CN114492118B - Method for adjusting processing parameters of hypoid gear of main speed reducer of tractor - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for adjusting processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor, belonging to the technical field of machine tool processing parameter adjustment methods; on the basis of giving geometric parameters of a large wheel and small gear tooth blank and parameters of a gear cutting tool, the invention changes the tooth surface morphology of the large wheel and the small wheel by optimizing and adjusting the machining parameters of a large wheel and a small turbine so as to adapt to the influence of the load difference of the main speed reducer of the tractor on the tooth surface abrasion in different areas and prolong the service life of the hypoid gear. The optimization process combines the steps of gear machine tool processing parameter calculation, tractor traction force calculation, gear tooth meshing analysis, parameterized meshing performance evaluation and the like, adopts a genetic algorithm to carry out machine tool processing parameter iterative optimization calculation, finally obtains population individuals meeting preset meshing conditions, obtains processing parameters of a large wheel and a small turbine corresponding to the population individuals, and the processed hypoid gear can be well adapted to load working conditions of main speed reducers of tractors in different areas, so that the service life of the hypoid gear is prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of machine tool machining parameter adjustment methods, in particular to a machining parameter adjustment method for a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor.
Background
Hypoid gears are widely used in vehicles with crossed shafts and large loads because of the advantages of large reduction ratio, small volume, high bearing capacity and the like, and are commonly used as main reducer transmission gears of tractors in the field of agricultural machinery. The agricultural machine has the advantages that the Chinese operators are wide, the physical properties of the plough layer soil in North China, middle China and south China are obviously different, and the operation resistance generated by the tillage machine is obviously different. By taking a tractor as an example, working energy consumption of a cultivator when the cultivator is dragged to cut soil is positively related to the crushing degree of the soil, and for the heavy and hardened soil, the cultivation resistance is much larger than that of the sandy soil, and the cultivation resistance directly determines the working load of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of the tractor. Engineering practice has shown that for hypoid gears of the same type, the tooth surface engagement zone is typically concentrated at the middle to the small end of the tooth surface when operating at lower loads; at high loads, the tooth flank contact zone is often located from the middle to the large end of the tooth flank. In the present stage, when the tractor is produced, the future use area and occasion are not considered, the hypoid gears obtained by the same processing parameters are adopted by the main speed reducer, the tooth surface morphology is completely the same, and the ideal meshing impression positions of the large wheel and the small wheel are designed in the middle of the tooth surface when the hypoid gear pair is designed in the industry, so that the actual meshing position of the hypoid gear tooth surface of the main speed reducer of the tractor working in different areas is deviated from the designed ideal meshing position, the abrasion degree of different positions is greatly different, and the service life of the hypoid gear tooth surface is influenced.
The invention patent with publication number of CN106369139A discloses a hypoid gear processing parameter acquisition method meeting high-order transmission errors, which adopts a method of presetting a high-order transmission error curve to calculate a pinion tooth surface and then obtain machine tool processing parameters, and the purpose of calculating and adjusting the machining parameters of a small turbine machine is to reduce transmission errors when the hypoid gears are meshed. The invention patent with publication number of CN109993464B discloses a processing parameter optimization method for reducing the sensitivity of hypoid gear installation errors, which reduces the sensitivity of the meshing performance of the hypoid gear pair to the installation errors by optimally adjusting the processing parameters of small wheels in the hypoid gear pair. The two patents do not relate to the adjustment of the processing parameters of a large wheel and a small wheel according to the actual load moment of a hypoid gear pair, and the adjustment of the tooth surface meshing mark positions under different load working conditions is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a machine tool machining parameter adjustment method for prolonging the service lives of hypoid gears of main speed reducers of tractors in different areas, which avoids repeated trial cutting tests and rolling inspection tests by adopting computer virtual machining and gear tooth meshing simulation and reduces trial production cost; the machine tool machining parameter selection problem is converted into the engagement mark characteristic evaluation and adjustment problem to solve, so that the design is convenient, the machining personnel can directly regulate and control the engagement mark characteristic, and the operation is simplified.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for adjusting processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting geometric parameters of a large wheel and a small gear blank and size parameters of a gear cutting tool according to design requirements of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor with a specific model, respectively calculating machining parameters of a large wheel and a small turbine according to corresponding machining principles aiming at a gear machining method specifically adopted by a gear cutting machine tool, and taking the calculated machining parameters of the large wheel and the small turbine as initial parameters of machine tool adjustment;
s2, establishing a large wheel and small gear tooth surface equation based on a corresponding gear machining principle according to the geometric parameters of the large wheel and small gear tooth blank, the size parameters of the gear cutting tool and the initial parameters of machine tool machining, virtually assembling the large wheel and small gear tooth surface equation according to the designed gear pair offset distance, and obtaining a large wheel and small gear tooth surface engagement equation under an engagement coordinate system after assembly;
s3, carrying out gear tooth meshing analysis on the tooth surface meshing equation based on the tooth surface meshing equation obtained in the S2 by a computer to obtain a large-wheel and small-wheel gear tooth meshing impression obtained based on the initial machining parameters of the machine tool in the S1;
