CN114395686A - Full solid solution and full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging composite heat treatment method - Google Patents
Full solid solution and full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging composite heat treatment method Download PDFInfo
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/78—Combined heat-treatments not provided for above
- C21D1/785—Thermocycling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/02—Hardening by precipitation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
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Abstract
The invention provides a composite heat treatment method for fully dissolving and fully starting from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, which comprises the following steps: fully solid solution heat treatment process and fully begins high-temperature variable-temperature alternating-aging composite heat treatment process. The scheme of the invention can solve the problems of poor quality stability, low qualified product rate, low hardness, low mechanical property, poor consistency, long heating time, low efficiency, poor heating reliability of heat treatment equipment, low service life of high-temperature components and high cost of 'one-long-one-high-three-difference-five-low' specific heat treatment technology theory and practice of austenitic stainless steel solid solution and aging heat treatment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of material heat treatment, in particular to a composite heat treatment method for fully dissolving solid and fully starting from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging.
Background
The heat treatment principle of austenitic stainless steel (see GB/T1220, GB/T1221, GB/T12773 and the like) is quite different from that of structural alloy steel (see GB/T3077 and the like): the alloy structural steel can generate high-temperature austenite structure transformation under the high-temperature condition, so that the alloy structural steel is very easy to greatly improve the hardness (or mechanical property) of the material by quenching and tempering heat treatment methods; however, austenitic stainless steel cannot generate high-temperature austenitic structure transformation (only can an alloying element strengthening phase be dissolved and precipitated) under high-temperature conditions, so that the austenitic stainless steel is extremely difficult to greatly improve the hardness (or mechanical property) of the material by a solid solution and aging heat treatment method.
The meaning of solution heat treatment is: heating austenitic stainless steel to a certain temperature and keeping the temperature, fully dissolving the excess phase, then rapidly cooling to obtain a supersaturated solid solution, obtaining a supersaturated reinforced solid solution, preparing a structure for precipitation hardening treatment, eliminating stress and carrying out work hardening between forming procedures; the meaning of the aging heat treatment is: after the workpiece is subjected to solution treatment, the workpiece is kept at room temperature or over room temperature, a solute atom segregation area is formed in a supersaturated solid solution, and/or a heat treatment process is carried out, wherein the second phase particles are precipitated, dispersed, distributed and excessive, and are precipitated, so that the material is hardened.
The main strengthening phase of austenitic stainless steel is alloy carbide, and the weakening term is intermetallic compound (such as Fe)2W、Fe2Mo, CuO, FeS, FeO, MnS, etc.); the type and the amount of the strengthening phase of different materials even if the materials are the same metal element,The size, shape, distribution, melting point, brittleness, hardness and the like of the alloy are different according to different solid solution and aging heat treatment methods, and the more the alloy elements are, the larger the difference is.
The relative stability of carbides formed by alloy elements such as nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, aluminum, niobium and the like in steel is arranged from high to low in the sequence: hf, Zr, Ti, Ta, Nb, V, W, Mo, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, whereby dissolution of the above-mentioned alloying elements in the steel results in limited dissolution of (Fe, Cr)3C、(Fe，Cr)7C3、(W，Mo)6C and (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, W, Mo)23C6Isoalloyed cementite and fully miscible Mn3C、Fe3C、(Fe，Mn)3C、VC、Ta、NbC、(V，Ta，Nb)C、Mo2C、W2C、Fe3W3C、Fe3Mo3C、Fe3(W，Mo)3C, and the like; when the solid solution temperature is more than or equal to 1000 ℃ and more than or equal to 1050 ℃, most carbide phases are respectively basically dissolved and completely dissolved (the aging process is correspondingly influenced); the most important point is that the heating temperature of the existing traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel solid solution technology is the highest theoretical solid solution temperature, and ideal types and amounts of solid solution dissolved carbide strengthening phases and intermetallic compound strengthening phases cannot be obtained. Therefore, the solid solution temperature is not a simple constant single-point temperature value, but a complex and variable multi-point temperature range.
The traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel solution heat treatment method is a one-stage single-point fixed isothermal solution heat treatment method under the condition that the heating temperature (the highest theoretical solution temperature) and the time are the only conditions. The prior mainstream solution heat treatment method for austenitic stainless steel can only effectively improve the solution dissolving capacity, range, quality, efficiency and the like of one or a few alloy element strengthening phases in austenitic stainless steel, can not greatly improve the solution dissolving capacity, range, quality, efficiency and the like of most other alloy element strengthening phases, even if the solid solution time is increased, the effect is very small (after the time reaches a certain degree, the solid solution dissolving capacity, range, quality, efficiency and the like of the solid solution strengthening phase of one or a few alloy elements reach a limit saturation state), the solid solution dissolving capacity, range, quality, efficiency and the like of the solid solution strengthening phase of the alloy elements can only reach a very limited state, therefore, the conventional mainstream austenitic stainless steel solution heat treatment method is a one-stage fixed limited solution heat treatment method, and is a heat treatment method which is considered as a ' comprehensive non- ' overall ' in a biased manner.
The austenitic stainless steel mainly precipitates the extremely small needle-like carbide with larger grain size at the aging temperature of lower than 500 ℃ and mainly precipitates (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, W, Mo) at the temperature of 550-740 DEG C23C6Carbide of the same composite alloy is mainly precipitated (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, W, Mo) at 625-670 deg.C23C6The carbide of the compound alloy is uniformly distributed in the crystal, the carbide begins to grow sharply at the temperature of about 700 ℃, and is mainly precipitated at the temperature of 800 ℃ (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, W, Mo)7C6When the temperature of the composite alloy carbide is higher than 900 ℃, the precipitation amount of the precipitated lamellar carbide is increased to influence the metal hardness and the mechanical property; the most important point is that the aging heating temperature of the traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel is the highest aging theoretical temperature, and the aging precipitation carbide strengthening phase and the intermetallic compound strengthening phase with ideal type and quantity cannot be obtained. Therefore, the aging temperature is not a simple constant single-point temperature value, but a complex and variable multi-point temperature range.
The traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel aging heat treatment method is a one-stage single-point fixed isothermal aging heat treatment method under the condition that the heating temperature (the highest aging theoretical temperature) and the time are the only conditions. The existing traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel aging heat treatment method can only effectively improve the aging precipitation capability, range, quality, efficiency and the like of one or a few alloy element strengthening phases in austenitic stainless steel, can not effectively improve the aging precipitation capability, range, quality, efficiency and the like of most other alloy element strengthening phases, even if the aging time is increased, the effect is very small (after the time reaches a certain degree, the aging precipitation capacity, the range, the quality, the efficiency and the like of the solid solution strengthening phase or the minor alloy elements can reach a limit saturation state), the alloy element strengthening phase can only reach very limited aging precipitation capacity, range, quality, efficiency and the like, therefore, the conventional main flow austenitic stainless steel aging heat treatment method is a one-stage single-point fixed limited aging heat treatment method, and is a heat treatment method which is considered as a whole in a non-overall manner in a biased approximation manner.
