CN114426697A - 一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用 - Google Patents

一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用 Download PDF

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CN114426697A
CN114426697A CN202210170905.8A CN202210170905A CN114426697A CN 114426697 A CN114426697 A CN 114426697A CN 202210170905 A CN202210170905 A CN 202210170905A CN 114426697 A CN114426697 A CN 114426697A
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房喻
王佩
彭军霞
段文倬
付宝杰
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Shaanxi Normal University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,属于缓释材料领域。本发明的多级孔结构高分子材料的密度为0.20~0.60g/cm3,具有多级孔结构。本发明材料的丰富的孔结构可实现活性物质通过缓释基材的内外压差以及活性物质与缓释基材分子间的亲和力而逐步吸附、渗透、解析,该过程决定了活性物质将以稳定速率释放到外界环境中,缓释的作用时间长、效果稳定;此外,材料的多级孔结构使其具有隔热保温的性能特点,可有效避免活性物质受外界光热刺激而发生的失活、加速挥发、内压过大产生的安全隐患等;另一方面,该多级孔结构高分子材料具有优异的力学性能和机械加工性能,能够加工成独立结构的缓释基材装置。

Description

一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用
技术领域
本发明属于缓释材料领域,尤其是一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用。
背景技术
随着人们生活水平的不断提高,人们对自身及居住环境的舒适度、健康、安全和环保的要求也越来越高,因而对室内环境空气净化、消毒、杀菌以及气味调节等方面的需求逐渐增多。
目前,市面上有不少气味缓释装饰品,在室内居家、汽车、酒店、环境消毒以及个人配饰等方面均有应用。但是,由于香氛、精油、药理性物质、保鲜剂以及消毒杀菌剂等含有的活性物质分子量小,对光热较为敏感,易于挥发,导致大部分活性物质的释放时间较短,稳定释放功能保留期限无法得到保证;此外,现存具有缓释功能的材料种类稀少、形式较为单一。根据市场调研结果,香氛、精油及药理性物质缓释产品等多以插入藤条的数量来调节活性物质的释放速率,香膏、香片、环境消毒类物质多以产品包装瓶上的物理孔隙大小进行活性物质的控制释放,这使得市售缓释产品的活性物质在使用过程中存在作用时间短、效果不稳定、利用率低、操作不方便等诸多缺陷。
缓释技术是指将活性物质和缓释基材相互结合,活性物质通过缓释基材的破裂而扩散、缓释基材的降解而溶出、缓释基材的内外压差而渗透等3种方式,以一定的速率缓慢释放到外界环境中,能够在预定的时间内,使活性物质在体系内维持一定有效浓度的技术。该技术的特点在于:使活性物质包覆在缓释基材中,可避免环境因素的干扰,从而达到保护活性物质的作用;能够将不稳定的活性物质安全存储,提高了产品使用的方便性;能够使活性物质在环境中持续维持一定的浓度,延长了活性物质的作用时间;能够使活性物质的作用效果增强、稳定性提高等。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服上述现有技术的缺点,提供一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案予以实现:
一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,所述多级孔结构高分子材料由以下制备方法制备得到:
(1)将疏水二氧化硅颗粒和引发剂混合,之后加入可聚合单体、交联剂、助交联剂和致孔剂,搅拌均匀,得到反应混合液;
(2)将水加入所述反应混合液中,搅拌直至形成凝胶乳液;
以重量份数计,在凝胶乳液中,每40~60份去离子水含有0.40~1.20份疏水二氧化硅颗粒,0.40~1.20份引发剂,12.86~44.35份可聚合单体、2.88~8.64份交联剂、0.58~1.73份助交联剂和0.96~8.64份致孔剂;
所述可聚合单体为对氯苯乙烯、间氯苯乙烯、邻氯苯乙烯、苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、2-甲基苯乙烯、4-甲基苯乙烯及4-乙基苯乙烯中的一种或多种;
所述致孔剂为数均分子量均为1万~8万的聚乳酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯糊树脂、聚乙烯醇及聚醋酸乙烯酯中的一种或两种;