s4, calculating one or more of a field traction test, an indoor soil slot test measurement result and a local soil physical parameter according to an experimental model tractor to obtain traction force of the model tractor when the model tractor works in different areas, and selecting a traction force value which works most frequently in each area as a traction force constant value of the model tractor when the model tractor works in the area;
s5, combining the traction constant values of the experimental model tractor in different areas obtained in the S4, and calculating according to the transmission ratio of each part in the transmission system of the experimental model tractor to obtain the large wheel load moment of the model tractor under the traction constant value working conditions in different areas;
s6, calculating the surface discrete point clouds of the large wheel and the small wheel according to the surface meshing equation of the large wheel and the small wheel established in the S2 to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of the discrete point clouds, importing the obtained three-dimensional coordinates of the discrete point clouds into three-dimensional design software, and establishing a three-dimensional entity model of the large wheel and the small wheel by adopting a curve fitting method and a curve fitting method;
s7, importing the three-dimensional solid models of the large wheel and the small wheel obtained in the S6 into finite element modeling and simulation software, and obtaining tooth surface meshing marks of the large wheel and the small wheel under the load moment loads of the large wheel in different areas in the S5 through finite element bearing meshing analysis;
s8, taking the position, the size and the shape of the tooth surface meshing impression obtained in the S7 as target characteristics for adjustment, and determining evaluation parameters for parameterizing and evaluating the meshing impression characteristics, wherein the evaluation parameters comprise: area S of engagement impression in large wheel axle section coordinate system cg X, the abscissa of the centroid position of the engagement mark cg Ordinate y of centroid position of engagement mark cg Engagement mark direction angle gamma cg The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Area S of engagement impression in small axle section coordinate system cp X, the abscissa of the centroid position of the engagement mark cp Ordinate y of centroid position of engagement mark cp And a meshing impression direction angle gamma cp ；
S9, aiming at the large wheel and small wheel tooth surface meshing marks of the load moment corresponding to the traction constant value of each region obtained by finite element bearing meshing analysis in the step S7;
s10, calculating the evaluation parameters of the engagement marks under the load moment of different areas obtained in S8, and taking a group of evaluation parameter values of the engagement marks of the large wheel and the small wheel of each area as a target value { S } of the area cg ，x cg ，y cg ，γ cg ，S cp ，x cp ，y cp ，γ cp Establishing an evaluation index objective function and determining the optimization accuracy of the evaluation index;
s11, carrying out optimizing calculation on the evaluation index objective function by adopting a genetic algorithm according to the gear tooth engagement analysis steps of the large-wheel and small-wheel computers in the steps 2-3, wherein in the optimizing calculation process, machining parameters of the large-wheel and small-wheel machines are used as iteration variables;
s12, initializing a genetic algorithm population according to the initial machine tool processing parameters obtained in the S1, setting the number of individuals in the population as N, and setting the algorithm iteration times as M; establishing a tooth surface equation of N pairs of large wheels and small wheels of the present generation according to the corresponding tooth machining principle for machining parameters of the large wheels and the small wheel machine represented by each individual in the population;
s13, carrying out computer gear tooth meshing analysis on the gear tooth surface equation of the primary gear and the small gear obtained in the S12 to obtain N groups of evaluation index values for evaluating the gear tooth surface meshing marks of the large gear and the small gear; further calculating the N groups of evaluation index values by using the evaluation index objective function obtained in the step S10 to obtain all individual evaluation index objective function values of the generation;
s14, adopting a genetic algorithm to perform continuous iterative computation to finally obtain the objective function value Min f (S) cg ,x cg ,y cg ,γ cg ,S cp ,x cp ,y cp ,γ cp ) If the optimization individual is equal to the sum of the optimization precision of each index, judging that the optimization precision is reached, and stopping iteration;
s15, taking a group of evaluation parameter values of the meshing marks of the gear surfaces of the gear and the pinion under the load torque of the gear corresponding to the traction constant value of each region as target values of the evaluation of the meshing marks of the region, and respectively executing the iterative optimization process of the genetic algorithm in S9-S14 to obtain the machining parameters of the machine tools of the gear and the pinion, which meet the characteristics of the meshing marks of the gear surfaces of the gear and the pinion under the load torque corresponding to the traction constant value of each region, namely the machining parameters of the machine tools after optimization adjustment of the gear and the pinion of each region;
s16, after the large wheel and the small wheel which are processed by adopting the adjusted machine tool processing parameters obtained in the S15 are assembled according to the set gear pair relative positions, the tooth surface theoretical meshing trace is the same as the tooth surface meshing region under the load moment load corresponding to the traction constant.
Preferably, the machining parameters of the large wheel mentioned in S1 include: machine tool installation root cone angle gamma mg Bed DeltaX Bg Horizontal wheel position DeltaX Dg Vertical wheel position delta E mg Radial tool position S rg Angle tool position q g Inclination angle i of knife g Knife corner j g And cutting roll ratio m cg ；
The small wheel machining parameters mentioned in the step S1 include: machine tool installation root cone angle gamma mp Bed DeltaX Bp Horizontal wheel position DeltaX Dp Vertical wheel position delta E mp Radial tool position S rp Angle tool position q p Inclination angle i of knife p Knife corner j p And cutting roll ratio m cp 。
Preferably, the objective function of the evaluation index mentioned in S10 is characterized by the formula (1):
Min f(S cg ,x cg ,y cg ,γ cg ,S cp ,x cp ,y cp ,γ cp ) The objective function value is a minimum value of a function.
