CN114401775B - 从果实中分离有色体类胡萝卜素 - Google Patents
从果实中分离有色体类胡萝卜素 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114401775B CN114401775B CN201980100374.1A CN201980100374A CN114401775B CN 114401775 B CN114401775 B CN 114401775B CN 201980100374 A CN201980100374 A CN 201980100374A CN 114401775 B CN114401775 B CN 114401775B
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Abstract
本发明涉及生产可以从果实中分离的类胡萝卜素的方法。本发明的过程允许基于尺寸(尺寸排阻色谱法)和纯形式选择性分离规则形状和尺寸的聚集体形式的类胡萝卜素。所述方法包括以下步骤:i)在悬浮液中,从果实中生产均匀的质体色素膜碎片;ii)通过用洗涤剂溶解进行膜组分的溶液分离;iii)通过筛选技术,例如尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC‑尺寸排阻色谱法),选择性和高纯度地分离规则次结晶聚集体形式的类胡萝卜素。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种生产类胡萝卜素的方法,尤其涉及可以从含有有色体(chromoplastid)类胡萝卜素的果实中分离的有色体类胡萝卜素的工业分离。例如,我们可以特别提到存在于甜椒(Capsicum annuum)红(红辣椒)果实中的类胡萝卜素辣椒红素,存在于甜椒(Capsicum annuum)黄(黄辣椒)果实中的类胡萝卜素叶黄素,以及存在于西红柿(Solanum lycopersicum)(番茄)中的类胡萝卜素番茄红素。等效的过程可用于分离存在于这些果实的其他品种(例如辣椒和黄番茄)的有色体中的其他类胡萝卜素,并可在任何情况下扩展到产生以有色体水平的类胡萝卜素积累为特征的果实的任何植物物种。
该过程允许您:
-从天然来源分离特定的类胡萝卜素(而不是通过合成方法);
-与潜在需求相比,大幅提高生产供给(该产品的限制因素)。
背景技术
类胡萝卜素是由细菌、藻类和高等植物合成的抗氧化剂。它们对化学或物理因素引起的氧化应激有保护作用。这些分子对于无法合成它们的动物来说也是必不可少的,它们会随食物一起食用。由于对其在对抗氧化应激中的作用和机制有了更好的理解,在过去的20年中,类胡萝卜素作为膳食补充剂、营养制品和药物用于治疗各种疾病的使用显著增加。这一事实大大增加了市场对类胡萝卜素产品的需求,导致这一生产环节在化学工业中发挥关键作用。虽然市场上的大部分类胡萝卜素是通过化学合成获得的,但由于响应对有机和生物产品日益频繁的需求,从天然来源获得的类胡萝卜素的发生率越来越高。目前,这些特征表明三个基本的关键因素限制了这个市场的进一步发展:i)开发类胡萝卜素的新来源;ii)鉴定和销售新型类胡萝卜素;iii)应用新工艺从天然来源中进行工业分离。
目前,辣椒红素以及市场上大多数从动物或植物基质中分离的类胡萝卜素的分离,通过两种方式进行:
a)直接方式,通过溶剂手段使用生产废料和有害物质(tares),并对所得提取物进行工业加工,以获得富含可变纯度(高达50-70%;US6262284,US6380442)的产品;
b)间接方式,从类胡萝卜素前体开始半合成,不太具代表性(通常用于生产高纯度的少量产品)。后者通常与更高的纯度有关(高达96%;US6262284)。
目前,市场上辣椒红素的可获得性受到两种提取方法效率降低的显著限制,其中方法(a)允许以低成本大量生产,但纯度也低,而方法(b)允许高纯度,但产量非常有限且成本高。此外,生产辣椒红素的最后一条途径也导致了化学工业的开发。与之相关的是市场上对半合成产品的需求(尤其是对要求最苛刻的群体)以及生产这种产品对环境的影响。
