CN114446130A - Induced magnetic field exploration experimental device and method based on Maxwell theory - Google Patents
Induced magnetic field exploration experimental device and method based on Maxwell theory Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an induced magnetic field exploration experimental device and an induced magnetic field exploration experimental method based on Maxwell theory, which comprise the following steps: the device comprises a computer, a Hall sensor, a single-pole double-throw relay, a high-voltage power supply and a parallel plate capacitor; a switch between a high-voltage power supply and the parallel plate capacitor is controlled to be switched on and off by using the single-pole double-throw relay, so that the parallel plate capacitor generates a strong magnetic field. And placing the Hall sensor at the corresponding position of the magnetic field to be measured to measure the value of the Hall potential. And importing the collected data into computer MATLAB software. The invention has the advantages that: the embedded development-based data collection device is low in cost, safe and reliable, high in informatization degree and capable of visually embodying an experimental phenomenon.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of magnetic field exploration teaching, in particular to an induced magnetic field exploration experimental device and an induced magnetic field exploration experimental method based on Maxwell theory.
Background
A difficulty in a college physical teaching system is that when a changed electric field is taught to generate an induced magnetic field, due to the complex and abstract process, students often have a fog, and the existence of the induced magnetic field is difficult to understand. At present, most experimental devices for demonstrating the existence of an induced magnetic field in university practical teaching use an indirect method to prove that a changed electric field can generate a magnetic field, and the experimental devices do not directly verify the existence of the induced magnetic field, are not visual enough and cannot help students to understand the physical process well. And the existing experimental equipment mostly measures the magnetic field in a traditional mode, is not combined with information technology, particularly embedded development, and has defects in measurement precision, innovation degree and data processing convenience degree.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an induced magnetic field exploration experimental device and an induced magnetic field exploration experimental method based on the Maxwell theory.
In order to realize the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an induced magnetic field exploration experimental device based on Maxwell theory comprises: a magnetic field measuring device and a magnetic field generating device;
the magnetic field measuring device includes: computer, STM32F103RCT6 development board, Hall sensor;
the computer is connected with the STM32F103RCT6 development board through a Visa serial port, and the Hall sensor is connected with the STM32F103RCT6 development board;
the Hall sensor is used for collecting magnetic field data of the parallel plate capacitor, the collected data are transmitted to an upper computer program based on LabVIEW software in a computer through serial port communication, characters after analog-to-digital conversion are converted into voltage data, the upper computer program stores real-time data into a local txt text document, and MATLAB is used for processing the data.
The magnetic field generating device includes: the device comprises a storage battery, a parallel plate capacitor, a push switch, a single-pole double-throw relay, a cement resistor and a high-voltage power supply;
the high-voltage power supply, the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor are connected in parallel, and the single-pole double-throw relay controls the on and off of the circuits of the high-voltage power supply DC, the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor. The single-pole double-throw relay is controlled by a pressing switch, and is connected with the storage battery in series;
firstly, a switch between a high-voltage power supply and a parallel plate capacitor is closed by using a single-pole double-throw relay, so that the parallel plate capacitor is charged to have higher voltage, then the switch between the parallel plate capacitor and the parallel plate capacitor is disconnected, and meanwhile, the switch between the parallel plate capacitor and a cement resistor is closed by using the single-pole double-throw relay, so that the voltage between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor is rapidly reduced, and a strong magnetic field is generated.
The basic circuit for measuring magnetic field by using Hall sensor is characterized by that the Hall sensor is placed in the correspondent position of magnetic field to be measured, and the element plane is perpendicular to magnetic induction intensity B, and its control end is used for inputting constant working current ISThe Hall potential output end of the Hall sensor is connected with a millivoltmeter for measuring Hall potential UHThe value of (c).
The invention also discloses an induced magnetic field exploration experiment method based on the Maxwell theory, which comprises the following steps:
1) the induced magnetic field exploration experimental device is assembled;
2) fixing the Hall sensor on the panel of the parallel plate capacitor, and waiting for the next operation;
3) collected data were transmitted to a computer through an STM32F103RCT6 development board by using a developed upper computer program based on LabVIEW. The computer sends out a command for starting collection and adjusts the current to 5A;
4) closing the press switch, connecting the high-voltage power supply and the parallel plate capacitor, and disconnecting the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor, wherein the high-voltage power supply charges the parallel plate capacitor at the moment;
5) the press switch is disconnected, the high-voltage power supply and the parallel plate capacitor are disconnected, the parallel plate capacitor is communicated with the cement resistor, the parallel plate capacitor realizes rapid discharge through the cement resistor, and a strong magnetic field is generated between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor;
6) changing the fixed position of the probe of the Hall sensor on the panel of the parallel plate capacitor, and repeating the operations of the steps 2 to 5 until enough different probe position data are obtained;
7) changing the input current of the high-voltage power supply, and repeating the operations of the steps 2 to 6 until enough different current data are obtained;
8) changing the position between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor, and repeating the operations of the steps 2 to 7 until enough position data of different polar plates are obtained;
9) and after the experiment is finished, collecting the data obtained in the steps 6 to 8 for comparing distance variables, and finally importing the collected data into MATLAB software by using an upper computer program.