Preferably, the evaluation parameters { S } mentioned in said S8, S10 cg ，x cg ，y cg ，γ cg ，S cp ，x cp ，y cp ，γ cp Each of the expressions (2) to (9):
in the formulas (2) to (9), n represents the number of points into which the left side edge line, the right side edge line, and the trace center line of the tooth surface engagement trace are each discretized at the time of computer tooth engagement analysis; a is that g 、B g 、C g 、A p 、B p 、C p Is an intermediate variable, and respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the left side line of the large wheel meshing trace, wherein g=1, 2, … and n-1;respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the (g+1) th point on the left side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the right side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the (g+1) th point on the right side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the middle line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively represent the abscissa and ordinate values of the (g+1) th point on the mid-line of the large wheel engagement mark. />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the left side line of the small wheel meshing mark, wherein p=1, 2, … and n-1; /> Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p+1st point on the left side line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the right side line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p+1st point on the right side line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the middle line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively represent the abscissa and ordinate values of the (p+1) th point on the mid-line of the small wheel engagement mark.
Preferably, the engagement mark evaluation parameter target value mentioned in S10 specifically means: target value S of meshing impression area in large-wheel-shaft section coordinate system cg_opt Target value x of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark cg_opt Ordinate target value y of meshing impression centroid position cg_opt Target value gamma of direction angle of engagement mark cg_opt The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Target value S of meshing impression area in small wheel axle section coordinate system cp_opt Target value x of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark cp_opt Ordinate target value y of meshing impression centroid position cp_opt Target value gamma of direction angle of engagement mark cp_opt 。
Preferably, the optimization accuracy mentioned in S10 specifically means: engagement mark area optimization precision epsilon in large-wheel-shaft section coordinate system scg Optimization precision epsilon of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark xcg Optimization precision epsilon of ordinate of centroid position of engagement mark ycg Optimization precision epsilon of direction angle of engagement impression γcg The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Engagement mark area optimization precision epsilon in small wheel axle section coordinate system scp Optimization precision epsilon of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark xcp Optimization precision epsilon of ordinate of centroid position of engagement mark ycp Optimization precision epsilon of direction angle of engagement impression γcp 。
Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main reducer of the tractor, which has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main speed reducer of the tractor can adjust the theoretical meshing positions of the large wheel and the small wheel in design to the corresponding contact area positions under the most frequently working load moment of each area by adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear according to the average level of the load moment of the specific type of tractor in different areas and adjusting the tooth surface morphology, so that the actual contact area under the working load is overlapped with the ideal contact area, and the service life of the gear pair is prolonged.
(2) In the method of the invention, the meshing characteristics of the gear pair are embodied through the tooth surface meshing impression, and the target value S is optimized through adjustment cg_opt 、x cg_opt 、y cg_opt 、γ cg_opt 、S cp_opt 、x cp_opt 、y cp_opt 、γ cp_opt The expected meshing impression characteristics of the tooth surfaces of the large wheel and the small wheel can be adjusted in real time. For example, the optimization target value gamma of the direction angle of the meshing trace of the large wheel and the small wheel is adjusted in real time according to the observed optimization result cg_opt 、γ cp_opt Reducing the meshing trace direction angle in an appropriate range can reduce vibration noise at the time of meshing and improve the carrying capacity of the gear pair.
(3) The execution of the method of the invention is independent of the gear design and the machine tool machining parameter adjustment experience of the machining personnel, and aims at the set optimized target value S cg_opt 、x cg_opt 、y cg_opt 、γ cg_opt 、S cp_opt 、x cp_opt 、y cp_opt 、γ cp_opt The processing parameters of the large-wheel and small-wheel lathe reaching the target value of the evaluation index of the meshing mark can be obtained through iterative calculation of a genetic algorithm, and the method is simple to operate and convenient to popularize and apply.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for adjusting the processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of machining parameters of a large wheel and a small turbine to be optimized in an embodiment 2 of a method for adjusting machining parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of meshing traces of the tooth surfaces of a large wheel and a small wheel under the bearing condition in the embodiment 2 of the method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main speed reducer of the tractor;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of meshing marks of the optimized front large wheel and small gear teeth in an embodiment 2 of a method for adjusting the processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of meshing marks of the optimized large wheel and small gear teeth in the embodiment 2 of the method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main reducer of the tractor;
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a parameterized tooth surface engagement mark in example 2 of a method for adjusting processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor according to the present invention;
fig. 7 is a graph of objective function values of individual evaluation indexes of various groups in an iterative process of genetic algorithm in embodiment 2 of a method for adjusting processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main speed reducer of a tractor.
