CN114481602B - Mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/77—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with silicon or compounds thereof
- D06M11/79—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with silicon or compounds thereof with silicon dioxide, silicic acids or their salts
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/61—Polyamines polyimines
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
- D06M2101/16—Synthetic fibres, other than mineral fibres
- D06M2101/30—Synthetic polymers consisting of macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M2101/32—Polyesters
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
- Y02P70/62—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product related technologies for production or treatment of textile or flexible materials or products thereof, including footwear
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Abstract
The invention provides a mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of fiber materials. The preparation method takes the polyester fiber fabric as a substrate, takes polydopamine as a bonding agent, and adopts a solution method to load the nanometer attapulgite mineral particles on the surface of the polyester fiber fabric. The preparation method is simple and efficient, low in reaction temperature, high in safety, good in loading effect and especially suitable for large-scale industrial production and preparation. And the material source is wide, the material is cheap and easy to obtain, the preparation method is simple and convenient, and the material is non-toxic and environment-friendly. The moisture absorption rate of the prepared mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile is 2.033%, the moisture absorption rate is improved by 19 times compared with that of a pure PET fabric, and the moisture absorption effect is not greatly influenced by temperature; in the aspect of quick drying, the fabric material prepared by the invention has the water evaporation rate of 0.79g/h and has excellent performance of quickly evaporating water. The method can be widely applied to the fields of sports apparel, environmental dehumidification, biomedicine, wearable equipment and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fiber materials, and particularly relates to a mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile and a preparation method thereof.
Background
In human life, the clothes are used as a layer of barrier between a human body and natural climate, and along with the change of the external climate, when people can not reach the 'climate' required by the human body only by physiological regulation, the clothes are used for regulating the behavior of the human body, so that the human body can adapt to the change of the natural climate; with the improvement of living standard of people, the comfort and health of wearing become essential.
For many years, polyester fibers have been used in large quantities for the manufacture of garments. Taking polyester fiber as an example, the fiber is made by spinning and post-processing fiber which is fiber-forming high polymer, namely polyethylene terephthalate (PET), prepared by esterification or ester exchange and polycondensation reaction of raw materials of poly terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol. PET is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer with desirable garment material properties, including high tensile strength and chemical resistance. Meanwhile, the polyester fiber has higher strength and elastic recovery capability, so that the polyester fiber is firm and durable, is crease-resistant and non-ironing, and is the fabric with the best heat resistance in synthetic fiber fabrics. In addition, the polyester fiber also has the advantages of excellent light resistance, mold resistance, moth resistance and the like.
However, the use of polyester fibers represented by PET is limited by their low hygroscopicity, which leads to the generation of electrostatic charges, thereby reducing other comfort and health related properties. Therefore, the main problem of polyester fibers is low moisture absorption, and in order to solve this problem, researchers have introduced a surface chemical treatment on polyester to improve the hydrophilicity of the fibers without changing the bulk structure.
One of the most common polyester modification methods is alkali hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide. However, the chain scission that occurs during this process often results in a substantial reduction in mechanical properties. Therefore, how to improve the stability of the material modified by the polyester fiber has important significance for developing a new generation of large-health wearable fabric, meeting the requirements of human on comfort and health clothing, human life health and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of a mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile, which takes a polyester fiber fabric as a substrate, takes polydopamine as a bonding agent, and adopts a solution method to load nano attapulgite mineral particles on the surface of the polyester fiber fabric, wherein the nano attapulgite accounts for 0-15% of the mass of the polyester fiber fabric.
The preparation method is simple and efficient, low in reaction temperature, high in safety and good in loading effect, and is particularly suitable for large-scale industrial production and preparation.
In order to realize the purpose, the invention provides a preparation method of a mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile, which comprises the following steps:
pretreatment of polyester fiber: immersing the polyester fiber fabric in a washing solution, soaking and washing for 5-10min, and drying for later use under a first preset condition;
preparing PDA/PET fabric: immersing the pretreated polyester fiber in a dopamine solution, stirring and reacting under a second preset condition, washing with deionized water, and drying under a third preset condition to obtain a PDA/PET fabric;
preparing an ATP solution: dispersing the nano attapulgite in deionized water, and sequentially performing ultrasonic treatment and crushing treatment to obtain a uniformly dispersed nano ATP solution;
preparation of ATP/PDA/PET Fabric: and (3) placing the prepared PDA/PET fabric into a nano ATP solution, and stirring and reacting under a fourth preset condition to obtain the ATP/PDA/PET fabric.
