CN114493106B - Space crowdsourcing task allocation method based on geographical division - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a space crowdsourcing task allocation method based on geographical division. According to the method, a given geographic space is divided by using an algorithm based on a voronoi diagram and an algorithm based on a voronoi diagram with adaptive weighting, and a task delivery point corresponding to each distribution center is obtained. Then, feature vectors of a distribution center and a task delivery point are obtained by using a graph neural network (CMPNN), and then an attention mechanism is used to obtain feature vectors of workers by combining the feature vectors. And finally, finding the optimal task allocation by using a strategy-based reinforcement learning algorithm. The invention obviously improves the effectiveness and efficiency of task allocation in spatial crowdsourcing through the verification of a real data set and a manually synthesized data set.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of information processing, in particular to a space crowdsourcing task allocation method based on geographical division.
Background
The development of GPS-enabled smart devices and communication technologies has prompted a further expansion of the spatial crowdsourcing market. In spatial crowdsourcing, task requesters may send spatial tasks to a spatially crowdsourced server, and the server treats the carrier of the smart device as a worker who needs to travel to a specified location and complete the spatial tasks.
In recent years, space crowdsourcing technology has attracted much attention, and therefore many task allocation methods are proposed for different application scenarios. The multi-target task allocation method has the main idea that an optimal solution is searched according to target conflicts by utilizing a multi-target particle swarm optimization algorithm and a sequencing strategy algorithm. But this approach ignores the geographic information that is a prerequisite for task allocation in the spatial dimension. In some real-life scenarios, there are many distribution centers, each of which is responsible for task distribution in a specific area only, and each worker works for only one distribution center. The task allocation method of multi-worker cooperation ignores time information of workers and tasks although geographical information is taken into consideration. The task allocation method based on dynamic rewards also does not take into account the end time of the task.
Recently, a task allocation method based on reinforcement learning has been proposed, which is disadvantageous to the balance of task allocation by setting different priorities for different tasks. And it merely divides the geographic space into grids without considering the importance of workers to the task delivery point.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a space crowdsourcing task allocation method based on geographical division.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is implemented according to the following technical scheme:
the invention comprises the following steps:
s1: dividing a given geographic space by using a voronoi diagram-based algorithm and a voronoi diagram-based algorithm based on self-adaptive weighting to obtain a task delivery point corresponding to each distribution center;
s2: obtaining the feature vectors of a distribution center and a task delivery point by using a graph neural network, and then obtaining the feature vectors of workers by combining the feature vectors and using an attention mechanism;
s3: and finding the optimal task distribution by using a reinforced learning algorithm based on a strategy.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
compared with the prior art, the space crowdsourcing task allocation method based on geographic division divides a complex space problem into a plurality of sub-problems based on geographic information, and can obtain an accurate task allocation result more easily. According to the method, a given geographic space is divided by using a Weino graph-based algorithm and a self-adaptive weighting-based algorithm of the Weino graph, and a task delivery point corresponding to each distribution center is obtained. Then, feature vectors of the distribution center and the task delivery point are obtained by using a graph neural network (CMPNN), and then the feature vectors of workers are obtained by combining the feature vectors by using an attention mechanism. And finally, finding the optimal task distribution by using a reinforced learning algorithm based on a strategy. The invention obviously improves the effectiveness and efficiency of task allocation in spatial crowdsourcing through the verification of a real data set and a manually synthesized data set.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram of task allocation of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is the present invention experiment (1) the Gmission data set;
in fig. 2: (a) CPU time; (b) total number of assigned tasks; (c) evenly distributing the task differences;
FIG. 3 is a SYN dataset of experiment (1) of the present invention;
in FIG. 3: (a) CPU time; (b) total number of assigned tasks; (c) evenly distributing the task differences;
FIG. 4 is the present invention's experimental (2) Gmision dataset;
in fig. 4: (a) CPU time; (b) total number of assigned tasks; (c) evenly distributing the task differences;
FIG. 5 is an experimental (2) SYN dataset of the present invention;
in FIG. 5: (a) CPU time; (b) total number of assigned tasks; and (c) evenly distributing the task differences.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments, which are illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
As shown in fig. 1: the implementation of the whole task allocation of the invention can be divided into two stages: first, geographical partitioning is performed, and second, task allocation is performed. The optimization target is that the number of distributed tasks is maximum, and the difference of the average number of distributed tasks is minimum.