The reference numerals in the figures illustrate:
1. the rotating speed of the cradle; 2. angular tool position; 3. radial cutter position; 4. a knife rotation angle; 5. a knife inclination angle; 6. the rotating speed of the cutterhead; 7. vertical wheel positions; 8. the rotational speed of the tooth blank; 9. a horizontal wheel position; 10. mounting a root cone angle on a machine tool; 11. a bed; 12. a tooth top line; 13. a small end edge; 14. an effective root line; 15. an actual root line; 16. a large end edge; 17. large tooth face engagement marks; 18. pinion tooth face engagement marks; 19. objective function values of optimal individual evaluation indexes in the population; 20. and (5) an average value of all individual evaluation index objective functions in the population.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments.
Example 1:
referring to fig. 1, a method for adjusting processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor is as follows: and (5) calculating the initial machine tool machining parameters of the large wheel and the small wheel by giving geometric parameters of the large wheel and the small wheel tooth blank and size parameters of the gear cutting tool. According to the actual load of the tractor main reducer in different areas and the tooth surface contact area position under the actual working condition of the hypoid gear, the processing parameters of the large wheel and the small wheel are adjusted, so that the meshing marks of the large wheel and the small wheel obtained by processing are positioned in the tooth surface contact areas under the actual working condition in different areas, and the aim of prolonging the service life of the hypoid gear of the tractor main reducer is achieved, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting geometric parameters of a large wheel and a small wheel gear blank and size parameters of a gear cutting tool according to design requirements of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor with a specific model, respectively calculating machining parameters of a large wheel and a small wheel machine according to corresponding machining principles (such as Grisen) aiming at a gear manufacturing machining method adopted by a gear cutting machine, and taking the calculated machining parameters of the large wheel and the small wheel machine as initial parameters of machine tool adjustment;
the machining parameters of the large wheel mentioned in the step S1 comprise: machine tool installation root cone angle gamma mg Bed DeltaX Bg Horizontal wheel position DeltaX Dg Vertical wheel position delta E mg Radial tool position S rg Angle tool position q g Inclination angle i of knife g Knife corner j g And cutting roll ratio m cg ；
The small wheel machining parameters mentioned in the step S1 include: machine tool installation root cone angle gamma mp Bed DeltaX Bp Horizontal wheel position DeltaX Dp Vertical wheel position delta E mp Radial tool position S rp Angle tool position q p Inclination angle i of knife p Knife corner j p And cutting roll ratio m cp ；
S2, establishing a large wheel and small gear tooth surface equation based on a corresponding gear machining principle according to the geometric parameters of the large wheel and small gear tooth blank, the size parameters of the gear cutting tool and the initial parameters of machine tool machining, virtually assembling the large wheel and small gear tooth surface equation according to the designed gear pair offset distance, and obtaining a large wheel and small gear tooth surface engagement equation under an engagement coordinate system after assembly;
s3, carrying out gear tooth meshing analysis on the tooth surface meshing equation based on the tooth surface meshing equation obtained in the S2 by a computer to obtain a large-wheel and small-wheel gear tooth meshing impression obtained based on the initial machining parameters of the machine tool in the S1;
the virtual assembly is to assemble a large gear tooth surface equation and a small gear tooth surface equation into a meshing coordinate system by adopting a coordinate transformation method according to a preset offset distance of a gear pair and a right hand rule of a Cartesian coordinate system; the origin of the original large and small gear tooth blank coordinate systems is positioned at the origin of the meshing coordinate system, the X-axis direction of the original axis of the large gear is parallel to the Y-axis of the meshing coordinate system, the X-axis direction of the axis of the small gear is along the X-axis of the meshing coordinate system, and the axis distance of the large and small gears is the offset distance; respectively rotating the large gear tooth surface equation and the small gear tooth surface equation by a certain angle to ensure that the radial vectors of the large gear tooth surface and the small gear tooth surface at the calculated reference point are equal under the meshing coordinate system, and the meshing transmission ratio at the calculated reference point is equal to the theoretical transmission ratio when the gear pair is designed;
s4, calculating one or more of a field traction test of the tractor of the experimental model, a measurement result of an indoor soil slot test and physical parameters (moisture content, density, shear modulus and the like) of local soil to obtain traction force of the tractor of the model when the tractor works in different areas, and selecting the traction force value which works most frequently in each area as a traction force constant value of the tractor of the model when the tractor works in the area;
s5, combining the traction constant values of the experimental model tractor in different areas obtained in the S4, and calculating according to the transmission ratio of each part in the transmission system of the experimental model tractor to obtain the large wheel load moment of the model tractor under the traction constant value working conditions in different areas;
s6, calculating the surface discrete point clouds of the large wheel and the small wheel according to the surface meshing equation of the large wheel and the small wheel, which is established in the S2, so as to obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of the discrete point clouds, importing the obtained three-dimensional coordinates of the discrete point clouds into three-dimensional design software (such as UG, CATIA, proE, solidWorks) and establishing a three-dimensional solid model of the large wheel and the small wheel by adopting a curve fitting method and a curve fitting method;
s7, importing the three-dimensional solid models of the large wheel and the small wheel obtained in the S6 into finite element modeling and simulation software (such as ABAQUS, ANSYS and the like), and obtaining tooth surface meshing marks of the large wheel and the small wheel under the large wheel load moment loads of different areas in the S5 through finite element bearing meshing analysis;
s8, taking the position, the size and the shape of the tooth surface meshing impression obtained in S7 as the purpose of adjustmentThe mark feature, confirm the evaluation parameter of the meshing impression characteristic of parameterization, the said evaluation parameter includes: area S of engagement impression in large wheel axle section coordinate system cg X, the abscissa of the centroid position of the engagement mark cg Ordinate y of centroid position of engagement mark cg Engagement mark direction angle gamma cg The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Area S of engagement impression in small axle section coordinate system cp X, the abscissa of the centroid position of the engagement mark cp Ordinate y of centroid position of engagement mark cp And a meshing impression direction angle gamma cp ；