Wherein, the steps of preparing PDA/PET fabric and preparing ATP solution can be carried out simultaneously or in any sequence, and the immersion refers to completely immersing reactants into liquid.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step of pretreating polyester fibers, the washing solution is ethanol and deionized water in a volume ratio of 1: (0.5-2) mixing uniformly; more preferably, the volume ratio of ethanol to deionized water is 1; the first preset condition is as follows: drying for 2-4h at 50-60 deg.C.
The polyester fiber is pretreated to remove dust or organic matters on the surface of the polyester fiber, so that the surface of the polyester fiber presents a smooth fiber structure, and subsequent polymerization of dopamine on the surface of the polyester fiber is facilitated.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step of preparing the PDA/PET fabric, the concentration of the dopamine solution is 2-4g/L, and more preferably, the concentration of the dopamine solution is 3g/L;
the mass-volume ratio of the polyester fiber fabric to the dopamine solution is (0.005-0.01): 1,g/ml, and more preferably, the mass volume ratio of the polyester fiber fabric to the dopamine solution is 0.006.
Dopamine in the present invention is an organic molecule containing a dihydroxyphenyl moiety and derivatives thereof, including but not limited to DOPA (DOPA), dopamine (dopamine), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzylamine, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, or 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid.
In the invention, the dopamine self-polymerization forms PDA on the surface of the polyester fiber, so that the adhesion is provided for the surface of the material, and meanwhile, the hydroxyl on the surface is increased, therefore, if the concentration of the dopamine solution is lower than the range, the polymerization of the dopamine on the surface of the polyester fiber is influenced, and the adhesion effect cannot be achieved; if the concentration is higher than the above range, the excessive dopamine affects the interaction of hydroxyl groups of ATP with PDA on the polyester fiber to form hydrogen bonds, thereby decreasing the ATP loading amount.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step of preparing the PDA/PET fabric, the second preset condition is: stirring at 400-600rpm for 12-24h; the third preset condition is as follows: drying for 2-4h at 40-50 ℃.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step of preparing the ATP solution, the nano attapulgite is prepared by crushing and purifying natural attapulgite, wherein the mass ratio of the nano attapulgite is more than 90%, and the particle size is 20-60nm;
the mass-volume ratio of the nano attapulgite to the deionized water is (0.4-0.6): 1,g/L, more preferably, the concentration of the solution is 0.5g/L after the nano attapulgite is mixed with the deionized water
In a preferred embodiment, in the step of preparing the ATP solution, the ultrasonic treatment is carried out for 20-30min under the condition of 40KHz frequency; the crushing treatment condition is that a cell crusher is adopted to crush for 0.5-1h under the power of 30W.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step of preparing the ATP/PDA/PET fabric, the fourth preset condition is: stirring at 400-600rpm for 20-24h.
The nano attapulgite can be better loaded on the surface of the PDA/PET fabric by stirring for a long time at a low rotating speed.
The invention also aims to provide a mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile, and the prepared textile is proved to have significantly improved moisture absorption rate and hydrophilicity compared with the original polyester fiber fabric through the index tests of contact angle, water drop spreading time, moisture absorption rate and the like.
The invention also aims to provide application of the mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile in the fields of sports apparel, environmental dehumidification, biomedicine and wearable equipment.
Compared with the prior art, the mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile and the preparation method thereof have the following advantages:
1. in the invention, the used mineral particle nano Attapulgite (ATP) is a typical natural nano mineral material, has a one-dimensional rod-shaped structure and a chemical formula of Mg 5 Si 8 O 20 (OH) 2 (OH 2 ) 4 ·4H 2 And O. The crystal structure of ATP is a layer chain of 2. And channels parallel to the chain are formed between the tetrahedral strips filled with zeolite water and crystal water, which makes it easy to form hydrogen bonds with certain specific molecules. ATP has a nano rod-shaped structure and a micropore channel, has strong water absorption, viscosity and plasticity when wet, has small shrinkage after drying, is soaked in water and is disintegrated, and can be repeatedly used. Because the ATP clay has multiple pores inside, large specific surface area and high surface activity, the ATP clay has excellent adsorption performance and can be considered to be used for dehumidification in certain environments and drying of certain gases. And the material source is wide, the material is cheap and easy to obtain, the preparation method is simple and convenient, and the material is non-toxic and environment-friendly.