从蔬菜中生产类胡萝卜素的主要问题是成本高,因为提取过程长且复杂,而且产量低。事实上,例如,要获得2克胡萝卜素则需要加工约50kg胡萝卜。相比之下,类胡萝卜素的化学合成只能产生一些约700的天然存在的类胡萝卜素(Bogacz-Radomska and Harasym2018,doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyy004)。关于辣椒红素的具体情况,目前还没有具体的提取方法。目前与辣椒类胡萝卜素相关的方法仅针对产量在15%至50%之间的类胡萝卜素辣椒红素(CN1740236A)。
发明内容
本发明的目标是提供一种方法,该方法允许以非常高的收率和高于70%、高于80%、高于85%、高于90%、高于96%的纯度获得有色体类胡萝卜素。
如此获得的类胡萝卜素可以配制成用于饮食、药物、保健品和化妆品应用的组合物。
本发明的方法基于从果实中分离出有色体膜的均匀碎片的悬浮液。例如,在甜椒(普通红辣椒)的有色体膜上描述了实际的过程,分离后,首先用烷基糖类和烷基硫代糖类洗涤剂溶解,然后通过筛选,例如通过尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC-尺寸排阻色谱法)。该过程允许直接和高纯度分离目标类胡萝卜素,在这种情况下辣椒红素以形状和尺寸规则的聚集体的形式分离。
结果获得了高水平的纯度,与“背景技术”段落中提到的方法(b)相当,成本(低)和量(高)与同一段中提到的方法(a)相当。
从以下详细描述中,进一步的目的将变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1:甜椒果实成熟过程中规则类胡萝卜素聚集体的水平的比较。色谱图显示了3个不同的成熟阶段,即第一成熟阶段、中间成熟阶段和完全成熟阶段。将图相对于在15-17mL左右可见的蛋白质峰(溶解物质的剩余部分)归一化。规则类胡萝卜素聚集体的峰值在7至9mL范围内可见;
图2:类胡萝卜素聚集体的相对于时间和色素沉着/果实成熟水平(红色阴影)的积累趋势。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种获得有色体类胡萝卜素的方法,该有色体类胡萝卜素可以从植物,特别是植物的果实中分离出来。关于有色体类胡萝卜素,我们指的是所有的类胡萝卜素,它们以不同的形式(游离、与糖结合或与蛋白质结合)积累在果实特有的质体细胞器中,称为有色体。在有色体中发现的一长串类胡萝卜素中,根据果实的类型,可以发现:辣椒红素、番茄红素、类胡萝卜素(-α、-β、-γ)和叶黄素,例如玉米黄素、紫黄素和叶黄素。
更详细地,根据本发明的方法允许选择性分离聚集体形式的类胡萝卜素(如辣椒红素),其形状和尺寸基于尺寸(尺寸排阻色谱法)和纯形式是规则的。该方法包括以下步骤:
i)在4-20℃的温度范围和5至7的pH范围内,从果实例如甜椒(普通红辣椒)的果实中悬浮生产均匀的有色膜碎片;
ii)通过在4-20℃的温度范围和5至7的pH范围内用洗涤剂增溶,对膜组分进行溶液分离;
iii)使用筛选技术选择性地和高纯度地分离规则次晶聚集体形式的类胡萝卜素,例如使用尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC-尺寸排阻色谱法)或者超速离心法(至少35,000g,4℃下进行10分钟),或者通过截留值低于类胡萝卜素聚集体重量并因此低于500,000道尔顿的过滤膜,该重量归因于纳滤和超滤膜的操作间隔(4000克,4℃下进行60分钟)。在过滤膜中,聚集体通过尺寸排阻法分离(4000克,4℃下进行60分钟)。在超速离心的情况下,使用蔗糖梯度或细胞分离液或等效物,通过密度差的沉降作用分离培养基中存在的样品成分,在我们的情况下是类胡萝卜素聚集体。相反,在过滤膜的情况下,聚集体通过尺寸排阻法分离(4000克,4℃下进行60分钟)。
根据SEC的操作条件,该过程在微酸性pH(pH 5-7)下进行,通常在缓冲环境中,例如用磷酸缓冲液,在10℃至18℃的温度下,在大气压下进行,唯一的例外是最后一个步骤(iii)根据SEC的操作条件,在高达2MPa的压力下进行。
步骤(i)基本按照作者自己开发的文献中已知的方法进行(例如,遵循报告:PianoD.et al.(2010);Photosynth.Res.106(3):221-6,Farci D.et al.(2016),J Exp Bot.67:3303-3312;Collu G.et al.(2017),Plant Mol Biol.94:125-136)。