S9, aiming at the large wheel and small wheel tooth surface meshing marks of the load moment corresponding to the traction constant value of each region obtained by finite element bearing meshing analysis in the step S7;
s10, calculating the evaluation parameters of the engagement marks under the load moment of different areas obtained in S8, and taking a group of evaluation parameter values of the engagement marks of the large wheel and the small wheel of each area as a target value { S } of the area cg ，x cg ，y cg ，γ cg ，S cp ，x cp ，y cp ，γ cp Establishing an evaluation index objective function and determining the optimization accuracy of the evaluation index;
the evaluation index objective function mentioned in S10 is characterized by the formula (1):
Min f(S cg ,x cg ,y cg ,γ cg ,S cp ,x cp ,y cp ,γ cp ) The objective function value is a minimum value of a function.
Evaluation parameter { S cg ，x cg ，y cg ，γ cg ，S cp ，x cp ，y cp ，γ cp Each of the expressions (2) to (9):
in the formulas (2) to (9), n represents the number of points into which the left side edge line, the right side edge line, and the trace center line of the tooth surface engagement trace are each discretized at the time of computer tooth engagement analysis; a is that g 、B g 、C g 、A p 、B p 、C p Is an intermediate variable, and respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the left side line of the large wheel meshing trace, wherein g=1, 2, … and n-1;respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the (g+1) th point on the left side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the right side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the (g+1) th point on the right side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the middle line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively represent the abscissa and ordinate values of the (g+1) th point on the mid-line of the large wheel engagement mark. />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the left side line of the small wheel meshing mark, wherein p=1, 2, … and n-1; /> Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p+1st point on the left side line of the small wheel meshing mark;respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the right side line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Representing small wheel engagement marks respectivelyAn abscissa value and an ordinate value of the (p+1) th point on the right line; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the middle line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p+1th point on the middle line of the small wheel meshing mark;
the engagement mark evaluation parameter target value mentioned in S10 specifically means: target value S of meshing impression area in large-wheel-shaft section coordinate system cg_opt Target value x of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark cg_opt Ordinate target value y of meshing impression centroid position cg_opt Target value gamma of direction angle of engagement mark cg_opt The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Target value S of meshing impression area in small wheel axle section coordinate system cp_opt Target value x of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark cp_opt Ordinate target value y of meshing impression centroid position cp_opt Target value gamma of direction angle of engagement mark cp_opt ；
The optimization accuracy mentioned in S10 specifically refers to: engagement mark area optimization precision epsilon in large-wheel-shaft section coordinate system scg Optimization precision epsilon of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark xcg Optimization precision epsilon of ordinate of centroid position of engagement mark ycg Optimization precision epsilon of direction angle of engagement impression γcg The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Engagement mark area optimization precision epsilon in small wheel axle section coordinate system scp Optimization precision epsilon of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark xcp Optimization precision epsilon of ordinate of centroid position of engagement mark ycp Optimization precision epsilon of direction angle of engagement impression γcp ；
S11, carrying out optimizing calculation on the evaluation index objective function by adopting a genetic algorithm according to the gear tooth engagement analysis steps of the large-wheel and small-wheel computers in the steps 2-3, wherein in the optimizing calculation process, machining parameters of the large-wheel and small-wheel machines are used as iteration variables;
s12, initializing a genetic algorithm population according to the initial machine tool processing parameters obtained in the S1, setting the number of individuals in the population as N, and setting the algorithm iteration times as M; establishing a tooth surface equation of N pairs of large wheels and small wheels of the present generation according to the corresponding tooth machining principle for machining parameters of the large wheels and the small wheel machine represented by each individual in the population;
s13, carrying out computer gear tooth meshing analysis on the gear tooth surface equation of the primary gear and the small gear obtained in the S12 to obtain N groups of evaluation index values for evaluating the gear tooth surface meshing marks of the large gear and the small gear; further calculating the N groups of evaluation index values by using the evaluation index objective function obtained in the step S10 to obtain all individual evaluation index objective function values of the generation;
s14, adopting a genetic algorithm to perform continuous iterative computation to finally obtain the objective function value Min f (S) cg ,x cg ,y cg ,γ cg ,S cp ,x cp ,y cp ,γ cp ) If the optimization individual is equal to the sum of the optimization precision of each index, judging that the optimization precision is reached, and stopping iteration;
s15, taking a group of evaluation parameter values of the meshing marks of the gear surfaces of the gear and the pinion under the load torque of the gear corresponding to the traction constant value of each region as target values of the evaluation of the meshing marks of the region, and respectively executing the iterative optimization process of the genetic algorithm in S9-S14 to obtain the machining parameters of the machine tools of the gear and the pinion, which meet the characteristics of the meshing marks of the gear surfaces of the gear and the pinion under the load torque corresponding to the traction constant value of each region, namely the machining parameters of the machine tools after optimization adjustment of the gear and the pinion of each region;
s16, after the large wheel and the small wheel which are processed by adopting the adjusted machine tool processing parameters obtained in the S15 are assembled according to the set gear pair relative positions, the tooth surface theoretical meshing trace is the same as the tooth surface meshing region under the load moment load corresponding to the traction constant.