2. Although the introduction of the ATP mineral composite material with good hygroscopicity and functionality into the polyester fiber is an effective strategy for solving the hygroscopicity and increasing the health of the polyester fiber, the combined instability of the ATP mineral composite material and the polyester fiber limits the loading capacity and reduces the water washing resistance and the functional stability of the ATP mineral composite material. Based on the method, the organic-inorganic combination of the ATP mineral composite material and the polyester fiber is realized by adopting a solution method and taking polydopamine as a binder, so that the load capacity and stability of the ATP mineral composite material are improved, the function of the polyester fiber is enriched, and the method has the advantages of simple preparation steps, low reaction temperature, low energy consumption, high safety, less used reagents and the like, and is particularly suitable for large-scale preparation and production of dehumidifying textiles.
3. The moisture absorption fiber textile prepared by the invention has good moisture absorption performance, the moisture absorption rate of the prepared fabric material is 2.033%, the moisture absorption rate is improved by 19 times compared with that of a pure PET fabric, and the moisture absorption effect is not greatly influenced by temperature; in the aspect of quick drying, the fabric material prepared by the invention has the water evaporation rate of 0.79g/h and has the performance of quickly evaporating water. Therefore, the moisture absorption fiber textile prepared by the invention has wide development prospect in the fields of sports clothes, environmental dehumidification, biomedicine, wearable equipment and the like, can meet the requirements of human on comfort and health clothes, and has important significance on human life health and the like.
Drawings
These and/or other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent and more readily appreciated from the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is an SEM image of a fibrous textile, wherein FIG. 1 (a) is an SEM of a raw PET material and FIG. 1 (b) is an SEM of the material after loading ATP on PET by PDA as in example 1;
FIG. 2 shows the moisture absorption test of PET, PDA/PET, ATP/PDA/PET, wherein FIG. 2 (a) shows the moisture absorption rate of PET, PDA/PET, ATP/PDA/PET fabric; FIG. 2 (b) shows the hygroscopicity of PDA/PET and ATP/PDA/PET at different temperature conditions;
FIG. 3 is the water drop spreading time of PET, PDA/PET, ATP/PDA/PET fabrics;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the water droplet evaporation amount of PET, PDA/PET, ATP/PDA/PET fabrics and the time variation.
Detailed Description
Unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, and the raw materials used are commercially available.
Unless otherwise specifically indicated, various raw materials, reagents, instruments, equipment and the like used in the present invention are commercially available or can be prepared by existing methods.
In the embodiment of the invention, the nano attapulgite is purchased from the Yuan Henheng water purification material factory of the Onema, henan province, and the content of the main oxides is shown in the table 1; the results of the spectroscopic analysis of trace elements are shown in Table 2 as Y/kg.
Table 1 attapulgite clay main oxide content, unit: is based on
Table 2 spectrum analysis results of trace elements in attapulgite clay, unit: y/kg
| Element(s) | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cr | No | Bi | W | Sn | Ca | Ge |
| Content (wt.) | 35-50 | ≤10 | 40-60 | 30-60 | <1 | <10 | <30 | <10 | <5 | <5 |
| Element(s) | Ag | V | Co | Cd | As | Be | Sb | Ni | Ti | Mn |
| Content (wt.) | <0.5 | 60-100 | <10 | <30 | <100 | <1 | <30 | 20-30 | 2500-3500 | 400-700 |
Example 1
Preparing a polyester fiber fabric pretreatment: polyester fiber fabric (48 g/m) 2 ) Cutting into 5 x 5cm size, soaking in washing liquid, washing for 10min, and oven drying at 50 deg.C for 4 hr. The washing liquid is ethanol and deionized water, and the volume ratio is 1:1, uniformly mixing and preparing.