The heat treatment manufacturability of the austenitic stainless steel is directly influenced by the following complex factors, particularly different hot working methods such as smelting, steel rolling, forging, heat treatment and the like of raw materials in steel plants and manufacturing plants: the comprehensive actions of the raw material quality, chemical composition (such as the characteristics and content of alloy elements such as C, Ti, Ta, Nb, V, W, Mo, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) and the specification, batch state, hot working state and original heat treatment delivery state, including the hot working state parameters such as the starting and finishing temperature, heating time, operating time and cooling medium of the raw material forging, hot rolling or smelting related to the furnace batch, and the hot treatment delivery state including the original annealing, solution, aging, quenching and tempering) related to the hot working such as the forging and heat treatment related to the manufacturing plant, the forging deformation degree, the starting and finishing temperature, the heating time, the cooling medium, the type and condition of the heating equipment, the field environment temperature and other hot working methods directly influence the heat treatment manufacturability of the austenitic stainless steel.
Based on the above complex influence factors, the conventional mainstream austenitic stainless steel solid solution and aging heat treatment technology is difficult to solve the following special heat treatment technical theory and practice problems of 'one long one high three difference five low':
firstly, the heat treatment quality stability is poor, the qualified product rate is low: when the heat treatment quality stability is good, the primary heat treatment qualified product rate can only reach 99 percent (especially, the hardness value and the mechanical property can only reach the lower limit value even if the primary heat treatment qualified product rate is qualified); when the heat treatment quality stability is poor, the primary heat treatment yield is highly likely to fail by 100%.
Secondly, the hardness (or mechanical property) of the heat treatment is low and the consistency is poor: the solid solution and aging heat treatment can easily reach the middle and low hardness value of 20.0 HRC-26.5 HRC, can hardly reach the middle and high hardness value of 27.0 HRC-28.0 HRC, can hardly reach the high hardness value of 28.5 HRC-32.0 HRC, and even can generate the paradoxical phenomenon that the Brinell hardness is qualified and the Rockwell hardness is unqualified.
Thirdly, the heating time of the heat treatment is long, and the efficiency is low: the heating time under the highest temperature conditions of solid solution and aging is long, and the requirement of quick production is difficult to realize; passively increasing the times of heat treatment reworking and repairing to solve the problem of unqualified solid solution and aging heat treatment.
Fourthly, the service life of high-temperature components of the heating equipment is low: the high-temperature components of the heating equipment have long retention time under the highest temperature conditions of solid solution and aging and bear large high-temperature load, so that the service life is short.
Fifthly, the reliability of heat treatment heating is poor: the traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel box type resistance furnace equipment (only has the functions of conduction and radiation heat transfer) has poor heating reliability, and the heating reliability of the traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel box type resistance furnace equipment is far lower than that of heating equipment (simultaneously has the functions of conduction, radiation and convection heat transfer) such as a fluidized bed furnace, a salt bath furnace, a vacuum furnace and the like.
Sixthly, the heat treatment cost is high: the combination of the above disadvantages ultimately results in high heat treatment costs.
In summary, the conventional mainstream solid solution and aging heat treatment methods for austenitic stainless steel cannot solve the problems of poor heat treatment quality stability, low qualified product rate, low hardness (or low mechanical properties) and consistency, long heating time, low efficiency, poor heating reliability of heat treatment equipment, low service life of high-temperature components and parts, and high cost of the conventional mainstream solid solution and aging heat treatment methods for austenitic stainless steel.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a composite heat treatment method which fully dissolves solid solution and fully begins at high temperature and temperature change for alternate aging. The special heat treatment technical theory and practice problems of poor quality stability, low qualified product rate, low hardness (or low mechanical property) and consistency, long heating time, low efficiency, poor heating reliability of heat treatment equipment, low service life of high-temperature components, high cost and the like of 'one-long-one-high-three-difference-five-low' of austenitic stainless steel can be solved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a composite heat treatment method for fully dissolving and fully starting from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging comprises the following steps:
a substantially solution heat treatment process, the substantially solution heat treatment process comprising: heating and heat preservation are carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is heated to the minimum temperature of full solid solution from room temperature within a specified time in a heating furnace, heating and heat preservation are carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated to the middle solid solution temperature of full solid solution from the minimum temperature of full solid solution, heating and heat preservation are carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated to the maximum temperature of full solid solution from the middle solid solution temperature of full solid solution, and finally cooling is carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is continuously taken out of the furnace by adopting a specific cooling mode and is cooled from the maximum temperature of full solid solution to the maximum temperature of full temperature-changing alternating ageing;
after the full solid solution heat treatment is finished, the high-temperature-changing alternating aging heat treatment is continuously carried out, and the method comprises the following steps of 1 st time of full high-temperature-changing alternating aging process: firstly, the first half part of the 1 st time is carried out, wherein the first half part is fully started at high temperature and ended at low temperature without alternating aging: heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the highest aging temperature in a heating furnace within a specified time, then continuing heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the intermediate aging temperature when the austenitic stainless steel is cooled to the intermediate aging temperature, and then continuing heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the lowest aging temperature when the austenitic stainless steel is cooled to the lowest final aging temperature; then, continuing the second half of the 1 st time, starting from the low temperature and ending in the high temperature variable temperature alternating aging process: the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated and kept warm at the aging intermediate temperature when the temperature is raised from the aging minimum temperature to the aging intermediate temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time, and then the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated and kept warm at the aging maximum temperature when the temperature is raised from the aging intermediate temperature to the aging maximum temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time; after the 1 st full high-temperature alternating aging process is ended, the 2 nd, the 3 rd, the … … th and the Nth full alternating aging processes are carried out: fully alternating aging for the 2 nd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the second half part of the 1 st time in the low-temperature-changing alternating aging process for 1 time, fully alternating aging for the 3 rd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the 2 nd time for 1 time, … …, and so on, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N th time and sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N-1 st time for 1 time; and (3) after the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time, the … … th time and the Nth time are fully started from the high temperature to the low temperature or fully started from the low temperature to the high temperature changing temperature alternating aging process, the final cooling process is continued: and finally, continuously adopting a specific cooling mode to cool the austenitic stainless steel discharged from the furnace from the lowest temperature or the highest temperature of the high-temperature-changing alternating aging to the room temperature.
Alternatively, the high-temperature-changing alternating aging heat treatment process is a high-temperature-changing alternating aging heat treatment method which is performed continuously under conditions such as a multi-stage heating temperature interval, a multi-stage heating sequence, a multi-stage heating time, a multi-stage heating frequency, a specific cooling mode and the like after the completion of the sufficient solid solution heat treatment.
Optionally, the total number of alternate aging times sufficiently beginning at the high temperature and ending at the low temperature alternate aging heat treatment is 1, wherein 1 time comprises 2 ≤ N ≤ 6 times, N ═ 2, or 3, 4, or 5, 6, and finally the alternate aging process ends with N ═ 2, 4, or 6 times.