The method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main speed reducer of the tractor can adjust the theoretical meshing positions of the large wheel and the small wheel in design according to the average level of load moment of the tractor in different areas of a specific model by adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear, regulating and controlling the appearance of the tooth surfaceThe contact area is integrated to the position of the corresponding contact area under the load moment of the most normal work in each area, so that the actual contact area under the working load is overlapped with the ideal contact area, and the service life of the gear pair is prolonged; at the same time, the method of the invention reflects the meshing characteristics of the gear pair through the tooth surface meshing impression and optimizes the target value S through adjustment cg_opt 、x cg_opt 、y cg_opt 、γ cg_opt 、S cp_opt 、x cp_opt 、y cp_opt 、γ cp_opt The expected meshing impression characteristics of the tooth surfaces of the large wheel and the small wheel can be adjusted in real time. For example, the optimization target value gamma of the direction angle of the meshing trace of the large wheel and the small wheel is adjusted in real time according to the observed optimization result cg_opt 、γ cp_opt Reducing the direction angle of the meshing mark in a proper range can reduce vibration noise during meshing and improve the bearing capacity of the gear pair; furthermore, the method of the invention is carried out independently of the gear design and the machine tool machining parameter adjustment experience of the machining personnel, aiming at the set optimized target value S cg_opt 、x cg_opt 、y cg_opt 、γ cg_opt 、S cp_opt 、x cp_opt 、y cp_opt 、γ cp_opt The processing parameters of the large-wheel and small-wheel lathe reaching the target value of the evaluation index of the meshing mark can be obtained through iterative calculation of a genetic algorithm, and the method is simple to operate and convenient to popularize and apply.
Example 2:
referring to fig. 1-7, based on embodiment 1 but with the difference that,
taking an aligned hyperboloid gear pair of a main reducer of a tractor of a certain model as an example, the number of teeth of a large gear is 7, the number of teeth of a small gear is 36, the offset distance of the small gear is 38mm, and basic geometric parameters are shown in a table 1 and are processed by adopting a Grisen tooth system machine tool. The working tooth surfaces of the large wheel and the small wheel bear meshing marks under the working condition that the large wheel load 500 N.m torque is taken as a common load, the working tooth surfaces of the large wheel and the small wheel bear meshing marks are shown in figure 3, and the initial machine tool machining parameters of the large wheel and the small wheel and the adjusted machine tool machining parameters are shown in tables 2 and 3 respectively.
TABLE 1 hypoid gear pair geometry parameters
TABLE 2 optimization of front and rear wheel processing parameters
TABLE 3 optimization of front and rear small wheel processing parameters
In tables 2 and 3, 9 parameters including machine tool installation root cone angle, horizontal wheel position, bed position, vertical wheel position, radial tool position, angular tool position, tool inclination angle, tool rotation angle and cutting roll value are taken as adjustment parameters.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of machining parameters of a small turbine lathe to be optimized, and the machining parameters comprise an angular cutter position 2, a radial cutter position 3, a cutter corner 4, a cutter inclination angle 5, a vertical wheel position 7, a horizontal wheel position 9, a machine tool mounting root cone angle 10, a lathe bed 11, a cradle rotating speed 1, a cutter rotating speed 6 and a tooth blank rotating speed 8. FIG. 3 shows a large tooth face bearing engagement patch (as shown in FIG. 3 (a)) and a small tooth face bearing engagement patch (as shown in FIG. 3 (b)) for a large wheel load 500 N.m torque condition.