Preparing PDA/PET fabric: and completely immersing the pretreated polyester fiber fabric into a dopamine solution, stirring at 500rpm for 24 hours, washing the precipitate with deionized water for 2 times, and drying at 50 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain the PDA/PET fabric. Wherein the concentration of the dopamine solution is 3g/L, and the mass volume ratio of the polyester fiber fabric to the dopamine solution is 0.006.
Preparation of ATP/PDA/PET Fabric: dissolving attapulgite in deionized water to form 0.5g/L solution, performing ultrasonic treatment at 40KHz frequency for 20min, and pulverizing with cell pulverizer at 30W power for 1 hr to obtain uniformly dispersed nano ATP solution. The attapulgite is nano attapulgite purified from natural minerals, the ATP content exceeds 90%, and the particle size is 20-60nm.
And (3) placing the prepared PDA/PET fabric into a nano ATP solution, stirring at 400rpm for 24h, and loading ATP on the surface of the PDA/PET fabric to obtain the mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile, which is marked as ATP/PDA/PET.
Comparative example
1. Taking a polyester fiber fabric (48 g/m) 2 ) Cut into 5 x 5cm size and marked as PET material.
2. The fabric, denoted as PDA/PET material, was prepared following exactly the same procedure as for "preparation of polyester fiber Fabric Pre-treatment" and "preparation of PDA/PET Fabric" in example 1.
Effects of the invention
The PET, PDA/PET and ATP/PDA/PET fabrics were characterized and analyzed for moisture absorption, the results are as follows:
scanning electron microscope
The PET and ATP/PDA/PET fabrics were subjected to SEM examination, and the results are shown in FIG. 1.
As can be seen from FIG. 1 (a), the surface of the fiber fabric PET before loading is in a relatively smooth fiber structure, and the surface of the fiber fabric PET is free of a rod-shaped structure of attapulgite, as can be seen from FIG. 1 (b), the surface of the fiber fabric ATP/PDA/PET after loading is in a relatively rough fiber structure, and the rod-shaped structure of the attapulgite can be clearly seen on the surface.
(II) moisture absorption Rate
The test method comprises the following steps: the sample to be measured was placed in a constant temperature and humidity (60 ℃, relative humidity 90%) environment, the initial weight was measured, and the weight was weighed after 3 hours. The moisture absorption rate (W%) of each sample was determined according to the formula (1), and the results of the moisture absorption rate are shown in fig. 2,
W％＝(W 2 -W 1 )/W 1 *100％ (1)
discussion of the results: as can be seen from FIG. 2 (a), the moisture absorption rate of the PET fabric is 0.107%, the moisture absorption rate of the PDA/PET fabric is 0.313%, the moisture absorption rate of the ATP/PDA/PET fabric is 2.033%, and the moisture absorption rate is increased by 19 times compared with that of the pure PET fabric.
Fig. 2 (b) shows that as the temperature is increased from 30 ℃ to 70 ℃, the moisture absorption rate of the ATP/PDA/PET fabric is far higher than that of the PDA/PET fabric, and the temperature has little influence on the moisture absorption rate of the ATP/PDA/PET fabric, which indicates that the ATP/PDA/PET fabric can still maintain higher moisture absorption effect in daily environment and has good adaptability to temperature change.
(III) Water/oil drop spreading time
The test method comprises the following steps: the water/oil drop spreading time of the samples was measured using a contact angle measuring instrument (JGW-360B), and the hydrophilicity of the samples was studied by measuring the time for which the water drops spread on the fabric surface according to the AATCC79-2000 test method. A drop of distilled water was applied by syringe from 1cm onto the fabric surface. The complete adsorption time of the drop on the fabric surface was measured and repeated 5 times, and the average was taken, the shorter the penetration time means the better the wettability of the liquid. The results are shown in FIG. 3.
Discussion of results: it can be seen from fig. 3 that the water drop spreading time of the PET fabric was 58.3s, which was rendered hydrophobic because there were almost no hydrophilic groups in the molecular chain. The water spreading time of the PDA/PET fabric was 6.72s. The hydrophilicity of the PDA/PET fabric is improved due to the polymerization of dopamine on the fabric surface and the introduction of hydroxyl groups on the fabric surface. Since the ATP-loaded fabric contains a large number of hydroxyl groups, the water drop spreading time of the ATP/PDA/PET fabric is only 0.23s.