Optionally, the total number of alternating aging times of the alternating aging composite heat treatment fully starting at the high temperature and ending at the high temperature is 1 time, 1 time comprises 1 or more and 5 times of N, N is 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and finally the alternating aging process is ended by N is 1, 3 or 5 times.
Optionally, the multi-stage cooling temperature interval sufficiently starting from the high-temperature-changing alternating aging refers to: 1 st temperature reduction, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval: n staged cooling temperature intervals which start from the cooling aging highest temperature interval Tafmax-1, sequentially pass through n-2 aging intermediate temperature intervals Tafm-1 and finally end to the aging lowest temperature interval Tafmin-1, wherein n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7; temperature reduction, temperature variation, alternating aging temperature intervals of 2 nd time, 3 rd time and 4 th time: the cooling aging process is sequentially repeated, and the relation of the numerical values of the lowest temperature interval of the cooling temperature variation alternating aging for the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmin-1 is more than Tafmin-2 is more than Tafmin-3 is more than Tafmin-4, and the numerical relation of the temperature-reducing, temperature-changing, alternating and aging intermediate temperature intervals of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafm-1 is more than Tafm-2 is more than Tafm-3 is more than Tafm-4, and the relation of the temperature reduction, temperature variation, alternation, aging, highest temperature interval values of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmax-1 > Tafmax-2 > Tafmax-3 > Tafmax-4; the second part is fully started from a multi-stage cooling temperature range related to high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing, and any one of a cooling ageing lowest temperature range, a cooling ageing middle temperature range and a cooling ageing highest temperature range is not repeated, and any one of a heating ageing lowest temperature range, a heating ageing middle temperature range and a heating ageing highest temperature range is not repeated.
Optionally, the multi-stage temperature rise temperature interval sufficiently starting from the high-temperature change and alternating aging refers to: 1 st temperature rise, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval: n staged heating temperature intervals are started from the temperature-rise aging lowest temperature interval Tafmin-1, sequentially pass through n-2 aging middle temperature intervals Tafm-1 and finally reach the time-rise aging highest temperature interval Tafmax-1, and n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7; temperature rise, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval for the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time or the 4 th time: the temperature-rise aging process is sequentially repeated, and the numerical values of the lowest temperature interval of the temperature-rise temperature-change alternating aging at the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time are as follows: tafmin-1 is more than Tafmin-2 is more than Tafmin-3 is more than Tafmin-4, and the relation of the numerical values of the intermediate temperature intervals of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time of temperature rise and aging is as follows: tafm-1 is more than Tafm-2 is more than Tafm-3 is more than Tafm-4, the relation of the maximum temperature interval values of the temperature rise, temperature change, alternation and aging for the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmax-1 > Tafmax-2 > Tafmax-3 > Tafmax-4; the multi-stage heating temperature range fully starting from the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging does not repeatedly have any heating aging minimum temperature range, heating aging middle temperature range and heating aging maximum temperature range, and does not repeatedly have any cooling aging minimum temperature range, cooling aging middle temperature range and cooling aging maximum temperature range.
Optionally, the mathematical relationship between the minimum heating temperature Tafmin and the minimum theoretical heating temperature Tafmin for the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging is as follows: tafmin ═ Taftmin;
in the formula, Tafmin is the lowest heating temperature of full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging at the temperature of DEG C and is the heating temperature of the first stage of full temperature-raising aging; taftmin is the minimum theoretical heating temperature of aging, DEG C.
Optionally, the mathematical relationship between the maximum heating temperature Tafmax of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging and the maximum theoretical heating temperature Tafmax of the aging is as follows: tafmax is Taftmax;
in the formula, Tafmax is the highest heating temperature (DEG C) of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging; taftmax is the maximum theoretical heating temperature of aging at C.
Optionally, the mathematical relation between the intermediate heating temperature Tafm and the aging minimum heating temperature Tafmin and the aging maximum heating temperature Tafmax, which is sufficiently started at each stage of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, is as follows: tafm ═ Tafmin + ni(Tafmax–Tafmin)/(n–1)；
In the formula, Tafm is the intermediate heating temperature and the temperature of each stage of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, and is the specific stage temperature from the 2 nd stage to the 2 nd last stage of the high-temperature cooling or heating alternating aging; tafmin is the lowest heating temperature of the alternating aging process of fully cooling at high temperature or heating up at the temperature of DEG C; n isiThe specific nth heating temperature interval from high to low or from low to high for the 2 nd to the 2 nd last phasesiNumber of stages, n being not less than 1iLess than or equal to 5; tafmax is the maximum heating temperature of the high-temperature cooling or heating alternating aging fully; (Tafmax-Tafmin)/n is a specific value which is fully cooled or heated and decreased or gradually increased in temperature difference, and the DEG C is unchanged; n is the interval from the lowest temperature Tafmin of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging to the highest heating temperature Tafmax of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating agingOr the total number of stages starting from the interval of the highest heating temperature Tafmax of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing and ending at the lowest heating temperature Tafmin of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7.
Optionally, the high-temperature-changing alternating aging heat treatment process is sufficiently started, and comprises the following processes: 1) the 1 st time is fully started in the process that high temperature is finally changed into temperature and alternating aging: firstly, the first half part of the 1 st time is carried out, wherein the first half part is fully started at high temperature and ended at low temperature without alternating aging: heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel in a heating furnace at the highest temperature which is fully started from the high-temperature change and alternating ageing within a specified time, then continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel to the ageing intermediate temperature for heating and preserving the heat, and then continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel to the final ageing lowest temperature for heating and preserving the heat; then continuing the second half part of the 1 st time, starting from the low temperature and ending in the high temperature variable temperature alternating aging process: heating and preserving heat of the austenitic stainless steel from the lowest aging temperature to the middle aging temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time, and then heating and preserving heat of the austenitic stainless steel from the middle aging temperature to the highest aging temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time; 2) after the 1 st full high-temperature alternating aging process is ended, the 2 nd, the 3 rd, the … … th and the Nth full alternating aging processes are carried out: fully alternating aging for the 2 nd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the second half part of the 1 st time in the low-temperature-changing alternating aging process for 1 time, fully alternating aging for the 3 rd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the 2 nd time for 1 time, … …, and so on, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N th time and sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N-1 st time for 1 time; 3) and after the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time, the … … th time and the Nth time are fully started from the high temperature to the low temperature or fully started from the low temperature to the high temperature changing temperature alternating aging process and are completely finished, the final cooling process is continued: and finally, continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel from the highest temperature or the lowest temperature of the low-temperature-changing alternating ageing to room temperature for cooling.
The scheme of the invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention relates to a composite heat treatment method with full solid solution and full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, which has the advantages of technical feasibility, process adaptability, quality reliability, economic rationality and use safety, and can fundamentally solve the problems of the theory and practice of the special heat treatment technology of poor quality stability, low qualified product rate, low hardness (or low mechanical property) and consistency, long heating time, low efficiency, poor heating reliability of heat treatment equipment, low service life of high-temperature components, high cost and the like of 'one long one high three difference five low'.