The non-load meshing marks of the tooth surfaces of the large wheel and the small wheel before the optimization and the adjustment are shown in fig. 4, the (a) diagram in fig. 4 is the meshing mark of the tooth surface of the large wheel, the (b) diagram in fig. 4 is the meshing mark of the tooth surface of the small wheel, and the non-load meshing marks of the tooth surfaces of the large wheel and the small wheel are all positioned in the middle of the tooth surface before the optimization and the adjustment can be seen from fig. 4; according to the bearing meshing marks under the common load working conditions of the large wheel and the small wheel shown in fig. 3, the processing parameters are adjusted, the optimized and adjusted bearing meshing marks of the large wheel and the small wheel are shown in fig. 5, the large wheel tooth surface meshing marks are shown in the (a) view of fig. 5, the small wheel tooth surface meshing marks are shown in the (b) view of fig. 5, the optimized and adjusted bearing meshing marks of the large wheel and the small wheel tooth surface are extended to the large end and the small end of the gear, the gear meshing force can be uniformly dispersed on the tooth surface due to the increase of the distribution area, the service life and the bearing capacity of the gear pair are improved, and the vibration noise of the system is restrained. The parameterized representation of the tooth flank engagement impression is shown in fig. 6, and includes the impression centroid position, the impression direction angle, and the area. The individual evaluation index objective function value curves of each generation of population, which are iteratively calculated by the genetic algorithm, are shown in fig. 7, wherein the fig. 7 comprises an optimal individual evaluation index objective function value 19 in the population and an average value 20 of all individual evaluation index objective functions in the population, and the optimal individual objective function value can be converged to a preset value through 80 iterative calculation, so that the genetic algorithm is proved to be feasible and efficient.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and any person skilled in the art, based on the technical solution of the present invention and the inventive concept thereof, can be replaced or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for adjusting processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, selecting geometric parameters of a large wheel and a small gear blank and size parameters of a gear cutting tool according to design requirements of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor with a specific model, respectively calculating machining parameters of a large wheel and a small turbine according to corresponding machining principles aiming at a gear machining method specifically adopted by a gear cutting machine tool, and taking the calculated machining parameters of the large wheel and the small turbine as initial parameters of machine tool adjustment;
s2, establishing a large wheel and small gear tooth surface equation based on a corresponding gear machining principle according to the geometric parameters of the large wheel and small gear tooth blank, the size parameters of the gear cutting tool and the initial parameters of machine tool machining, virtually assembling the large wheel and small gear tooth surface equation according to the designed gear pair offset distance, and obtaining a large wheel and small gear tooth surface engagement equation under an engagement coordinate system after assembly;
s3, carrying out gear tooth meshing analysis on the tooth surface meshing equation based on the tooth surface meshing equation obtained in the S2 by a computer to obtain a large-wheel and small-wheel gear tooth meshing impression obtained based on the initial machining parameters of the machine tool in the S1;
s4, calculating one or more of a field traction test, an indoor soil slot test measurement result and a local soil physical parameter according to an experimental model tractor to obtain traction force of the model tractor when the model tractor works in different areas, and selecting a traction force value which works most frequently in each area as a traction force constant value of the model tractor when the model tractor works in the area;
s5, combining the traction constant values of the experimental model tractor in different areas obtained in the S4, and calculating according to the transmission ratio of each part in the transmission system of the experimental model tractor to obtain the large wheel load moment of the model tractor under the traction constant value working conditions in different areas;
s6, calculating the surface discrete point clouds of the large wheel and the small wheel according to the surface meshing equation of the large wheel and the small wheel established in the S2 to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of the discrete point clouds, importing the obtained three-dimensional coordinates of the discrete point clouds into three-dimensional design software, and establishing a three-dimensional entity model of the large wheel and the small wheel by adopting a curve fitting method and a curve fitting method;
s7, importing the three-dimensional solid models of the large wheel and the small wheel obtained in the S6 into finite element modeling and simulation software, and obtaining tooth surface meshing marks of the large wheel and the small wheel under the load moment loads of the large wheel in different areas in the S5 through finite element bearing meshing analysis;
s8, taking the position, the size and the shape of the tooth surface meshing impression obtained in the S7 as target characteristics for adjustment, and determining evaluation parameters for parameterizing and evaluating the meshing impression characteristics, wherein the evaluation parameters comprise: area S of engagement impression in large wheel axle section coordinate system cg X, the abscissa of the centroid position of the engagement mark cg Ordinate y of centroid position of engagement mark cg Engagement mark direction angle gamma cg The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Area S of engagement impression in small axle section coordinate system cp X, the abscissa of the centroid position of the engagement mark cp Ordinate y of centroid position of engagement mark cp And a meshing impression direction angle gamma cp ；
S9, aiming at the large wheel and small wheel tooth surface meshing marks of the load moment corresponding to the traction constant value of each region obtained by finite element bearing meshing analysis in the step S7;
s10, calculating the evaluation parameters of the engagement marks under the load moment of different areas obtained in S8, and taking a group of evaluation parameter values of the engagement marks of the large wheel and the small wheel of each area as a target value { S } of the area cg ，x cg ，y cg ，γ cg ，S cp ，x cp ，y cp ，γ cp Establishing an evaluation index objective function and determining the optimization accuracy of the evaluation index;
s11, carrying out optimizing calculation on the evaluation index objective function by adopting a genetic algorithm according to the gear tooth engagement analysis steps of the large-wheel and small-wheel computers in the steps 2-3, wherein in the optimizing calculation process, machining parameters of the large-wheel and small-wheel machines are used as iteration variables;
