) of the results of the 5 typical hydro-fluctuation zone ecological restoration demonstration projects by combining with evaluation index grade standards of the results of the hydro-fluctuation zone ecological demonstration projects in the three gorges reservoir area, wherein the ecological restoration effect of the Kazhou Hanfeng lake is the best, and the Fuling south Tuo town is poor (Table 14).
TABLE 14 comprehensive evaluation index of ecological restoration demonstration engineering effect of hydro-fluctuation belt in three gorges reservoir area
Fourth, conclusion
Combining literature data and on-site research, comprehensively considering three comprehensive benefits of ecology, economy and society, and constructing a three gorges reservoir hydro-fluctuation belt ecological restoration demonstration engineering effect evaluation system in a classification mode, wherein the system comprises 3 first-level indexes and 21 second-level indexes; and meanwhile, 5 evaluation standards of excellent, good, medium, low and poor are divided.
And determining the weights of the first-level index and the second-level index by combining a Delphi method and an expert consulting method and in a questionnaire investigation mode to form a comprehensive evaluation index.
And selecting a typical hydro-fluctuation zone ecological restoration demonstration project to carry out ecological restoration effect evaluation, wherein the evaluation shows that the ecological restoration demonstration project of the Kaizhou Hanfeng lake has the best effect, and the ecological restoration demonstration project of the Kaizhou large wave dam, the Zhongxian Shibaozi ecological restoration demonstration project and the Wanzhou Tuo Tou ecological restoration demonstration project have the worst effect.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments for fully illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. The equivalent substitution or change made by the technical personnel in the technical field on the basis of the invention is all within the protection scope of the invention. The protection scope of the invention is subject to the claims.
Claims (5)
1. An ecological restoration effect evaluation method for a hydro-fluctuation belt in a three gorges reservoir area is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) through the mode of looking up documents and field investigation and combining the ecological service function of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area, selecting an index which can directly or indirectly reflect the ecological restoration effect of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area, and building an evaluation system frame in an urban type and a rural type; primarily selecting 4 first-level indexes and 25 second-level indexes of ecological benefit, economic benefit, safety benefit and social benefit; wherein, the number of the second-level indexes of ecological benefit is 17, the number of the second-level indexes of economic benefit is 4, the number of the second-level indexes of safety benefit is 1, and the number of the second-level indexes of social benefit is 3;
(2) designing a first round of expert questionnaires on the basis of the indexes in the step (1), selecting 30-50 experts related to professions or having related practical experience to issue questionnaires, consulting the necessity and importance of the indexes, and completing increase, decrease and adjustment of evaluation indexes according to expert positive coefficients, expert authority degrees, expert opinion concentration degrees and expert opinion coordination degrees;
(3) based on the evaluation system adjusted in the step (2), performing preliminary weight calculation in a weighted average mode according to corresponding scores of the options selected by the experts in the first round of expert opinions, sorting the results into questionnaires, and selecting 10-15 experts to perform second round of expert questionnaire investigation and consultation to complete index adjustment and index weight correction;
(4) constructing an ecological restoration effect evaluation system of a hydro-fluctuation belt in a three gorges reservoir area, and finally determining that the evaluation system is determined to be 3 first-level indexes and 21 second-level indexes, wherein the indexes and the weights are as follows:
(5) establishing evaluation criteria
Assigning each index by adopting a grading assignment method, and dividing each secondary index into 5 evaluation levels of excellent, good, medium, low and poor according to 5 scores;
(6) evaluation of ecological restoration effect of hydro-fluctuation belt
Selecting an evaluation object, acquiring original data of each index of the evaluation object, and obtaining evaluation score I of each single index according to index grade assignment standardiThe sum of the products of the evaluation scores of the single indexes and the comprehensive weight Wi of the indexes is a comprehensive evaluation index CEI, and the calculation formula is as follows:
and comparing the ecological restoration effect of each evaluation object according to the magnitude of the comprehensive evaluation index, wherein the larger the numerical value is, the better the restoration effect is.
2. The method for evaluating the ecological restoration success of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the urban hydro-fluctuation belt mainly refers to hydro-fluctuation belt sections which are distributed near the places such as the district, the city, the county, the town and the like of the reservoir bank zone of the three gorges stem branch of the Yangtze river, have dense population and relatively developed related industries; the rural hydro-fluctuation belt is mainly a hydro-fluctuation belt area which is mainly used for agriculture and is used for land utilization on the bank before a three gorges reservoir is built.
3. The method for evaluating the ecological remediation effect of a hydro-fluctuation belt in a three gorges reservoir area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the 17 secondary ecological benefit indexes are vegetation coverage, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, litter thickness, soil erosion strength, soil organic matter, soil total carbon, soil aggregates, soil compactness, effective soil thickness, plant carbon fixation amount, plant oxygen release amount, surface runoff ammonia nitrogen reduction rate, surface runoff total phosphorus reduction rate, chemical oxygen demand, water suspended solids and biological diversity index; 4 economic benefit secondary indexes are product value, demonstration project cost, daily maintenance and management cost and recreation value; the 1 second-level safety benefit index is the occurrence rate of geological disasters such as landslide and collapse; the 3 social benefit second-level indexes are landscape diversity indexes, and solve the employment problems of surrounding residents and the satisfaction degree of the residents in life.