(3)将所述凝胶乳液进行分段热聚合,在室温~40℃反应4~8h,之后升温至70~90℃反应4~12h,完成聚合,干燥后得到多级孔结构高分子材料。
进一步的,所述交联剂为二乙烯基苯、邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯及二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯中的一种;
所述助交联剂为三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、三聚氰酸三烯丙酯及三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯中的一种;
所述引发剂为过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧化二异丙苯及偶氮二异丁腈中的一种。
进一步的,用于缓释香氛、精油、药理性物质、保鲜剂以及消毒杀菌剂。
进一步的,所述药理性物质包括薄荷挥发油、樟脑挥发油、艾草挥发油、当归挥发油和川芎挥发油。
进一步的,消毒杀菌剂包括过氧乙酸、二氧化硫、双氧水、臭氧和二氧化氯。
进一步的,所述多级孔结构高分子材料的密度为0.20~0.60g/cm3,压缩强度为5~31MPa。
进一步的,所述多级孔结构高分子材料具有多级微米孔结构,孔壁上具有细小孔喉及部分相互贯穿的开孔结构,微米孔的孔径为3~50μm,孔喉尺寸为100nm~2μm。
进一步的,多级孔结构高分子材料的导热系数为0.053~0.093W/(m·K)。
进一步的,所述多级孔结构高分子材料具有疏水性。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,本发明的多级孔结构高分子材料的密度为0.20~0.60g/cm3,具有多级微米孔结构,其丰富的孔结构来源于以下3个方面:①以油包水(W/O)型凝胶乳液为模板,热聚合完成后,未参与化学反应的水滴在材料体系内形成了丰富的微孔结构,此类微孔数量多、尺寸也相对较大;②凝胶乳液体系包含油相(可聚合单体、交联剂、助交联剂、适量极性高分子聚合物)和水相,利用油相中非极性可聚合单体及其生成的聚合产物、极性高分子聚合物三者与水相的亲和力差异,以及小分子可聚合单体生成的非极性高分子聚合物与作为致孔剂的极性高分子聚合物逐步发生的部分相分离现象,在制备得到的材料孔壁上生成微小孔喉,甚至相互贯穿的开孔结构,这些孔尺寸相对较小,体积占比相对较低;③通过调控油水比含量以及可聚合单体、极性高分子聚合物的种类、极性及含量,有效控制了孔尺寸、孔喉及开孔结构的含量及大小。
本发明多级孔结构高分子材料丰富的孔结构可实现活性物质通过缓释基材的内外压差以及活性物质与缓释基材分子间的亲和力而逐步吸附、渗透、解析,该过程决定了活性物质将以稳定速率释放到外界环境中,使其具有作用时间长、效果稳定、利用率高、操作方便、安全性高等诸多优势;此外,材料的多级孔结构使其具有隔热保温的性能特点,可有效避免活性物质受外界光热刺激而发生的失活、加速挥发、内压过大产生的安全隐患等诸多问题。另一方面,该多级孔结构高分子材料具有优异的力学性能和机械加工性能,压缩强度为5~31MPa,可采用车削、钻削、钻孔、刨削、拉削、铣削、磨削、激光雕刻等方式对材料进行机械加工,将其加工成独立结构的缓释基材装置。
市面上也有多种类型的多孔高分子材料,但是其小密度多孔材料表现出较差的力学性能和机械加工性能,作为独立结构应用时,容易破损造成活性物质泄漏等问题;对于力学强度较高的大密度多孔高分子材料,虽然解决了可独立使用、不漏液等问题,但是其为闭孔结构,活性物质无法通过材料的孔隙进行释放,发挥不了缓释功能。
基于本发明制备的多级孔结构高分子材料特殊的孔结构以及优异的力学、机械加工特性,可将其加工成独立结构的缓释基材装置,也可加工成具有艺术感和观赏价值的工艺品(兵马俑、印章、浮雕等),在其内部注入活性物质,实现活性物质稳定缓释的功能特点,在家居环境、车载、摆台、商业办公、公共区域、幼儿园、敬老院、电梯间和医院等场所实现空气净化、消毒、杀菌以及气味调节等,具有极大的市场价值。
附图说明
图1为实施例2多级孔结构高分子材料的SEM照片;
图2为实施例2多级孔结构高分子材料激光雕刻的工艺品外观图;
图3为实施例1-3多级孔结构高分子材料的水接触角测试;
图4为不同材料应用于ClO2缓释的效果图;
图5为不同条件下ClO2缓释效果及其在草莓保鲜领域的应用;
图6为实施例2多级孔结构高分子材料对小苍兰香氛的缓释时间图。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本发明方案,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分的实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都应当属于本发明保护的范围。
需要说明的是,本发明的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等是用于区别类似的对象,而不必用于描述特定的顺序或先后次序。应该理解这样使用的数据在适当情况下可以互换,以便这里描述的本发明的实施例能够以除了在这里图示或描述的那些以外的顺序实施。此外,术语“包括”和“具有”以及他们的任何变形,意图在于覆盖不排他的包含,例如,包含了一系列步骤或单元的过程、方法、系统、产品或设备不必限于清楚地列出的那些步骤或单元,而是可包括没有清楚地列出的或对于这些过程、方法、产品或设备固有的其它步骤或单元。