Further, the step 6) of changing the fixed position of the probe of the hall sensor on the panel of the parallel plate capacitor is that: several point locations on the straight line from the panel center of the parallel plate capacitor to the circular edge are taken as measuring points, and the positions of the point locations are changed in sequence.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1) the device has low cost.
2) The device design is safe and reliable. The low-voltage control circuit is used for controlling the generation of the magnetic field of the parallel plate capacitor, and the magnetic field generation circuit can be replaced by a high-voltage circuit, so that the personal safety and the circuit safety of an operator can be ensured; the device also uses a cement resistor to realize the discharging process, because the cement resistor has larger power, allows larger current to pass through, has the characteristics of heat resistance and good heat dissipation, and can effectively ensure the circuit safety during rapid discharging;
3) the data collection device based on embedded development has high informatization degree. The functions of collecting experimental data in real time, processing the experimental data in due time and analyzing the experimental data at any time are realized by utilizing developed upper computer and lower computer programs based on LabVIEW and STM 32.
4) The device has spreading value and educational significance. The method fundamentally solves the problem that the experimental phenomenon of most of related experimental devices on the market is not visual enough, and has important significance for the development of related physical teaching such as college physics Maxwell theory, electromagnetic induction experiment and the like. And the device can further expand the research, can cultivate student's innovative power well.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a magnetic field measuring device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a magnetic field measuring device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a structural diagram of analog-to-digital conversion of an development board ADC module of STM32F103RCT6 according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a magnetic field generating device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an internal structure diagram of a Hall sensor according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a measurement point according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph of B-r relationships according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a B-I relationship diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a three-dimensional relationship diagram of the embodiment of the invention B-r-I.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings by way of examples.
An induced magnetic field exploration experimental device based on Maxwell theory comprises: a magnetic field generating device and a magnetic field measuring device;
the magnetic field generating device is mainly supported by the displacement current hypothesis and the full current ampere loop theory in the Maxwell theory, and the magnetic field distribution between the two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor is deduced to be an important hand grip to complete the design of a magnetic field generating part; the Hall sensor in the magnetic field measuring device is mainly supported by taking Hall effect as theory, and data acquisition is realized by upper computer and lower computer program design based on LabVIEW and STM 32.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the magnetic field measuring apparatus includes: computer, STM32F103RCT6 development board, Hall sensor;
the computer is connected with the STM32F103RCT6 development board through a Visa serial port, and the Hall sensor is connected with the STM32F103RCT6 development board;
the Hall sensor is connected to an STM32F103RCT6 development board, collected data are transmitted to an upper computer program based on LabVIEW software in a computer through serial port communication, and therefore an integrated virtual instrument is manufactured. The virtual instrument realizes communication with an STM32F103RCT6 development board through a Visa serial port, converts characters after analog-to-digital conversion into voltage data, develops an upper computer program based on LabVIEW, stores real-time data into a local txt text document, and is convenient for processing the data by using MATLAB. The virtual instrument is an executable program which can run on a personal computer, is quick to install and simple in operation mode, and is suitable for large-scale popularization.
Firstly, calling a VISA configuration Serial Port in a LabVIEW environment to complete the setting of Serial Port parameters, including Serial Port resource allocation, baud rate, data bits, stop bits, check bits, hardware flow control and the like. Reading data with specified byte number from the serial port receiving buffer area specified by the VISA resource name to the memory of the computer by using the VISA Read.
And standard configuration of the library file of the STM32 is reused to complete serial port communication, and the specific idea is as follows: firstly, initializing and configuring two I/O interfaces, then assigning a structure body to a serial port module, carrying out initialization configuration of a serial port, and finally developing a program of a receiving and transmitting function. The STM32F103RCT6 development board transmits the data acquired by ADC module analog-to-digital conversion (as shown in FIG. 3) to LabVIEW, and then converts the data to obtain txt format file, so as to process and analyze the acquired data by MATLAB.