Furthermore, the penetration time of the oil droplets on the PET fabric was 5.02s. The permeation times of PDA/PET fabric and ATP/PDA/PET fabric were reduced to 1.75s and 1.82s, respectively, demonstrating that ATP had little effect on lipophilicity improvement.
As can be seen from the extremely short soaking time of ATP/PDA/PET, the ATP-loaded fabric has good hydrophilicity and can effectively adsorb the moisture on the surface of the fabric.
(IV) Evaporation Rate
The test method comprises the following steps: according to GB/T21655.1-2008 evaluation part 1 of moisture absorption and quick drying of textiles: one-way combination test method 8.3, chapter 1000W/m 2 The moisture evaporation rate of the PET, PDA/PET and ATP/PDA/PET fabrics is respectively tested under the illumination of the light. The results are shown in FIG. 4.
Discussion of the results: figure 4 shows the water evaporation rate of the three fabrics under light conditions. The water evaporation rate of pure PET is 0.53g/h, the water evaporation rate of PDA modified is 0.76g/h, and the water evaporation rate of ATP/PDA/PET is 0.79g/h. Therefore, the ATP/PDA/PET has the highest moisture evaporation rate and the rapid evaporation performance, and can obviously improve the moisture evaporation capacity of the fabric, thereby achieving the dehumidification effect.
The foregoing description of specific exemplary embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of a mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile is characterized in that a polyester fiber fabric is used as a substrate, polydopamine is used as a bonding agent, and a solution method is adopted to load nano attapulgite mineral particles onto the surface of the polyester fiber fabric, wherein the nano attapulgite accounts for 15% of the mass of the polyester fiber fabric;
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
pretreatment of polyester fiber: immersing the polyester fiber fabric in a washing solution, soaking and washing for 5-10min, and drying for later use under a first preset condition;
preparing PDA/PET fabric: immersing the pretreated polyester fiber in a dopamine solution, stirring and reacting under a second preset condition, washing with deionized water, and drying under a third preset condition to obtain a PDA/PET fabric;
preparing an ATP solution: dispersing the nano attapulgite in deionized water, and sequentially performing ultrasonic treatment and crushing treatment to obtain a uniformly dispersed nano ATP solution;
preparation of ATP/PDA/PET fabrics: placing the prepared PDA/PET fabric into a nano ATP solution, and stirring and reacting under a fourth preset condition to obtain an ATP/PDA/PET fabric;
in the step of preparing the PDA/PET fabric, the concentration of the dopamine solution is 2-4g/L, and the mass volume ratio of the polyester fiber fabric to the dopamine solution is (0.005-0.01): 1,g/ml.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of pretreating the polyester fiber, the washing solution is ethanol and deionized water in a volume ratio of 1: (0.5-2) uniformly mixing; the first preset condition is as follows: drying for 2-4h at 50-60 deg.C.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein in the step of preparing the PDA/PET fabric, the second predetermined condition is: stirring at 400-600rpm for 12-24h; the third preset condition is as follows: drying for 2-4h at 40-50 deg.C.
4. The preparation method according to claim 2, wherein in the step of preparing the ATP solution, the nano attapulgite is prepared by crushing and purifying natural attapulgite, wherein the mass ratio of the nano attapulgite is more than 90%, and the particle size is 20-60nm;
the mass volume ratio of the nano attapulgite to the deionized water is (0.4-0.6): 1,g/L.
5. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the step of preparing the ATP solution, the ultrasonic treatment is carried out at a frequency of 40KHz for 20 to 30min; the crushing treatment condition is that a cell crusher is adopted to crush for 0.5-1h under the power of 30W.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein in the step of preparing the ATP/PDA/PET textile, the fourth predetermined condition is: stirring at 400-600rpm for 20-24h.
7. A mineral composite absorbent fibrous textile prepared according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. The mineral composite moisture absorption fiber textile prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 6 is applied to the fields of sports clothes, environmental dehumidification, biomedicine and wearable equipment.
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