将果实清洗,切成碎片,最后机械破碎组织。通常在缓冲水(50mM磷酸缓冲液,pH5.0-7.0)中以至少1:1或更低(w/w)的比例将获得的悬浮液进行离心以除去水溶性胞质部分。该步骤在4-20℃的温度范围和5-7的pH范围内,在缓冲环境(通常使用50mM磷酸缓冲液)中进行。
在步骤(ii)中,通常是以至少1:1或更低的重量比(w/w)(取决于样品)将通过离心分离的固体部分重新悬浮在水(通常是缓冲至pH 5-7的水(例如50mM磷酸缓冲液,pH 7))中。将这样获得的悬浮液均质化,例如通过用玻璃或钢活塞均质化器进行2-6次循环的手段。均质化后,加入洗涤剂(通过在黑暗处缓慢搅拌下加入洗涤剂),溶液溶解5-30分钟。使用的烷基糖类和烷基硫代糖类洗涤剂分别具有以下通式:
R-X-(M)m
其中:
M=1和2之间的整数;
X=O或S;
M=选自醛糖和酮糖及相关混合物;
R=C6-C15直链或支链烷基链,优选C7-C13,更优选C8-C12。
优选来自烷基麦芽糖苷或烷基葡糖苷组的洗涤剂。
已知的并由Sigma Aldrich、Thermofisher、Anatrace(https://www.anatrace.com/Products/Detergents)公司销售的糖类和硫代糖类洗涤剂,它们可以单独使用,也可以互相混合使用。
然而,也可以有效地使用其他温和的洗涤剂。
糖类洗涤剂能够将类胡萝卜素的规则聚集体保持在它们的“天然”状态,即在体内发现的形式,即使在高浓度(3-5%)下也能防止我们称之为规则聚集体的超分子结构变性。
如果使用传统的洗涤剂例如十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)代替糖类洗涤剂,类胡萝卜素的超分子结构将完全变性,使这一过程徒劳无功。事实上,通过本发明的方法,防止了分离的聚集体的变性。
洗涤剂的类型和量的选择取决于有色体膜的组成,而有色体膜的组成又取决于所考虑的植物种类的膜中存在的不同脂质成分的质量和比例。特别是,脂质成分越多,要加入的洗涤剂的量就越多。本领域的技术人员,通过使用他自己的知识和本发明的教导,能够选择最合适的洗涤剂并确定最佳量,考虑到使用tio形式的洗涤剂提供了进一步增加的挑战。
添加糖类洗涤剂后,细胞膜被溶解(即是脂溶性的),并被保存在掺入洗涤剂胶束的溶液中。膜蛋白体系和所有与膜相关的成分,包括类胡萝卜素,也被溶解。
如此获得的悬浮液进行进一步的离心步骤,该步骤允许在溶液中分离含有本发明的类胡萝卜素目标的部分。
在步骤iii)中,对前一阶段溶液中的分离组分进行筛选,以分离纯的类胡萝卜素。例如,可以使用色谱柱进行尺寸排阻(SEC),其尺寸与待装载样品的体积和起始果实的量成比例(大约100m的果实需要大约10mL的色谱树脂来分离类胡萝卜素)。通过这一阶段,将发生高浓度和高纯度的类胡萝卜素的离析和分离。分离过程在由琼脂糖和葡聚糖珠组成的树脂(例如Superdex 200)上进行,温度范围在4℃和20℃之间,在50mM最佳pH范围为7.4(但可能pH范围为6-8)的磷酸缓冲液中,分离效率高。以0.5-1mL/min的流速进行分离,在24mL直径为30mm的柱上以7-8mL洗脱目标类胡萝卜素。然而,这些洗脱值将根据所考虑的果实类型而变化,因此根据要分离的类胡萝卜素的类型而变化。通常,类胡萝卜素聚集体以相当于500,000道尔顿的体积洗脱。
类胡萝卜素聚集体表现为分子H型聚集体,其中类胡萝卜素分子通过氢键在聚集体内部像并排堆叠一样组织自己。
通常,聚集体的分子量可以在10,000至600,000道尔顿的范围内。
利用本方法的可能性源于辣椒红素的特性,该特性是在支持者的研究活动之后确定的,即形成具有单一(univocal)质量和形状的纯类胡萝卜素的有组织结构。这种特性已经在辣椒中被发现,但是类似的类胡萝卜素组织已经在其他果实中被发现,比如番茄中的番茄红素。纯度分离的一个实施例如图1所示,图中还显示了处于高级成熟状态的果实中类胡萝卜素含量较高。最后一个方面使得辣椒不再可销售(例如在大规模零售贸易中)可回收并可用于生产具有高商业价值的最终产品。通过这里描述的方法获得的产品允许获得大量高纯度的类胡萝卜素,其既可用于涉及或导致细胞氧化应激状态的病症(肿瘤、代谢改变、神经退行性疾病)的治疗领域,又可作为食品补充剂的保健品和用于生产抗衰老霜剂和“化妆”化妆品(唇膏、腮红、眼影等)的化妆品,其具有着色和防紫外线的保护功能。