As shown in fig. 4, the magnetic field generating apparatus includes: the device comprises a storage battery, a parallel plate capacitor, a push switch, a single-pole double-throw relay, a cement resistor and a high-voltage power supply;
labeled in the figure as: the high-voltage power supply DC, a parallel plate capacitor C1, a cement resistor Q1, a single-pole double-throw relay K1, a push switch S2 and a 5V storage battery O;
the circuit generates a sufficiently strong magnetic field by a rapid drop in the voltage between the plates of the parallel plate capacitor. In the circuit, a high-voltage power supply, a parallel plate capacitor and a cement resistor are connected in parallel, and the on and off of the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor are controlled by a double-throw relay. The small magnetic needle is put between the two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor, the switch between the high voltage power supply and the parallel plate capacitor is closed at first to charge the parallel plate capacitor to have higher voltage, then the switch between the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor is opened, and meanwhile, the switch between the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor is closed to realize the rapid reduction of the voltage between the two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor, thereby generating a strong magnetic field. The single-pole double-throw relay is connected with a low-voltage power supply and a switch in series and is independent of the circuit, so that an operator is prevented from directly controlling the on and off of the switch in the high-voltage circuit, and the personal safety and the circuit safety of the operator are ensured. In order to realize rapid discharge of the circuit and reduce a large amount of heat generated during discharge, the cement resistor is adopted to realize the discharge process, and the cement resistor has high power, allows large current to pass through, has the characteristics of heat resistance and good heat dissipation, and can effectively ensure the safety of the circuit during rapid discharge.
The basic circuit for measuring magnetic field by using Hall sensor is characterized by that the Hall sensor is placed in the correspondent position of magnetic field to be measured, and the element plane is perpendicular to magnetic induction intensity B, and its control end is used for inputting constant working current ISThe Hall potential output end of the Hall sensor is connected with a millivoltmeter for measuring Hall potential UHThe value of (c).
The present embodiment employs an SS49E linear hall effect sensor module, which is a small, versatile module whose main part is a hall sensor (as shown in fig. 5).
The experimental method of this example includes the following steps:
10) assembling the device;
11) the hall sensor measurement probe was fixed at a position designated by us between the parallel plate capacitors (as shown in fig. 6, the parallel plate capacitor circular panel R is 10cm, so 11 measurement points R were providedn) Waiting for the next operation;
12) and (3) connecting the USB end of the serial port into a computer, starting a power supply of the single chip microcomputer acquisition module, opening a LabVIEW program, selecting the port, and inputting a storage path of a data file. Collected data are transmitted to a computer through an STM32F103RCT6 development board by utilizing a developed upper computer program based on LabVIEW. Enabling the upper computer to send a command of starting acquisition to the lower computer, and adjusting the current to 5A;
13) the switch S2 is closed, the student supply DC is connected to the parallel plate capacitor C1, and the parallel plate capacitor C1 and the cement resistor Q1 are disconnected, at which time the parallel plate capacitor C1 is charged by the high voltage supply DC;
14) the switch S2 is disconnected, the student power supply DC and the parallel plate capacitor C1 are disconnected, meanwhile, the parallel plate capacitor C1 is communicated with the cement resistor Q1, the parallel plate capacitor C1 achieves rapid discharge through the cement resistor Q1, and a strong magnetic field is generated between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor C1;
15) keeping the parallel plate capacitor and other equipment still, changing the fixed position of the Hall sensor measuring probe, and repeating the operation; keeping all devices still, only changing the input current of the student power supply, and repeating the operation; three sets of experiments were then performed randomly, with only the position between the plates of the parallel plate capacitor changed, on the basis of the previous one, for subsequent comparison of the distance variable.
16) And after the experiment is finished, turning off the power supply and arranging the instrument. And finally, importing the collected data into MATLAB software by using an upper computer program.
After the steps are completed, in each group of experiments, the maximum magnetic induction intensity of the induced magnetic field can be obtained from the txt data file read by the data collecting device. The experimental data of each group are collated, and two variables r are obtainednAnd IcCollate it with the acquired data of the exploration variable B and draw rn—IcB data record table, as shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 rn—Ic-B data record table
(Note: r)nRepresenting a distance of n cm from the geometric center of the parallel plate.)
By observing rn—Icthe-B data record table, I ═ 5A, plots the B-r relationship at this time, as shown in fig. 7.
By analyzing fig. 7, a linear fit with MATLAB can yield the relationship: and B is 1.0022 r-1.014. It follows that: when the current I is constant, the magnitude of the induced magnetic field between the parallel plate capacitors is in direct proportion to the distance from the central axis of the circular parallel plate, and the relationship is as follows: b is Kr, K is approximately equal to 1Gs/m.
Then, the variables were further controlled to control the distance from the geometric center of the parallel circular plates to: a B-I relationship graph can be obtained, as shown in fig. 8, with r being 5 cm.
By analyzing fig. 8, a linear fit with MATLAB can yield the relationship: b ═ 0.996I + 0.022. We therefore conclude that: when the distance from the geometric center of the circular parallel plate is fixed, the magnitude of the induced magnetic field between the parallel plate capacitors is proportional to the magnitude of the current, and the relationship is as follows: and B is equal to PI, and P is approximately equal to 1Gs/A.