基于市面上现存活性物质在释放过程中存在的缺陷及不足,需发展一种新型、高效、具有力学强度的多级孔结构高分子材料,利用其丰富的微/纳米孔结构,活性物质通过基材的内外压差以及分子间的亲和力而吸附、渗透、解析,该过程决定了活性物质将以一定的速率缓慢释放到外界环境中,从而将其应用于缓释技术领域。
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步详细描述:
实施例1:
将0.40g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.40g过氧化二苯甲酰加入烧杯内,然后依次加入12.86g对氯苯乙烯、2.88g二乙烯基苯、0.58g三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、2.88g聚乳酸(分子量为1万),四氟搅拌器搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入80g去离子水,分散盘搅拌10分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,室温反应8h,升温至70℃反应12h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.20g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例2:
将0.80g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.80g偶氮二异丁腈加入烧杯内,然后依次加入25.73gα-甲基苯乙烯、5.76g邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、1.16g三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、5.76g聚氯乙烯糊树脂(分子量为6.2万),分散盘搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入60g去离子水,乳化机搅拌15分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,室温反应8h,升温至80℃反应12h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.40g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例3:
将1.20g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、1.20g过氧化二异丙苯加入烧杯内,然后依次加入35.72g 4-甲基苯乙烯、8.64g二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、1.73g三聚氰酸三烯丙酯、8.84g聚丙烯酰胺(分子量为1.5万),四氟搅拌器搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入40g去离子水,乳化机搅拌20分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,40℃反应4h,升温至90℃反应10h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.60g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例4:
将0.50g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.40g偶氮二异丁腈加入烧杯内,然后依次加入10.53g苯乙烯、3.29g间氯苯乙烯、2.88g二乙烯基苯、0.58g三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯、1.92g聚碳酸酯(分子量为3.5万),分散盘搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入80g去离子水,螺带式搅拌器搅拌20分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,30℃反应5h,升温至90℃反应12h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.20g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例5:
将1.00g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.90g过氧化二苯甲酰加入烧杯内,然后依次加入13.83g 2-甲基苯乙烯、13.83g邻氯苯乙烯、5.76g二乙烯基苯、1.15g三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、3.84g聚乙烯醇(分子量为8万),螺带式搅拌器搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入60g去离子水,桨式搅拌器搅拌15分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,35℃反应6h,升温至90℃反应8h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.40g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例6:
将1.10g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、1.20g过氧化二异丙苯加入烧杯内,然后依次加入12.44g苯乙烯、29.03g 4-乙基苯乙烯、8.64g邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、1.73g三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、5.76g聚醋酸乙烯酯(分子量为5万),涡轮式搅拌器搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入40g去离子水,分散盘搅拌20分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,室温反应7h,升温至70℃反应10h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.60g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例7:
将0.42g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.50g偶氮二异丁腈加入烧杯内,然后依次加入9.83g4-甲基苯乙烯、4.96g 4-乙基苯乙烯、2.88g二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、0.58g三聚氰酸三烯丙酯、0.96g聚氯乙烯糊树脂(分子量为8万),分散盘搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入80g去离子水,螺杆式搅拌器搅拌20分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,40℃反应8h,升温至70℃反应6h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.20g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例8:
将0.90g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.90g过氧化二苯甲酰加入烧杯内,然后依次加入20.50g苯乙烯、9.07g对氯苯乙烯、5.76g邻苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、1.15g三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、1.92g聚乙烯醇(分子量为4万),螺带式搅拌器搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入60g去离子水,乳化机搅拌15分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,室温反应8h,升温至90℃反应7h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.40g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例9:
将1.00g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、1.20g偶氮二异丁腈加入烧杯内,然后依次加入24.14g对氯苯乙烯、20.22g 2-甲基苯乙烯、8.64g二乙烯基苯、1.73g三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯、2.88g聚丙烯酰胺(分子量为4万),分散盘搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入40g去离子水,涡轮式搅拌器搅拌20分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,室温反应8h,升温至80℃反应5h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.60g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例10:
将0.60g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.50g过氧化二异丙苯加入烧杯内,然后依次加入13.54g苯乙烯、3.08g二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、0.88g三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、0.71g聚氯乙烯糊树脂(分子量为6.2万)和0.70g聚乙烯醇(分子量为4万),分散盘搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入80g去离子水,乳化机搅拌20分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,40℃反应8h,升温至70℃反应8h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.20g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例11:
将0.70g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.80g偶氮二异丁腈加入烧杯内,然后依次加入19.56g对氯苯乙烯、8.09g 4-乙基苯乙烯、4.67g二乙烯基苯、0.83g三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、2.90g聚碳酸酯(分子量为2万)和2.45g聚醋酸乙烯酯(分子量为5万),桨式搅拌器搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入60g去离子水,分散盘搅拌20分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,35℃反应8h,升温至85℃反应9h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.40g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
实施例12:
将1.00g疏水二氧化硅颗粒、0.90g过氧化二苯甲酰加入烧杯内,然后依次加入18.65gα-甲基苯乙烯、22.82g 4-乙基苯乙烯、7.46g二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、1.20g三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、4.63g聚醋酸乙烯酯(分子量为3万)和3.28g聚丙烯酰胺(分子量为1.5万),分散盘搅拌均匀,形成均一的反应混合液;往此混合液中加入40g去离子水,乳化机搅拌25分钟,形成粘稠、稳定的凝胶乳液;将凝胶乳液在水浴锅中进行热聚合,40℃反应5h,升温至75℃反应10h;80℃干燥得到一种外观完整、均匀细腻的密度0.60g/cm3的多级孔结构高分子材料。
本发明的多级孔结构高分子材料具有丰富的微米尺寸,孔壁上具有细小孔喉及部分相互贯穿的开孔结构,可实现活性物质的稳定缓释。由于活性物质(香氛、精油、药理性物质、保鲜剂以及消毒杀菌剂等)在市售缓释产品的应用主要利用其沸点低、挥发性强这一特性,因此下述主要以小苍兰香氛和二氧化氯为研究对象,分析实施例2得到的多级孔结构高分子材料对小苍兰香氛的缓释变化,以及二氧化氯的缓释效果和对草莓的保鲜效果试验。不同种类多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材对其它种类活性物质的测试方法以及缓释效果相近,在此不做过多赘述。
参见图1,图1为实施例2得到的多级孔结构高分子材料SEM照片,图1(a)、图1(b)分别为不同放大倍数的照片,采用Quanta200扫描电子显微镜进行微观结构观察,样品测试前表面需进行喷金处理,SEM测试加速电压为20kV,发射电流为100μA。本发明以油包水(W/O)型凝胶乳液为模板,使连续相(油相)包裹分散相(水相),水相在乳液体系中充当大多数致孔剂,同时在连续相(油相)引入适量极性聚氯乙烯糊树脂,利用连续相中非极性小分子可聚合单体(α-甲基苯乙烯)及其生成的聚合物、极性高分子聚合物(PVC糊树脂)三者与分散相(水)的亲和力差异,以及α-甲基苯乙烯生成的聚合物(非极性)与作为致孔剂的PVC糊树脂(极性,分子量6.2万)发生的部分相分离现象,可在制备得到的材料孔壁上生成细小孔喉甚至部分相互贯穿的开孔结构,材料内部分布着丰富的孔结构。由图可得,材料包含丰富的多级孔结构,孔尺寸为3~50μm,聚合材料的孔壁上生成了细小孔喉(尺寸为100nm~2μm),丰富的孔结构可实现活性物质的缓慢释放,使其具有作用时间长、效果稳定、利用率高、操作方便、安全性高等诸多优势。
参见图2,图2为实施例2得到的多级孔结构高分子材料激光雕刻的工艺品外观图,由于该材料具有优异的力学性能和机械加工性能,可将其加工成具有艺术感和观赏价值的工艺品(兵马俑、印章、浮雕等),在其内部注入活性物质,可同时实现活性组分缓释和艺术美观欣赏的双重功能,在家居环境、车载、摆台、商业办公、公共区域、幼儿园、敬老院、电梯间和医院等场所实现空气净化、消毒、杀菌以及气味调节等,具有极大的市场价值。