(2) The invention relates to a composite heat treatment method for fully dissolving and fully starting from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, which can effectively obtain the range of the optimized heat treatment hardness (or mechanical property) with the upper-limit distribution and the tolerance less than or equal to 3.0 HRC.
(3) The invention relates to a composite heat treatment method with full solid solution and full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, and the final heat treatment hardness qualified rate is up to 100%.
(4) The high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging composite heat treatment method with full solid solution can effectively improve the heat treatment efficiency (such as the maximization of furnace charging amount and the requirement of mass production can be realized, the total time of solid solution and aging heat preservation is reduced, and the like).
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the prior austenitic stainless steel showing the solution and aging heat treatment process (including the heating, heat preservation, cooling processes, time used and the like of the solution and aging heat treatment) consisting of 1 time 1-stage solution treatment at the highest solution temperature and 1 time 1-stage aging treatment at the highest aging temperature;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow chart of the full solution and full-start high-temperature variable-temperature alternating-aging composite heat treatment method of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the austenitic stainless steel which is fully solid-dissolved and fully begins in the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging composite heat treatment process (including the heating, heat preservation, cooling processes, used time and the like of the full solid-dissolving and full aging heat treatment) and is formed by fully solid-dissolving 1 time and 4 stages under the condition of full solid-dissolving temperature and fully aging 1 time and 4 times under the condition of full aging temperature and fully aging 1 time and 4 times (wherein, the 1 st time and 3 stages of temperature reduction and no alternation, the 2 nd time and 4 stages of temperature rise and temperature change alternation, the 3 rd time and 3 stages of temperature reduction and temperature change alternation, and the 4 th time and 4 stages of temperature rise and temperature change alternation).
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
In the invention, the method for fully solid-dissolving and fully beginning high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging composite heat treatment comprises a 'full solid-dissolving heat treatment method' and a 'full beginning high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heat treatment method', wherein the 'full solid-dissolving and fully beginning high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging composite heat treatment method' of composite composition is continuously used; the method comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out the first part of full solution heat treatment, and finally, continuously carrying out the second part of full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heat treatment. The first partial full solution heat treatment process: by virtue of the first partial full solution heat treatment process: heating and heat preservation are carried out when the temperature of austenitic stainless steel is raised from room temperature to the minimum temperature of full solid solution within a specified time in a heating furnace, heating and heat preservation are carried out when the temperature of austenitic stainless steel is raised from the minimum temperature of full solid solution to the intermediate temperature of full solid solution, heating and heat preservation are carried out when the temperature of austenitic stainless steel is raised from the intermediate temperature of full solid solution to the maximum temperature of full solid solution, and finally cooling is carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is taken out of the furnace from the maximum temperature of full solid solution to the maximum temperature of full temperature-changing alternating aging by adopting a specific cooling mode; the second part is fully started in the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heat treatment process: namely, after the first part of full solid solution heat treatment is finished, the second part of full high-temperature-changing alternating aging heat treatment is carried out, and the first part of full high-temperature-changing alternating aging heat treatment process comprises the following steps of 1 st full high-temperature-changing alternating aging process: firstly, the first half part of the 1 st time is carried out, wherein the first half part is fully started at high temperature and ended at low temperature without alternating aging: heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the highest aging temperature in a heating furnace within a specified time, then continuing heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the intermediate aging temperature when the austenitic stainless steel is cooled to the intermediate aging temperature, and then continuing heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the lowest aging temperature when the austenitic stainless steel is cooled to the lowest final aging temperature; then, continuing the second half of the 1 st time, starting from the low temperature and ending in the high temperature variable temperature alternating aging process: namely, the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated and kept warm at the aging intermediate temperature when the temperature is raised from the aging minimum temperature to the aging intermediate temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time, and then the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated and kept warm at the aging maximum temperature when the temperature is raised from the aging intermediate temperature to the aging maximum temperature within the specified time in the heating furnace (the 1 st time is fully started when the high temperature is finally ended in the high temperature changing alternating aging process); after the 1 st time fully starts from the end of the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing process, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time, the … … th time or the Nth time fully alternating ageing process is carried out again: performing full alternating aging for the 2 nd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the 1 st half part of the 1 st time, namely, fully beginning at the low temperature and ending at the high temperature alternating aging process for 1 time (the 2 nd time, namely, fully beginning at the high temperature and ending at the low temperature alternating aging process), or performing full alternating aging for the 3 rd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the 2 nd time full alternating aging process for 1 time (the 3 rd time, namely, fully beginning at the low temperature and ending at the high temperature alternating aging process), … …, and so on, or performing full alternating aging for the Nth time, and sequentially and reversely repeating the N-1 st time full alternating aging process for 1 time (the Nth time, namely, fully beginning at the high temperature and ending at the low temperature or fully beginning at the low temperature and ending at the high temperature alternating aging process); and after the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time, the … … th time or the Nth time fully starts from the high temperature to the low temperature or fully starts from the low temperature to the end of the high-temperature-changing alternating aging process, the final cooling process is continued: and finally, continuously adopting a specific cooling mode to discharge the austenitic stainless steel out of the furnace, wherein the austenitic stainless steel is fully started in the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing heat treatment process (the second part is fully started in the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing heat treatment process and is completely finished) which comprises the steps of cooling and the like when the temperature of the minimum temperature or the maximum temperature of the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing is reduced to the room temperature.
In the present invention, the first partial sufficient solution heat treatment method is a sufficient solution heat treatment method performed under conditions such as a multistage heating temperature range, a multistage heating sequence, a multistage heating time, a multistage heating frequency, a specific cooling method, and the like.
In the present invention, the total number of solid solutions in the first part of the sufficient solid solution heat treatment is 1.
In the present invention, the first partial sufficient solution heat treatment method is a 3-stage sufficient solution heat treatment method or a 4-stage sufficient solution heat treatment method.
In the present invention, the first part 3-stage full solution heat treatment multi-stage heating temperature interval means: and a 3-stage temperature rise temperature range which starts from the stage of rising from room temperature to the solid solution minimum temperature Tsfmin, then rises to the intermediate solid solution temperature Tsfm, and finally rises to the stage of ending the solid solution maximum temperature Tfmax.
In the present invention, the first part 4-stage full solution heat treatment multi-stage heating temperature interval means: starting from the stage of raising the temperature from room temperature to the lowest solid solution temperature Tsfmin, and then sequentially raising the temperature to the first stage temperature Tsfm of intermediate solid solution1And a second stage temperature of intermediate solid solution Tsfm2And a 4-stage temperature rise temperature range in which the temperature is finally raised to the solid solution maximum temperature Tsfmax.