s12, initializing a genetic algorithm population according to the initial machine tool processing parameters obtained in the S1, setting the number of individuals in the population as N, and setting the algorithm iteration times as M; establishing a tooth surface equation of N pairs of large wheels and small wheels of the present generation according to the corresponding tooth machining principle for machining parameters of the large wheels and the small wheel machine represented by each individual in the population;
s13, carrying out computer gear tooth meshing analysis on the gear tooth surface equation of the primary gear and the small gear obtained in the S12 to obtain N groups of evaluation index values for evaluating the gear tooth surface meshing marks of the large gear and the small gear; further calculating the N groups of evaluation index values by using the evaluation index objective function obtained in the step S10 to obtain all individual evaluation index objective function values of the generation;
s14, adopting a genetic algorithm to perform continuous iterative computation to finally obtain the objective function value Min f (S) cg ,x cg ,y cg ,γ cg ,S cp ,x cp ,y cp ,γ cp ) If the optimization individual is equal to the sum of the optimization precision of each index, judging that the optimization precision is reached, and stopping iteration;
s15, taking a group of evaluation parameter values of the meshing marks of the gear surfaces of the gear and the pinion under the load torque of the gear corresponding to the traction constant value of each region as target values of the evaluation of the meshing marks of the region, and respectively executing the iterative optimization process of the genetic algorithm in S9-S14 to obtain the machining parameters of the machine tools of the gear and the pinion, which meet the characteristics of the meshing marks of the gear surfaces of the gear and the pinion under the load torque corresponding to the traction constant value of each region, namely the machining parameters of the machine tools after optimization adjustment of the gear and the pinion of each region;
s16, after the large wheel and the small wheel which are processed by adopting the adjusted machine tool processing parameters obtained in the S15 are assembled according to the set gear pair relative positions, the tooth surface theoretical meshing trace is the same as the tooth surface meshing region under the load moment load corresponding to the traction constant.
2. The method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main reducer of the tractor according to claim 1, wherein the processing parameters of the large wheel mentioned in S1 include: machine tool installation root cone angle gamma mg Bed DeltaX Bg Horizontal wheel position DeltaX Dg Vertical wheel position delta E mg Radial tool position S rg Angle tool position q g Inclination angle i of knife g Knife corner j g And cutting roll ratio m cg ；
The small wheel machining parameters mentioned in the step S1 include: machine tool installation root cone angle gamma mp Bed DeltaX Bp Horizontal wheel position DeltaX Dp Vertical wheel position delta E mp Radial tool position S rp Angle tool position q p Inclination angle i of knife p Knife corner j p And cutting roll ratio m cp 。
3. A method for adjusting the processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor according to claim 2, wherein the objective function of the evaluation index mentioned in S10 is characterized by the following formula (1):
Min f(S cg ,x cg ,y cg ,γ cg ,S cp ,x cp ,y cp ,γ cp ) The objective function value is a minimum value of a function.
4. A method for adjusting the processing parameters of a hypoid gear of a main reducer of a tractor according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation parameters { S }, mentioned in S8, S10 cg ，x cg ，y cg ，γ cg ，S cp ，x cp ，y cp ，γ cp Each of the expressions (2) to (9):
in the formulas (2) to (9), n represents the number of points into which the left side edge line, the right side edge line, and the trace center line of the tooth surface engagement trace are each discretized at the time of computer tooth engagement analysis; a is that g 、B g 、C g 、A p 、B p 、C p Is an intermediate variable, and respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the left side line of the large wheel meshing trace, wherein g=1, 2, … and n-1;respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the (g+1) th point on the left side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the right side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the (g+1) th point on the right side line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the g-th point on the middle line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the (g+1) th point on the middle line of the large wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the left side line of the small wheel meshing mark, wherein p=1, 2, … and n-1; /> Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p+1st point on the left side line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the right side line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p+1st point on the right side line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively representing the horizontal coordinate value and the vertical coordinate value of the p-th point on the middle line of the small wheel meshing mark; />Respectively represent the abscissa and ordinate values of the (p+1) th point on the mid-line of the small wheel engagement mark.
5. The method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main speed reducer of the tractor according to claim 1, wherein the target values of the meshing mark evaluation parameters mentioned in S10 specifically refer to: target value S of meshing impression area in large-wheel-shaft section coordinate system cg_opt Target value x of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark cg_opt Ordinate target value y of meshing impression centroid position cg_opt Target value gamma of direction angle of engagement mark cg_opt The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Target value S of meshing impression area in small wheel axle section coordinate system cp_opt Target value x of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark cp_opt Ordinate target value y of meshing impression centroid position cp_opt Target value gamma of direction angle of engagement mark cp_opt 。
6. The method for adjusting the processing parameters of the hypoid gear of the main speed reducer of the tractor according to claim 1, wherein the optimization accuracy mentioned in S10 specifically means: engagement mark area optimization precision epsilon in large-wheel-shaft section coordinate system scg Optimization precision epsilon of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark xcg Optimization precision epsilon of ordinate of centroid position of engagement mark ycg Optimization precision epsilon of direction angle of engagement impression γcg The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Engagement mark area optimization precision epsilon in small wheel axle section coordinate system scp Optimization precision epsilon of horizontal coordinate of centroid position of engagement mark xcp Optimization precision epsilon of ordinate of centroid position of engagement mark ycp Optimization precision epsilon of direction angle of engagement impression γcp 。
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