4. The method for evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the three gorges reservoir area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the data statistical analysis method is as follows:
(1) expert positive coefficient
The expert positive coefficient, namely the recovery rate of the expert consulting table, can reflect the attention degree of the expert to research and the attention degree of the expert to the content, and influences the accuracy of data statistics, and the formula is as follows:
E＝m/M
in the formula: e, consulting the table recovery rate, namely questionnaire survey recovery rate; m is the number of experts who actually retrieve the questionnaire; m represents the total number of experts; when E is more than 70%, the expert enthusiasm is high;
(2) degree of expert authority
The expert authority degree can reflect the reliability and accuracy of the questionnaire, and is mainly determined by the familiarity degree and judgment basis of the experts on the indexes, and the formula is as follows:
Cr＝(Ca+Cs)/2
in the formula: cr is the authority degree of experts; the judgment basis of Ca for experts is divided into 4 dimensions of practical experience, theoretical analysis, reference of domestic and foreign data and visual sensation, and each dimension is divided into three levels of large, medium and small according to the degree of influence on the experts; cs is the familiarity degree of the expert on the index, and is divided into 5 grades which are very familiar, relatively familiar, generally familiar, relatively unfamiliar and very unfamiliar, and the Cs are respectively assigned with 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2; when Cr is more than 0.7, the investigation result is reliable;
(3) concentration degree of expert opinions
The concentration degree of the opinions of the experts, namely the concentration degree of the opinions of the experts on the relative importance of each evaluation factor in the questionnaire, is expressed by three indexes of average number, grade and unimportant percentage. The larger the scores of the average number and the grade sum are, the more important the position of the evaluation factor in the corresponding part is, and the more concentrated the expert opinions are; the larger the unimportant percentage is, the larger the unnecessity of the evaluation factor in the corresponding part is, the smaller the importance is, and the evaluation factor can be used as the basis for deleting the evaluation factor;
(ii) a grade of
The grade sum refers to the total score of an expert on a certain evaluation factor and represents the importance of the evaluation factor; s is less than 50% of full score (product of the highest score and the quantity of recovered questionnaires), and can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factors, and the specific formula is as follows:
Si＝∑i
in the formula: siThe sum of the grades of the I parameter factors;
mean number-
The average value refers to the average value of the scores of a certain evaluation factor by an expert; the number of the first-level indexes is less, and the average number takes 6 as a boundary value; the second-level indexes are more, and the boundary value of the mean is calculated by subtracting the standard deviation from the mean;
in the formula: siThe sum of the grade of the evaluation factors is i, and the total number of the evaluation experts is n;
③ percent of unimportant
The unimportant percentage refers to the proportion of the unnecessity of the evaluation factor, when the value is more than 50%, the unnecessity of the evaluation factor is larger, and the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor;
R＝Mi/n
in the formula: mi is the number of the experts considered as 'unnecessary' for the evaluation factor, and n is the total number of the evaluation experts;
(4) degree of expert opinion coordination
The expert opinion coordination degree is expressed by a variation coefficient; the smaller the variation coefficient is, the more consistent the expert opinions are, and the higher the coordination degree is; the boundary value of the variation coefficient is equal to the mean plus the standard deviation; when the variation coefficient is larger than the threshold value, the opinion of the expert on the evaluation factor is different, the coordination degree is poor, and the evaluation factor can be used as a basis for deleting the evaluation factor;
in the formula: CV ofiCoefficient of variation, σ, of the i-parameteriIs the standard deviation of the reference factors,
is an average number.
5. The method for evaluating ecological restoration success in a hydro-fluctuation belt of a three gorges reservoir area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the manner of obtaining the original data of each index of the evaluation object is as follows:
data of vegetation coverage, plant carbon fixation amount and plant oxygen release amount are obtained by combining RS, unmanned aerial vehicle technology and field sample survey; measuring the soil erosion or deposition thickness by using the soil erosion strength in a field fixed point marking method; collecting a water sample through a water site, and determining the reduction rate of surface runoff ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and water body suspended matters; measuring the effective soil thickness, the soil organic matter content and the soil aggregate content through soil condition investigation and analysis; the biodiversity index is measured through a sample side survey, and the landscape diversity index is obtained through a mode of combining a sample line survey and a remote sensing monitoring technology. Through the modes of field investigation monitoring, questionnaire visiting, department interview and the like, the occurrence frequency of geological disasters such as landslide and collapse, the construction cost for demonstration, the daily maintenance and management cost, the recreation value, the social security value, the satisfaction degree of resident life and the data and information of science and education propaganda are obtained.
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