In the present invention, the first partial sufficient solution heat treatment has a multi-stage heating temperature interval, and the number of stages of the sufficient solution temperature interval is moderate: the solid solution heating temperature range is narrow (the effective temperature range is between 100 ℃ and 200 ℃), for example, the solid solution capacity of the stage number of the solid solution temperature interval is 1 (the prior solid solution technology), the solid solution capacity of the stage 2 is better, and the solid solution capacity of the stage more than or equal to 6 is excessive, so that the embodiment sets the first part full solid solution temperature interval to be 3 stages or 4 stages, can greatly improve the solid solution capacity, the quality, the efficiency and the like, and particularly can greatly increase the solid solution strengthening phase, reduce or inhibit the solid solution weakening phase, reduce the high-temperature heating time, improve the efficiency, prolong the service life of high-temperature components of heating equipment and the like.
In the invention, the mathematical relation between the minimum heating temperature Tsfmin for full solid solution and the minimum theoretical heating temperature Tsftmin for solid solution is as follows: tsfmin is Tsftmin;
tsfmin is the lowest heating temperature for full solid solution, DEG C; tsftmin is the minimum theoretical heating temperature for full solutionizing at.
In the present invention, the mathematical relationship between the maximum heating temperature for sufficient solid solution Tsfmax and the maximum theoretical heating temperature for solid solution Tsftmax is: tsfmax is Tsftmax;
wherein Tsfmax is the maximum heating temperature for full solid solution, DEG C; tsfmax is the maximum theoretical heating temperature for full solution at C.
In the invention, the mathematical relation between the intermediate solid solution heating temperature Tsfm of full solid solution in 3 stages, the maximum solid solution heating temperature Tfmax and the minimum solid solution heating temperature Tfmin is as follows:
Tsfm＝(Tsfmax+Tsfmin)/2
wherein Tsfm is the heating temperature of the intermediate solid solution stage of full solid solution, and the temperature is also the heating temperature of the second stage of full solid solution; tsfmax is the maximum heating temperature for full solid solution, DEG C, and is also the heating temperature at the final stage of full solid solution; tsfmin is the minimum heating temperature for sufficient solid solution, DEG C, and is also the heating temperature at the beginning of sufficient solid solution.
In the invention, the heating temperature Tsfm of the first stage of 4-stage full solid solution intermediate solid solution1And intermediate solid solution second stage heating temperature Tsfm2The mathematical relations with the solid solution maximum heating temperature Tfmax and the solid solution minimum heating temperature Tfmin are respectively as follows:
Tsfm1＝1/3(Tsfmax–Tsfmin)+Tsfmin
Tsfm2＝2/3(Tsfmax–Tsfmin)+Tsfmin
in the formula Tsfm1The heating temperature of the first stage of full solid solution and the heating temperature of the second stage of full solid solution are the same at the temperature of the first stage of full solid solution; tsfm2The heating temperature of the second stage of full solid solution and intermediate solid solution is the temperature of the third stage of full solid solution; tsfmax is the maximum heating temperature for full solid solution, DEG C, and is also the heating temperature at the final stage of full solid solution; tsfmin is the minimum heating temperature for sufficient solid solution, DEG C, and is also the heating temperature at the beginning of sufficient solid solution.
In the present invention, the first portion full solid solution multi-stage time interval and the full solid solution multi-stage heating temperature interval are also set to be 3 stages or 4 stages; the sufficient solid solution time is not suitable to be too long or too short: if the solution is too long, the solubility exceeds the solubility limit of the strengthening phase, and if the solution is too short, the strengthening phase is not sufficiently dissolved, and therefore, if the sufficient solution time is set to a moderate level, the solid solution ability, quality, efficiency, and the like can be greatly improved.
In the present invention, when the sufficient solid-solution time is performed by the uniform time method, the total time τ of the sufficient solid-solution heating is performed in a plurality of stages of the uniform time methodsfNAnd heating time tau of each stage of full solid solutionsfnThe mathematical relationship of (a) is:
τsfN＝∑τsfn＝∑τsfN/N
in the formula tausfNThe total time of multi-stage full solid solution heating of an equal time method is min or h; tau issfnHeating time in each stage, min or h, when τ is dividedsf1、τsf2、τsf3At 3 stages in time, τsf1＝τsf2＝τsf3When dividing τsf1、τsf2、τsf3、τsf4At 4 stages in time, τsf1＝τsf2＝τsf3＝τsf4(ii) a N is the total number of stages of sufficient solid solution heating, and is 3 or 4; n is the number of n stages of sufficient solution heating, and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
In the present invention, when the sufficient solid solution time is performed by the incremental time method, the total time τ of the multi-stage sufficient solid solution heating of the incremental time methodsfNAnd heating time tau of each stage of full solid solutionsfnThe mathematical relationship of (a) is:
τsfN＝∑τsfn＝∑[τsf1+(n–1)τsf0]
in the formula tausfNThe total time of multi-stage full solid solution heating of an increasing time method is min or h; n is the total number of stages of sufficient solid solution heating, and is 3 or 4; tau issfnHeating time of each stage, min or h, for full solid solutionsf1、τsf2、τsf3Or τsf4，τsf1＞τsf2＞τsf3Or > tausf4(ii) a n is the number of the nth stage of sufficient solid solution heating, and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; tau issf1Heating time of the first stage for full solid solution, min or h; tau issf0The time step difference, min or h, is decreased for sufficient solid solution heating, and is the same and unchanging specific numerical value.
In the present invention, when the sufficient solid solution time is performed in a decreasing time method, the total time τ of the multi-stage sufficient solid solution heating of the decreasing time methodsfNAnd heating time tau of each stage of full solid solutionsfnThe mathematical relationship of (a) is:
τsfN＝∑τsfn＝∑[τsf1–(n–1)τsf0]
in the formula tausfNThe total time of multi-stage full solid solution heating of a decreasing time method is min or h; n is the total number of stages of sufficient solid solution heating, and is 3 or 4; tau issfnHeating time of each stage, min or h, for full solid solutionsf1、τsf2、τsf3Or τsf4，τsf1＜τsf2＜τsf3Or < tausf4；τsf1Heating time of the first stage for full solid solution, min or h; n is the number of the nth stage of sufficient solid solution heating, and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; tau issf0The time step difference, min or h, is decreased for sufficient solid solution heating, and is the same and unchanging specific numerical value.
In the present invention, the first partial full solution heat treatment final cooling method is: opening the furnace door or adopting other cooling modes to quickly cool the workpiece without discharging the workpiece out of the furnace.
In the invention, the first part 3 stage full solution heat treatment process comprises the following steps: the first stage is as follows: the austenitic stainless steel is heated from room temperature to a full solution minimum temperature Tsfmin (and heated and held within a time specified by the process) in a heating furnace → the second stage: continuously heating the austenitic stainless steel from the full solid solution minimum temperature Tsfmin to the intermediate solid solution temperature Tsfm (and heating and heat preservation within the time specified by the process) → a third stage: continuously heating the austenitic stainless steel from the full solid solution intermediate solid solution temperature Tsfm to a full solid solution maximum temperature Tfmax (heating and heat preservation within the time specified by the process) → finally continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel from the full solid solution maximum temperature Tfmax to a high temperature-changing aging maximum temperature Tafmax (heating and heat preservation within the time specified by the process) by adopting a specific cooling mode.