用本发明的方法获得的类胡萝卜素可以与赋形剂以及用于制备食品、药物和化妆品组合物的其他药学上、美容上或营养上可接受的活性成分组合。
所述组合物可以配制成液体或固体形式,用于口服、肠胃外或局部给药。
根据本发明的方法允许以直接的方式分离高纯度的类胡萝卜素辣椒红素和作为规则形状和尺寸的聚集体天然积累在有色体中的所有类胡萝卜素。
结果获得了高水平的纯度,与“现有技术”段落中提到的方法(b)相当,成本(低)和量(高)与同一段中提到的方法(a)相当。
由于使用了温和的洗涤剂,类胡萝卜素的“天然”水平得以保持,这种方法允许利用区分因子,将类胡萝卜素从其未触及的超分子组织中分离出来。这样,通过这一方法,有可能在有色体中获得天然存在形式的类胡萝卜素,因为蛋白质不会发生变性。
即,除了更高产率和更低的成本之外,通过本发明的方法获得的含有类胡萝卜素的聚集体与通过传统提取获得的产品基本上没有区别。用本发明方法提取的类胡萝卜素不含污染物,例如其他类胡萝卜素或溶剂,无论它们是极性或非极性的。
据本发明人所知,目前还没有分离辣椒红素的专利过程,通常也没有已知的通过使用蛋白质色谱法(FPLC-快速蛋白质液相色谱法)分离类胡萝卜素的过程,特别是尺寸排阻法(尺寸排阻色谱法)。这两种技术都是本领域技术人员已知的。这一事实意味着可以非常有效地分离大量高纯度的类胡萝卜素。这种技术与实际已知和正在使用的提取技术相反,提取技术不是很有效,影响很大,并且使用从植物或动物基质开始的溶剂。
与已知的方法相反,这里描述的过程允许通过尺寸排阻色谱法快速、大量和高纯度地分离类胡萝卜素辣椒红色素。
在通过所讨论的技术提取辣椒红素的优点中,应强调高纯度和高提取效率。辣椒红素的市场价值在600-700欧元/mg之间,所开发的过程使得对于给定量的起始原料获得10至100多倍的产品成为可能。最后,不仅获得更大的产品量,而且后者也以高纯度提取,并且全部通过单一通道。
提供以下实施例是为了说明本发明,而不应被认为是对相关范围的限制。
在红辣椒和黄辣椒上进行的过程实施例。
在流动的水中清洗果实,移除种子,并且可选地,将剩余的切成碎片。将一定量的缓冲水(50mM磷酸缓冲液,pH 5.0-7.0)以1:1的比例(w/w)加入到相当于100克量的碎果实中。然后将获得的混合物混合,以获得均匀的悬浮液。
所得悬浮液通过纱布-棉花过滤器(一层棉花插在两层纱布之间)过滤,滤液离心(4℃下,4000g×10分钟)以获得由有色体膜组成的所得固体部分。最后将膜重新悬浮在缓冲水中。该步骤之后在pH 5-7的范围内,用温和的洗涤剂(优选自烷基麦芽糖苷或烷基葡糖苷)溶解膜组分,对膜组分溶液进行分离。整个过程在4-20℃的温度范围内进行。溶解后,将样品离心(4℃下,4000g×10分钟),除去固体部分,同时进一步处理溶液中的部分,以选择性分离高纯度的规则次结晶聚集体形式的类胡萝卜素。这种分离是通过筛选技术实现的,例如尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC-尺寸排阻色谱法),或者超速离心,或者纳滤和超滤膜。如此获得的类胡萝卜素通过紫外-可见光谱进行表征,以便鉴定最大吸收的点,该点总是特征性的,因此可追溯到单一类胡萝卜素,从而可用于通过本文所述的过程鉴定分离的类胡萝卜素。
Claims (16)
1.从植物果实中获得有色体类胡萝卜素的方法,包括以下步骤:
i)预防性清洗和压碎果实;随后在有色体膜的缓冲溶液中机械破碎,并离心以除去水溶性胞质部分;
ii)离心后回收分离的固体部分,将其分散在缓冲溶液中,加入烷基糖类洗涤剂,混合并随后离心;
iii)在阶段ii)的离心操作后除去上清液,并通过选自尺寸排阻色谱法、快速蛋白质液相色谱法、超速离心、纳滤和超滤的筛选技术分离类胡萝卜素;其中所述烷基糖类洗涤剂具有以下通式:
R-X-(M)m
其中:
m=1和2之间的整数;
X=O或S;
M=选自醛糖和酮糖单糖基团及对应混合物;