参见图3,图3中(a)、(b)、(c)分别为实施例1-3多级孔结构高分子材料水接触角测试图,采用DataphysicsOCA20型视频接触角测量仪,将表面平整的样品置于测试台上,测试时水滴体积为2μL。由图可得,实施例1-3得到的多级孔结构高分子材料的水接触角分别为135°、133°、130°,具有典型的疏水结构,因此在材料内部注入活性物质,活性物质内的油溶性成分可通过多级孔结构高分子材料的孔隙缓慢吸附、渗透、解析附,达到缓释的效果,而其中的水及水溶性成分不会渗透,实现了选择性缓释的目的;同时,以该多级孔结构高分子材料为缓释基质也避免了传统缓释产品采用物理孔隙释放活性物质而产生的漏液现象。
参见图4,图4为不同材料应用于ClO2缓释的效果图。ClO2是一种黄绿色有刺激性气味的气体,国外大量的实验研究显示,它是一种安全、无毒的消毒剂,无“三致”效应(致癌、致畸、致突变),利用其强氧化性,可直接用于水果、蔬菜、肉类的杀菌、保鲜。但ClO2极不稳定,很容易挥发,将其溶于水中可形成相对稳定的水溶液,若敞口放置,此溶液内的活性成分ClO2也仅能保存2天,因此大浓度(>500ppm,具有较强的漂白性)ClO2的稳定存储和缓慢释放是研究重点。本发明分别在10mL玻璃瓶内注入5mL二氧化氯水溶液(30000ppm),玻璃瓶上端直径为10mm,其中,图4(b)和图4(c)玻璃瓶上端封装的材料尺寸为φ12mm*3mm的圆片。图4(a)为空白对照样,玻璃瓶上端敞口放置;图4(b)为市售某大密度多孔高分子材料;图4(c)为实施例2制备的多级孔结构高分子材料;采用热熔胶将圆片材料密封在玻璃瓶上端,保证ClO2气体仅能通过瓶口处圆片材料释放。将含ClO2溶液的玻璃瓶置于室温环境下,通过观察不同时期玻璃瓶内ClO2水溶液黄绿色深浅变化,推测缓释稳定性及缓释周期。由图4(a)可得若玻璃瓶敞口放置,第1天玻璃瓶内为黄绿色ClO2水溶液,第2天玻璃瓶内即为透明溶液,说明ClO2气体快速逃逸、挥发,活性成分仅能在体系保留2天,同时在此过程中闻到了浓重的刺激性气味;由图4(b)可得若在玻璃瓶口处密封市售某大密度多孔高分子材料,由于该材料为闭孔结构,ClO2气体无法释放出来,到第30天玻璃瓶内仍为黄绿色溶液;由图4(c)可得若在玻璃瓶口处密封本发明实施例2制备的多级孔结构高分子材料,由于材料具有多级微米孔和细小孔喉结构,可实现对ClO2的缓释效果,通过图4(c)可得ClO2溶液颜色(黄绿色)逐步变淡,无刺激性气味泄露,说明缓释过程均匀、稳定,同时该ClO2溶液(体积5mL,浓度30000ppm)的缓释周期约30天,极大地提高了活性物质的稳定性,使得ClO2在环境中持续维持在一定的浓度。
参见图5,图5为不同条件下ClO2缓释效果及其在草莓保鲜领域的应用。图5(a)为空白对照组草莓放置7天的外观,图5(b)为ClO2水溶液在实施例2多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材条件下草莓放置7天的外观,图5(c)为ClO2水溶液敞口条件下草莓放置7天的外观。其中,草莓箱体尺寸均为350*230*190mm,图5(b)为5mL ClO2水溶液(6000ppm)置于7mLPP塑料管内,PP塑料管上端封装实施例2制备的多级孔结构材料圆片(尺寸:φ12mm*3mm),图5(c)为5mL ClO2水溶液(6000ppm)置于7mL PP塑料管内,PP塑料管上端敞口放置。由图可得:空白对照组(图5a)草莓放置7天后发生了大量的霉变以及腐败,草莓表面生成了大量黑灰色霉菌;而实施例2多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材条件下草莓放置7天(图5b),由于有ClO2保鲜、杀菌剂的存在,箱体内草莓几乎没有发生颜色变化,草莓表面也无霉菌生成,同时在高浓度ClO2原液下,多级孔结构高分子材料对ClO2实现了稳定缓释,草莓也未出现漂白现象;ClO2水溶液敞口放置条件下草莓放置7天(图5c),虽然有ClO2保鲜、杀菌剂的存在,但是由于ClO2快速逃逸,箱体内浓度太大,造成了草莓颜色漂白的现象。以上实验现象说明本发明制备的多级孔结构高分子对于活性物质具有稳定缓释功能,避免了高浓度ClO2环境下果蔬的漂白现象以及刺激性气味对人体的伤害,同时实现了杀菌、保鲜效果,有效延长了活性物质的作用时间,结论与图4结论相辅相成。
参见图6,图6为实施例2多级孔结构高分子材料对小苍兰香氛的缓释时间图。由图可得,5mL小苍兰香氛置于10mL玻璃瓶(上端直径10mm)内,瓶口密封φ12mm*3mm的多级孔结构高分子材料,通过图6可知,小苍兰香氛缓释5天、10天、15天、20天的量分别为0.75mL、1.25mL、1.75mL和2.10mL,同样也可实现小苍兰香氛的缓慢、稳定释放,香氛瓶放置30天挥发量仅为3.10mL(62%),其残余量约1.90mL(38%),推测其缓释完全约48天。
对本发明实施例2制备的多级孔结构高分子材料进行耐介质测试,结果如表1所示,可以看出,制备得到的多级孔高分子材料对常见的酸、碱、盐溶液以及大多数有机溶剂均具有优异的耐介质性能。