In the invention, the first part 4-stage full solution heat treatment process comprises the following steps: the first stage is as follows: the austenitic stainless steel is heated from room temperature to a full solution minimum temperature Tsfmin (and heated and held within a time specified by the process) in a heating furnace → the second stage: continuously heating the austenitic stainless steel from the minimum temperature Tsfmin of full solid solution to the first stage temperature Tsfm of full solid solution intermediate solid solution1(and heating and holding within the process specified time) → third stage: continuously dissolving the austenitic stainless steel from full solid solution to intermediate solid solution for the first stage temperature Tsfm1Raising the temperature to the second stage temperature Tsfm of full solid solution and intermediate solid solution2(and heat and soak for the specified time of the process) → fourth stage: continuously dissolving the austenitic stainless steel from full solid solution to intermediate solid solution at a second stage temperature Tsfm2Raising the temperature to the full solid solution maximum temperature Tfmax (and heating and preserving the temperature within the time specified by the process) → finally continuing to adopt a specific cooling mode to cool the austenitic stainless steel out of the furnace from the full solid solution maximum temperature Tfmax to the high temperature changing alternating ageing maximum temperature Tafmax (and heating and preserving the temperature within the time specified by the process).
In the present invention, the second part is sufficiently started by the high temperature thermal alternating aging heat treatment method, which is continuously performed under conditions such as a multistage heating temperature zone, a multistage heating sequence, a multistage heating time, a multistage heating frequency, a specific cooling method, and the like after the first part is sufficiently solution heat treated.
In the invention, the total number of the alternating ageing times of the second part, which is sufficiently started from the high temperature and ended at the low temperature alternating ageing heat treatment, is 1 time, wherein 1 time comprises 2-6 times of N, N is 2, 3, 4 or 5 and 6, and finally, the alternating ageing process is ended in 2, 4 or 6 times of N (each alternating ageing process is sufficiently started at the high temperature alternating ageing process, and at least 1 time of temperature reduction and 1 time of temperature rise are simultaneously included).
In the invention, the total number of the alternating ageing times of the second part, which fully starts from the high-temperature and ends at the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing composite heat treatment, is 1 time, wherein 1 time comprises 1 or more and 5 times of N, N is 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and finally, the alternating ageing process is ended by 1, 3 or 5 times of N (each alternating ageing process at least simultaneously comprises 1 time of temperature reduction and 1 time of temperature rise).
In the present invention, the multistage temperature-lowering section in which the second part is sufficiently started from the high-temperature-changing alternating-aging means: 1 st temperature reduction, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval: the temperature reduction method comprises the following steps of starting from a temperature reduction and aging highest temperature interval Tafmax (marked as Tafmax-1), sequentially passing through n-2 aging middle temperature intervals Tafm (marked as Tafm-1) and finally ending at an aging lowest temperature interval Tafmin (marked as Tafmin-1), wherein n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7, namely n is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; temperature reduction, temperature variation and alternating aging temperature intervals of 2 nd time, 3 rd time or 4 th time: the cooling aging process is sequentially repeated, and the relation of the numerical values of the lowest temperature interval of the cooling temperature variation alternating aging for the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmin-1 is more than Tafmin-2 is more than Tafmin-3 is more than Tafmin-4, and the numerical relation of the temperature-reducing, temperature-changing, alternating and aging intermediate temperature intervals of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafm-1 is more than Tafm-2 is more than Tafm-3 is more than Tafm-4, and the relation of the temperature reduction, temperature variation, alternation, aging, highest temperature interval values of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmax-1 > Tafmax-2 > Tafmax-3 > Tafmax-4; the second part is fully started from a multi-stage cooling temperature range related to high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing, and any one of a cooling ageing lowest temperature range, a cooling ageing middle temperature range and a cooling ageing highest temperature range is not repeated, and any one of a heating ageing lowest temperature range, a heating ageing middle temperature range and a heating ageing highest temperature range is not repeated.
In the present invention, the multistage temperature-rise temperature range in which the second part is sufficiently started from the high-temperature-change alternating aging means: 1 st temperature rise, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval: starting from a temperature-rise and aging lowest temperature interval Tafmin (marked as Tafmin-1), sequentially passing through n-2 aging middle temperature intervals Tafm (marked as Tafm-1) and finally finishing to an aging highest temperature interval Tafmax (marked as Tafmax-1), wherein n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7, namely n is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; temperature rise, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval for the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time or the 4 th time: the temperature-rise aging process is sequentially repeated, and the numerical values of the lowest temperature interval of the temperature-rise temperature-change alternating aging at the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time are as follows: tafmin-1 is more than Tafmin-2 is more than Tafmin-3 is more than Tafmin-4, and the relation of the numerical values of the intermediate temperature intervals of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time of temperature rise and aging is as follows: tafm-1 is more than Tafm-2 is more than Tafm-3 is more than Tafm-4, the relation of the maximum temperature interval values of the temperature rise, temperature change, alternation and aging for the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmax-1 > Tafmax-2 > Tafmax-3 > Tafmax-4; the second part is fully started from a multi-stage temperature-rising temperature range related to high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing, and any one of a temperature-rising ageing lowest temperature range, a temperature-rising ageing middle temperature range and a temperature-rising ageing highest temperature range is not repeated, and any one of a temperature-lowering ageing lowest temperature range, a temperature-lowering ageing middle temperature range and a temperature-lowering ageing highest temperature range is not repeated.
In the invention, because the aging temperature range of the austenitic stainless steel is narrow (between 170 ℃ and 230 ℃), the temperature range of the aging temperature is not too small or too large when the aging temperature is fully started in a high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging temperature range: the aging temperature range of the 1 stage belongs to the prior art (no temperature difference), and the aging capability is too poor; in the aging temperature range of 2 stages (the temperature difference is large), the aging capability is increased but is still insufficient; when the temperature is within the aging temperature range of not less than 8 stages (the temperature difference is too small), the aging capability is excessive (in fact, a certain aging capability is still provided in each temperature rise or decrease transition stage where the temperature difference is too small). Therefore, the interval of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing temperature which is fully started is set to be more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7, namely n is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, so that the ageing capacity, range, quality, efficiency and the like can be improved more favorably.
In the invention, the mathematical relation between the minimum heating temperature Tafmin and the minimum theoretical heating temperature Taftmin of aging, which is fully started from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, is as follows: tafmin ═ Taftmin;
in the formula, Tafmin is the lowest heating temperature of full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging at the temperature of DEG C and is the heating temperature of the first stage of full temperature-raising aging; taftmin is the minimum theoretical heating temperature of aging, DEG C.
In the invention, the mathematical relation between the maximum heating temperature Tafmax and the maximum theoretical heating temperature Taftmax of the aging, which is fully started from the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, is as follows: tafmax is Taftmax;
in the formula, Tafmax is the highest heating temperature (DEG C) of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging; taftmax is the maximum theoretical heating temperature of aging at C.