R=C6-C15直链或支链烷基链。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中R=C7-C13直链或支链烷基链。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中R=C8-C12直链或支链烷基链。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中,通过离心分离的固体部分以至少1:1或更低的重量比重新悬浮在pH 5-7的缓冲水中,并且将如此获得的悬浮液通过在黑暗处缓慢搅拌下加入洗涤剂而均质化和溶解5-30分钟。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述烷基糖类洗涤剂选自单独使用或相互混合使用的烷基麦芽糖苷和烷基葡糖苷。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中植物选自辣椒和番茄(西红柿)。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法,其中获得的所述类胡萝卜素是:辣椒红素、番茄红素、胡萝卜素、叶黄素。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中胡萝卜素是:α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、γ-胡萝卜素;叶黄素是:玉米黄素、紫黄素和叶黄素。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的聚集体形式的类胡萝卜素。
10.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的类胡萝卜素聚集体,用于适于抵抗细胞氧化应激的治疗和用于肿瘤、代谢改变、神经退行性病变的治疗。
11.包含根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的类胡萝卜素聚集体的组合物,用于适于抵抗细胞氧化应激的治疗和用于肿瘤、代谢改变、神经退行性病变的治疗。
12.包含根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的类胡萝卜素聚集体的食品组合物。
13.包含根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的类胡萝卜素聚集体的化妆品组合物。
14.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的类胡萝卜素聚集体作为食品补充剂的用途。
15.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的类胡萝卜素聚集体在化妆品领域中的用途。
16.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法获得的类胡萝卜素聚集体在生产抗衰老和化妆品“化妆”霜剂中的用途。
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US5962756A (en) * | 1995-10-09 | 1999-10-05 | Motiv Trading Joint Stock Company | Natural carotenoid concentrates from plant material and a process for preparing the same |
WO1999020587A1 (en) * | 1997-10-21 | 1999-04-29 | Office Of Technology Liaison | Process for extraction and purification of lutein, zeaxanthin and rare carotenoids from marigold flowers and plants |
CN102489036A (zh) * | 2011-12-22 | 2012-06-13 | 济宁金百特生物机械有限公司 | 一种利用连续逆流超声提取机提取番茄红素的方法 |
CN105026368A (zh) * | 2013-02-22 | 2015-11-04 | 莎尤纳诺新加坡私人有限公司 | 用于分离类胡萝卜素的方法 |
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