Task allocation involves the definition of some initial data: distribution center, task delivery point, worker. The distribution center may be represented as c = (l, P, S, W), where l represents a location, P represents a set of task delivery points corresponding to the distribution center, S represents a set of assignable tasks, and W represents a set of workers. A task delivery point may be denoted as p = (l, S), where l denotes location and S denotes the set of tasks that the distribution center allocates for. The worker may be represented as w = (l, c), where l represents the location and c represents the distribution center at which the worker works. In addition to this, a set of valid delivery points is defined, which may be denoted as VPS (w). Each worker corresponds to an effective delivery point set, and the workers can complete the tasks in the effective delivery point set in time in the shortest time.
The first stage in the invention is to divide the geographic space, and to obtain the task delivery point corresponding to each distribution center, a voronoi diagram-based algorithm (VDA) and an adaptive weighted voronoi diagram-based algorithm (AWVDA) are used. For the algorithm based on the Voronoi diagram, the region is divided by taking a vertical bisector as a dividing line through an violence method. The inputs to the algorithm are a set of distribution centers C and a set of task delivery points P. And allocating the task delivery points according to the space distance, and allocating the task delivery points to the distribution center closest to the space distance. Finally, the delivery point sets C.P corresponding to all the distribution centers are output. Because the dynamic changes of tasks and workers are not considered by the VDA, the invention also provides an algorithm of a Voronoi diagram based on self-adaptive weighting, and the original space distance is changed into the self-adaptive distance as follows:
ad(p,c i )=aw i ·d(p,c i )
wherein, ad (p, c) i ) Indicating delivery point p to distribution centre c i Adaptive distance of, aw i Indicating a distribution center c i Adaptive weight of d (p, c) i ) Represents the spatial distance, | c i S | represents the number of tasks,|c i w | number of workers. The assignment process is similar to the voronoi diagram.
The second stage in the present invention is the task allocation. Firstly, obtaining the characteristic vector of the distribution center and the task delivery point. Converting each part of divided geographic space into a graph g c The vertices include the distribution center and its task delivery point. The feature vectors of the vertices are then learned from the graph using a combined messaging neural network. The feature vector dimension of each vertex is 2, each edge has m categories, and the corresponding feature vector dimension is m. Set of z neighbor vertices Ne (v) based on graph structure information and vertex nearest i ) Obtaining the vertex v after n +1 rounds of iteration i New feature vector f of i n+1 As follows:
where Agg is an aggregation operator ed ij Representing a vertex v i And v j The connection between, k is a translation invariant global kernel,d ed representing the dimension of the edge. To better predict the type of edge, the model can be further optimized as follows:
wherein h is ed Is a neural network, k ori And k nei Are two different translation invariant global kernels. After N iterations, the feature vector for each vertex contains information for its N nearest neighbors. Then, the feature vector of the worker is obtained through an attention mechanism, and the formula is as follows:
wherein W (W, v) i ) Is the normalized sum of attention scoresIs worker w and task delivery point v i Value in between. In computing query Q w When introducing graph context feature vectors to better weigh the importance of task delivery points to workers, as follows:
wherein [;]it is the operation of the connection that is,is the feature vector of graph gc, f 1 Is the feature vector of the first vertex. And finally, performing task allocation by using strategy-based reinforcement learning. Obtaining importance weight of worker to task delivery point using attention mechanism in combination with feature vectors of worker and graph vertexImportance represents the likelihood of a worker being assigned to an effective task delivery point, and the distribution of task assignments is the product of all possible assignments, as follows:
where w belongs to the set of workers, v i Belonging to the set of valid task delivery points. The optimization goal of reinforcement learning is to maximize the expected reward, as shown below:
θ * =argmax L Rc (θ)
wherein, re (A) c ) Is the reward per assignment that combines two optimization objectives as follows:
|A c s | is the number of assigned tasks, A c Dis is the average distance traveled by the worker, A c .S dif Is the difference in the average number of tasks allocated. Finally, to reduce the variance during training, the reward is improved using a merit function, as follows:
in the graph gc, SA task assignments are randomly generated in order to increase the convergence rate. And finally, outputting a final task distribution result according to the trained model.