对本发明实施例1-3制备的多级孔结构高分子材料进行导热性能测试,结果如表2所示,其分别对应的材料密度为0.20g/cm3、0.40g/cm3、0.60g/cm3。依据国家标准GB/T10297-2015《非金属固体材料导热系数的测定热线法》进行,材料尺寸30mm*30mm*3mm,一组选用3个样品。由表中数据可得:实施例1-3制备的多孔材料常温常压条件下的平均导热系数分别为0.054W/(m·K)、0.073W/(m·K)、0.091W/(m·K),导热系数随着材料密度的增大而逐渐增大。其原因如下:(1)多孔材料内部孔道内的空气是静止的,不能自由流动,因此内部多级孔道结构越多,空气对流传热的效应将减弱;(2)材料内部孔洞/孔道结构越丰富,热传导路径越细长,从而会大大减弱了固体热传导;(3)材料内部的纳米级孔洞/孔径,会大大减弱空气分子发生碰撞而形成的热传导。常温常压下,水的导热系数为0.59W/(m·k),空气的导热系数为0.026W/(m·k),通常将导热系数小于0.2W/(m·k)的材料叫做隔热保温材料,表明制备得到的多级孔结构高分子材料具有优异的隔热、保温性能,可有效避免活性物质受外界光热刺激而发生的失活、挥发加速等问题。
表1实施例2多级孔结构高分子材料的耐介质性能测试结果
Figure BDA0003517571500000151
表2实施例1-3多级孔结构高分子材料导热系数测试结果
Figure BDA0003517571500000152
以上内容仅为说明本发明的技术思想,不能以此限定本发明的保护范围,凡是按照本发明提出的技术思想,在技术方案基础上所做的任何改动,均落入本发明权利要求书的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

1.一种多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,所述多级孔结构高分子材料由以下制备方法制备得到:
(1)将疏水二氧化硅颗粒和引发剂混合,之后加入可聚合单体、交联剂、助交联剂和致孔剂,搅拌均匀,得到反应混合液;
(2)将水加入所述反应混合液中,搅拌直至形成凝胶乳液;
以重量份数计,在凝胶乳液中,每40~60份去离子水含有0.40~1.20份疏水二氧化硅颗粒,0.40~1.20份引发剂,12.86~44.35份可聚合单体、2.88~8.64份交联剂、0.58~1.73份助交联剂和0.96~8.64份致孔剂;
所述可聚合单体为对氯苯乙烯、间氯苯乙烯、邻氯苯乙烯、苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、2-甲基苯乙烯、4-甲基苯乙烯及4-乙基苯乙烯中的一种或多种;
所述致孔剂为数均分子量均为1万~8万的聚乳酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯糊树脂、聚乙烯醇及聚醋酸乙烯酯中的一种或两种;
(3)将所述凝胶乳液进行分段热聚合,在室温~40℃反应4~8h,之后升温至70~90℃反应4~12h,完成聚合,干燥后得到多级孔结构高分子材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,所述交联剂为二乙烯基苯、邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯及二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯中的一种;
所述助交联剂为三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、三聚氰酸三烯丙酯及三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯中的一种;
所述引发剂为过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧化二异丙苯及偶氮二异丁腈中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,用于缓释香氛、精油、药理性物质、保鲜剂以及消毒杀菌剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,所述药理性物质包括薄荷挥发油、樟脑挥发油、艾草挥发油、当归挥发油和川芎挥发油。
5.根据权利要求3所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,消毒杀菌剂包括过氧乙酸、二氧化硫、双氧水、臭氧和二氧化氯。
6.根据权利要求1所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,所述多级孔结构高分子材料的密度为0.20~0.60g/cm3,压缩强度为5~31MPa。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,所述多级孔结构高分子材料具有多级微米孔结构,孔壁上具有细小孔喉及部分相互贯穿的开孔结构,微米孔的孔径为3~50μm,孔喉尺寸为100nm~2μm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,多级孔结构高分子材料的导热系数为0.053~0.093W/(m·K)。
9.根据权利要求1所述的多级孔结构高分子材料作为缓释基材的应用,其特征在于,所述多级孔结构高分子材料具有疏水性。
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