In the invention, the mathematical relation between the intermediate heating temperature Tafm of the second part and the aging minimum heating temperature Tafmin and the aging maximum heating temperature Tafmax of each stage of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging is as follows: tafm ═ Tafmin + ni(Tafmax–Tafmin)/(n–1)；
In the formula, Tafm is the intermediate heating temperature and the temperature of each stage of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, and is the specific stage temperature from the 2 nd stage to the 2 nd last stage of the high-temperature cooling or heating alternating aging; tafmin is the lowest heating temperature of the alternating aging process of fully cooling at high temperature or heating up at the temperature of DEG C; n isiFrom 2 nd stage to 2 nd penultimate stageSpecific nth heating temperature interval from high to low or from low to high in stageiNumber of stages, n being not less than 1iN is less than or equal to 5i1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; tafmax is the maximum heating temperature of the high-temperature cooling or heating alternating aging fully; (Tafmax-Tafmin)/n is a specific value which is fully cooled or heated and decreased or gradually increased in temperature difference, and the DEG C is unchanged; n is the total number of stages starting from the lowest temperature Tafmin of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging and ending at the highest heating temperature Tafmax of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging or starting from the highest heating temperature Tafmax of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging and ending at the lowest heating temperature Tafmin of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7, namely n is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.
In the invention, the total time of the high-temperature-changing alternating aging can be neither too short nor too long: if the time is too short, the alloy element strengthening phase can only reach limited aging precipitation capacity, quality, efficiency and the like; if the time length is too long, the aging capability, quality, efficiency and the like of the alloy element strengthening phase can reach a saturated or limit state.
In the invention, when the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing time is fully started and carried out according to the equal time method, the equal time method is fully started and heated for the total time tauafNHeating time tau in each stage of aging corresponding to heating temperature intervals of 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, … …, and nth stages of heatingafnThe mathematical relationship of (a) is: tau isafN＝∑τafn＝∑τafN/N；
In the formula tauafNThe method is characterized in that the method is a uniform time method which is fully started from the total time of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating for min or h; tau isafnHeating time in each stage of aging corresponding to heating temperature intervals of 1 st stage, 2 nd stage, 3 rd stage, … …, and nth stage of high temperature-changing alternating aging is min/time or h/time, and is tauaf1、τaf2、τaf3、τaf4、τaf5、τaf6Or τaf7，τaf1＝τaf2＝τaf3＝τaf4＝τaf5＝τaf6Or τaf7(ii) a N is the total number of stages which are fully started from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating, and is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7 (namely N is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7); n is the number of the nth stage which is sufficiently started by high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing heating, and n is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 7 (namely n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7).
In the invention, when the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing time is fully started according to the increasing time method, the total heating time tau of the increasing time method is fully started from the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing timeafNHeating time tau in each stage of aging corresponding to heating temperature intervals of 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, … …, and nth stages of heatingafnThe mathematical relationship of (a) is: tau isafN＝∑τafn＝∑[τaf1+(n–1)τaf0]；
In the formula tauafNThe method is characterized in that the method is a time increasing method which fully begins with the total time of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating for min or h; n is the total number of stages which are fully started from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating, and is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7 (namely N is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7); tau isafnHeating time of each stage of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging is sufficiently started, min/time or h/time is respectively tauaf1、τaf2、τaf3、τaf4、τaf5、τaf6Or τaf7，τaf1＞τaf2＞τaf3＞τaf4＞τaf5＞τaf6Or > tauaf7(ii) a n is the number of the nth stage which is sufficiently started by high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating, and n is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 7 (namely n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7); tau isaf1Heating time in a first stage of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing is fully started for min/time or h/time; tau isaf0The heating time increases the grade difference for min/time or h/time and is the same and unchangeable specific numerical value.
In the invention, when the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing time is fully started according to the decreasing time method, the total heating time tau of the decreasing time method is fully started from the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing timeafNHeating time tau in each stage of aging corresponding to heating temperature intervals of 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, … …, and nth stages of heatingafnMathematics of (2)The relation is as follows: tau isafN＝∑τafn＝∑[τaf1–(n–1)τaf0]；
In the formula tausfNThe method is characterized in that the time of the decreasing time method is fully started from the total time of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating for min/time or h/time; n is the total number of stages which are fully started from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating, and is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7 (namely N is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7); tau isafnHeating time in each stage of aging corresponding to heating temperature intervals of 1 st stage, 2 nd stage, 3 rd stage, … …, and nth stage of high temperature-changing alternating aging is min/time or h/time, and is tauaf1、τaf2、τaf3、τaf4、τaf5、τaf6Or τaf7，τaf1＜τaf2＜τaf3＜τaf4＜τaf5＜τaf6Or < tauaf7(ii) a n is the number of the nth stage which is sufficiently started by high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating, and n is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 7 (namely n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7); tau isaf1Heating for min/time or h/time in a first stage of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing; tau isaf0The time level difference is decreased for min/time or h/time by fully starting from high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heating, and the time level difference is the same and unchangeable specific numerical value.
In the invention, the final cooling mode of the second part which is fully started from the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating-aging heat treatment is as follows: cooling in air at room temperature.
In the invention, the second part is fully started from a high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging heat treatment method, and comprises the following processes: 1) the 1 st time is fully started in the process that high temperature is finally changed into temperature and alternating aging: firstly, the first half part of the 1 st time is carried out, wherein the first half part is fully started at high temperature and ended at low temperature without alternating aging: heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel in a heating furnace at the highest temperature which is fully started from the high-temperature change and alternating ageing within a specified time, then continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel to the ageing intermediate temperature for heating and preserving the heat, and then continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel to the final ageing lowest temperature for heating and preserving the heat; then continuing the second half part of the 1 st time, starting from the low temperature and ending in the high temperature variable temperature alternating aging process: heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel from the lowest aging temperature to the middle aging temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time, and then heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel from the middle aging temperature to the highest aging temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time (the 1 st time is fully started when the high temperature is ended when the high temperature alternating aging process is completely ended); 2) after the 1 st time fully starts from the end of the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing process, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time, the … … th time or the Nth time fully alternating ageing process is carried out again: performing full alternating aging for the 2 nd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the 1 st half part of the 1 st time, namely, fully beginning at the low temperature and ending at the high temperature alternating aging process for 1 time (the 2 nd time, namely, fully beginning at the high temperature and ending at the low temperature alternating aging process), or performing full alternating aging for the 3 rd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the 2 nd time full alternating aging process for 1 time (the 3 rd time, namely, fully beginning at the low temperature and ending at the high temperature alternating aging process), … …, and so on, or performing full alternating aging for the Nth time, and sequentially and reversely repeating the N-1 st time full alternating aging process for 1 time (the Nth time, namely, fully beginning at the high temperature and ending at the low temperature or fully beginning at the low temperature and ending at the high temperature alternating aging process); 3) and (3) after the 2 nd, 3 rd, … … th or Nth time fully starts from the high temperature to the low temperature or fully starts from the low temperature to the high temperature alternating aging process and completely ends, continuing the final cooling process: and finally, continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel from the highest temperature or the lowest temperature of the high-temperature-changing alternating ageing to the room temperature for cooling (the second part is fully started from the whole high-temperature-changing alternating ageing heat treatment process).