The invention has the advantages that: the self-adaptive weighted Voronoi diagram algorithm is used for geographic division, the problem of uneven resource distribution caused by dynamic change of workers and tasks is solved, and a proper task delivery point is matched for each task distribution center. The feature vectors (distribution centers and their task delivery points) of the vertices are then obtained using a combined graph-based neural network, the message-passing neural network (CMPNN), which fully uses the information to the nearest k vertices in an iterative process to enhance feature richness. Subsequently, an artificial feature vector is obtained using an attention mechanism. And generating keys and values by using the graph vertex characteristic vectors respectively, and connecting the graph vertex characteristic vectors and the graph characteristic vectors to generate a query so as to embody the knowledge of workers on the information of the distribution center, thereby improving the effectiveness of task distribution. And finally, the task allocation is realized by using strategy-based reinforcement learning, so that faster convergence can be realized, and the optimal task allocation is obtained.
Experiment:
the experimental part uses two datasets, one is the real dataset gmission and the other is a manually generated dataset (SYN). The indexes recorded and compared in the experiment are the difference of CPU time, the total number of the distributed tasks and the average number of the distributed tasks. A genetic algorithm is introduced in the design of the comparison experiment, the simulated annealing algorithm is used for task allocation in the space after geographical division, and six comparison methods are designed.
1) Voronoi Diagram (VDA) + Genetic Algorithm (GA): voronoi diagrams for geography and genetic algorithms for task assignment
2) Voronoi Diagram (VDA) + simulated annealing algorithm (SA): voronoi diagram for geography division and simulated annealing algorithm for task allocation
3) Voronoi Diagram (VDA) + Reinforcement Learning (RL): voronoi diagram for geography division and simulated annealing algorithm for task allocation
4) Adaptive Weighted Voronoi Diagram (AWVDA) + Genetic Algorithm (GA): adaptive weighted voronoi diagram for geography partitioning and genetic algorithm for task allocation
5) Adaptive Weighted Voronoi Diagram (AWVDA) + simulated annealing algorithm (SA): adaptive weighted voronoi diagrams for geography partitioning and simulated annealing algorithms for task allocation
6) Adaptive Weighted Voronoi Diagram (AWVDA) + Reinforcement Learning (RL): adaptive weighted voronoi diagram for geography partitioning, reinforcement learning for task allocation
By controlling variables
1) Only the number of the task delivery points was changed to make ten sets of experiments. The gmission data sets are respectively set to 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500, the SYN data sets are respectively set to 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000, and the experimental results are shown in fig. 2 and 3;
by changing the number of task delivery points, the AWVDA + RL achieves the best effect on both the gmission and syn data sets, the total number of distributed tasks is the largest, the difference of the average number of distributed tasks is the smallest, and the cpu time is relatively more but within the acceptable range.
2) Only the number of workers was changed to perform ten experiments. The gmission data sets are respectively set to 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500, the SYN data sets are respectively set to 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000, and the experimental results are shown in fig. 3 and 4;
the task distribution by the reinforcement learning is more than the total number of the distributed tasks distributed by other methods, and the difference of the average task distribution number is smaller. The AWVDA reduces the difference in the average number of task assignments more than the VDA. The overall performance exhibited by the AWVDA + RL method is still the best.