Delineation of B-I by MATLABc—rnThree-dimensional perspective view, as shown in fig. 9:
in the experimental process, experimental verification is performed on an independent variable of the distance between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor, and the following three groups of experimental data are randomly performed after the distance between the two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor is reasonably changed, and are shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 random experiment data sheet
By comparing three sets of experimental data randomly made after changing the distance between two plates of the parallel plate capacitor with the data obtained before, it was found that: in the error influence range, only the distance between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor is changed, and under the condition of no change of other conditions, the magnitude of an induced magnetic field between the parallel plate capacitors is basically unchanged. We therefore conclude that: the distance between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor has no influence on the magnitude of an induced magnetic field between the parallel plate capacitors and is an independent variable.
In summary, through analysis of experimental data and images drawn by MATLAB and further derivation calculation, the data obtained in this example is found to satisfy the induced magnetic field correlation conclusion between parallel plate capacitors derived by maxwell correlation theory within an error range:
it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the examples described herein are intended to assist the reader in understanding the manner in which the invention is practiced, and it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to such specifically recited statements and examples. Those skilled in the art can make various other specific changes and combinations based on the teachings of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these changes and combinations are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. An induced magnetic field exploration experimental device based on Maxwell theory is characterized by comprising: a magnetic field measuring device and a magnetic field generating device;
the magnetic field measuring device includes: computer, STM32F103RCT6 development board, Hall sensor;
the computer is connected with the STM32F103RCT6 development board through a Visa serial port, and the Hall sensor is connected with the STM32F103RCT6 development board;
the Hall sensor is used for collecting magnetic field data of the parallel plate capacitor, the collected data are transmitted to an upper computer program based on LabVIEW software in a computer through serial port communication, characters after analog-to-digital conversion are converted into voltage data, the upper computer program stores real-time data into a local txt text document, and MATLAB is used for processing the data;
the magnetic field generating device includes: the device comprises a storage battery, a parallel plate capacitor, a push switch, a single-pole double-throw relay, a cement resistor and a high-voltage power supply;
the high-voltage power supply, the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor are connected in parallel, and the single-pole double-throw relay controls the closing and opening of the circuits of the high-voltage power supply DC, the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor; the single-pole double-throw relay is controlled by a pressing switch, and is connected with the storage battery in series;
firstly, a switch between a high-voltage power supply and a parallel plate capacitor is closed by using a single-pole double-throw relay, so that the parallel plate capacitor is charged to have higher voltage, then the switch between the parallel plate capacitor and the parallel plate capacitor is disconnected, and meanwhile, the switch between the parallel plate capacitor and a cement resistor is closed by using the single-pole double-throw relay, so that the voltage between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor is rapidly reduced, and a strong magnetic field is generated;
the basic circuit for measuring magnetic field by using Hall element is characterized by that the Hall sensor is placed in the correspondent position of magnetic field to be measured, and the element plane is perpendicular to magnetic induction intensity B, and its control end is fed with constant working current ISThe Hall potential output end of the Hall sensor is connected with a millivoltmeter for measuring Hall potential UHThe value of (c).
2. The experimental method for exploring the experimental apparatus based on the induced magnetic field of the Maxwell theory as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of:
1) the induced magnetic field exploration experimental device is assembled;
2) fixing the Hall sensor on the panel of the parallel plate capacitor to wait for the next operation;
3) transmitting the collected data to a computer through an STM32F103RCT6 development board by utilizing a developed upper computer program based on LabVIEW; the computer sends out a command for starting collection and adjusts the current to 5A;
4) closing the press switch, connecting the high-voltage power supply and the parallel plate capacitor, and disconnecting the parallel plate capacitor and the cement resistor, wherein the high-voltage power supply charges the parallel plate capacitor at the moment;
5) the press switch is disconnected, the high-voltage power supply and the parallel plate capacitor are disconnected, the parallel plate capacitor is communicated with the cement resistor, the parallel plate capacitor realizes rapid discharge through the cement resistor, and a strong magnetic field is generated between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor;
6) changing the fixed position of the probe of the Hall sensor on the panel of the parallel plate capacitor, and repeating the operations of the steps 2 to 5 until enough different probe position data are obtained;
7) changing the input current of the high-voltage power supply, and repeating the operations of the steps 2 to 6 until enough different current data are obtained;
8) changing the position between two polar plates of the parallel plate capacitor, and repeating the steps 2 to 7 until enough data of different polar plate positions are obtained;
9) and after the experiment is finished, collecting the data obtained in the steps 6 to 8 for comparing distance variables, and finally importing the collected data into MATLAB software by using an upper computer program.
3. The experimental method according to claim 2, characterized in that: changing the fixed position of the probe of the Hall sensor on the panel of the parallel plate capacitor in the step 6) into: several point locations on the straight line from the panel center of the parallel plate capacitor to the circular edge are taken as measuring points, and the positions of the point locations are changed in sequence.
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