The technical solution of the present invention is not limited to the limitations of the above specific embodiments, and all technical modifications made according to the technical solution of the present invention fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A space crowdsourcing task allocation method based on geographic partitioning is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: dividing a given geographic space by using a voronoi diagram-based algorithm and a voronoi diagram-based algorithm based on self-adaptive weighting to obtain a task delivery point corresponding to each distribution center;
the algorithm based on the voronoi diagram is as follows: dividing the areas by taking a vertical bisector as a boundary line through a brute force method, wherein the input of an algorithm is a distribution center set C and a task delivery point set P; distributing the task delivery points according to the spatial distance, and distributing the divided areas to distribution centers with the shortest distances; finally, outputting a delivery point set C.P corresponding to all distribution centers;
the algorithm of the voronoi diagram based on the self-adaptive weighting is as follows: changing the spatial distance into an adaptive distance as shown in the following formula:
ad(p,c i )=aw i ·d(p,c i )
wherein, ad (p, c) i ) Indicating delivery point p to distribution center c i Adaptive distance of (aw) i Indicating a distribution center c i Adaptive weight of d (p, c) i ) Representing spatial distance, < >c i S | represents the number of tasks, | c i W | number of watchmen; the distribution process is the same as the algorithm based on the voronoi diagram;
s2: obtaining the feature vectors of a distribution center and a task delivery point by using a graph neural network, and then obtaining the feature vectors of workers by combining the feature vectors and using an attention mechanism;
the method for obtaining the feature vector of the worker by combining the feature vectors by using an attention mechanism comprises the following steps:
s2.1: converting each part of divided geographic space into a graph g c The top point comprises a distribution center and a task delivery point thereof;
s2.2: learning feature vectors of vertices from the graph using a combined messaging neural network; the feature vector dimension of each vertex is 2, each edge has m categories, and the corresponding feature vector dimension is m; set of z neighbor vertices Ne (v) based on graph structure information and vertex recency i ) Obtaining the vertex v after n +1 iteration i New feature vector ofAs follows:
where Agg is an aggregation operator, d ij Representing a vertex v i And v j The connection between, k is a translation invariant global kernel,d ed representing dimensions of edges
S2.3: the model was further optimized as follows:
wherein h is ed Is a neural network, and the network is a neural network,k ori and k nei The two different translation invariant global kernels are adopted, and after N iterations, the feature vector of each vertex comprises the information of N nearest vertices;
s2.4: the worker's feature vector is obtained by the attention mechanism, and the formula is as follows:
wherein W (W, v) i ) Is the normalized sum of attention scoresIs worker w and task delivery point v i A value in between; at computation of query Q w When introducing graph context feature vectors to better weigh the importance of task delivery points to workers, as follows:
wherein, [;]it is the operation of the connection that is,is the feature vector of graph gc, f 1 Is the feature vector of the first vertex;
s3: and finding the optimal task distribution by using a reinforced learning algorithm based on a strategy.
2. The method for spatial crowd-sourced task allocation based on geographic partitioning according to claim 1, wherein: the step S3 specifically comprises the following steps:
obtaining by attention mechanism by combining feature vectors of workers and graph vertexesWeighting importance of workers to a task delivery pointThe importance represents the likelihood of a worker being assigned to an effective task delivery point, and the distribution of task assignments is the product of all possible assignments, as follows:
where w belongs to the set of workers, v i Belonging to an effective task delivery point set; the optimization goal of reinforcement learning is to maximize the expected reward, as follows:
θ * =argmax L Rc (θ)
wherein, re (A) c ) Is the reward per assignment that combines two optimization objectives as follows:
|A c s | is the number of assigned tasks, A c Dis is the average distance travelled by the worker, A c .S dif Is the difference in the average number of assigned tasks; finally, to reduce the variance during training, the reward is improved using a merit function, as follows:
in order to accelerate the convergence rate, SA task assignments are randomly generated in the graph gc; and finally, outputting a final task distribution result according to the trained model.
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