According to the technical scheme, the invention can fundamentally solve the problems of poor quality stability, low qualified product rate, low hardness (or low mechanical property), poor consistency, long heating time, low efficiency, poor heating reliability of heat treatment equipment, low service life of high-temperature components, high cost and the like which cannot be solved by the traditional mainstream austenitic stainless steel technical method.
Although the invention is researched by taking the heat treatment method of austenitic stainless steel (the used heating equipment is the conventional box-type resistance heating furnace) as a research object, the invention is also applicable to heat treatment methods of other types of stainless steel, high-temperature alloy and the like (the heating equipment can also be selected from other types of resistance heating furnaces, high-medium and low-frequency heating furnaces, salt bath heating furnaces, gas-fuel oil heating furnaces, fluid particle heating furnaces, vacuum heating furnaces and the like); similarly, the method is also suitable for the heat treatment method related in the technical fields of hot working engineering such as austenitic stainless steel smelting, steel rolling, forging, heat treatment and the like related in steel mills and manufacturing plants; meanwhile, it should be noted that: it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several arrangements, combinations, modifications, improvements (especially, the solution and aging heating temperature and time, and the cooling medium can be properly adjusted or changed according to the grade of austenitic stainless steel, the use performance, the heating equipment, etc.) without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, etc. should also be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A full solid solution and high temperature variable temperature alternating aging composite heat treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a substantially solution heat treatment process, the substantially solution heat treatment process comprising: heating and heat preservation are carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is heated to the minimum temperature of full solid solution from room temperature within a specified time in a heating furnace, heating and heat preservation are carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated to the middle solid solution temperature of full solid solution from the minimum temperature of full solid solution, heating and heat preservation are carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated to the maximum temperature of full solid solution from the middle solid solution temperature of full solid solution, and finally cooling is carried out when the austenitic stainless steel is continuously taken out of the furnace by adopting a specific cooling mode and is cooled from the maximum temperature of full solid solution to the maximum temperature of full temperature-changing alternating ageing;
after the full solid solution heat treatment is finished, the high-temperature-changing alternating aging heat treatment is continuously carried out, and the method comprises the following steps of 1 st time of full high-temperature-changing alternating aging process: firstly, the first half part of the 1 st time is carried out, wherein the first half part is fully started at high temperature and ended at low temperature without alternating aging: heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the highest aging temperature in a heating furnace within a specified time, then continuing heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the intermediate aging temperature when the austenitic stainless steel is cooled to the intermediate aging temperature, and then continuing heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel at the lowest aging temperature when the austenitic stainless steel is cooled to the lowest final aging temperature; then, continuing the second half of the 1 st time, starting from the low temperature and ending in the high temperature variable temperature alternating aging process: the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated and kept warm at the aging intermediate temperature when the temperature is raised from the aging minimum temperature to the aging intermediate temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time, and then the austenitic stainless steel is continuously heated and kept warm at the aging maximum temperature when the temperature is raised from the aging intermediate temperature to the aging maximum temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time; after the 1 st full high-temperature alternating aging process is ended, the 2 nd, the 3 rd, the … … th and the Nth full alternating aging processes are carried out: fully alternating aging for the 2 nd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the second half part of the 1 st time in the low-temperature-changing alternating aging process for 1 time, fully alternating aging for the 3 rd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the 2 nd time for 1 time, … …, and so on, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N th time and sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N-1 st time for 1 time; and (3) after the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time, the … … th time and the Nth time are fully started from the high temperature to the low temperature or fully started from the low temperature to the high temperature changing temperature alternating aging process, the final cooling process is continued: and finally, continuously adopting a specific cooling mode to cool the austenitic stainless steel discharged from the furnace from the lowest temperature or the highest temperature of the high-temperature-changing alternating aging to the room temperature.
2. The full solid solution and full high temperature ramp alternate aging combined heat treatment method according to claim 1, characterized in that the full high temperature ramp alternate aging heat treatment process is a full high temperature ramp alternate aging heat treatment process which is continuously performed under conditions such as a multi-stage heating temperature interval, a multi-stage heating sequence, a multi-stage heating time, a multi-stage heating frequency, a specific cooling method and the like after the full solid solution heat treatment is finished.
3. The method for high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging combined heat treatment with full solid solution and full start according to claim 1, characterized in that the total number of alternating aging times of the high-temperature alternating aging heat treatment and the low-temperature alternating aging heat treatment is 1, wherein 2N is less than or equal to 6 times, N is 2, or 3, 4, or 5, 6, and finally the alternating aging process is finished with N is 2, 4 or 6 times.
4. The method for high temperature-varying alternate aging combined heat treatment with full solid solution and full start according to claim 1, wherein the total number of alternate aging times of the high temperature-varying alternate aging combined heat treatment with full start and high temperature-varying alternate aging is 1, 1 time comprises 1 ≤ N ≤ 5 times, N ═ 1, or 2, 3, or 4, 5, and finally the alternate aging process is finished with N ═ 1, 3, or 5 times.
5. The method for the compound heat treatment of full solid solution and full high-temperature alternating aging according to claim 1, wherein the multi-stage temperature reduction temperature interval related to full high-temperature alternating aging is as follows: 1 st temperature reduction, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval: n staged cooling temperature intervals which start from the cooling aging highest temperature interval Tafmax-1, sequentially pass through n-2 aging intermediate temperature intervals Tafm-1 and finally end to the aging lowest temperature interval Tafmin-1, wherein n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7; temperature reduction, temperature variation, alternating aging temperature intervals of 2 nd time, 3 rd time and 4 th time: the cooling aging process is sequentially repeated, and the relation of the numerical values of the lowest temperature interval of the cooling temperature variation alternating aging for the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmin-1 is more than Tafmin-2 is more than Tafmin-3 is more than Tafmin-4, and the numerical relation of the temperature-reducing, temperature-changing, alternating and aging intermediate temperature intervals of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafm-1 is more than Tafm-2 is more than Tafm-3 is more than Tafm-4, and the relation of the temperature reduction, temperature variation, alternation, aging, highest temperature interval values of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmax-1 > Tafmax-2 > Tafmax-3 > Tafmax-4; the second part is fully started from a multi-stage cooling temperature range related to high-temperature variable-temperature alternating ageing, and any one of a cooling ageing lowest temperature range, a cooling ageing middle temperature range and a cooling ageing highest temperature range is not repeated, and any one of a heating ageing lowest temperature range, a heating ageing middle temperature range and a heating ageing highest temperature range is not repeated.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-stage temperature-raising temperature range for fully solid-dissolving and fully high-temperature-alternating-aging is: 1 st temperature rise, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval: n staged heating temperature intervals are started from the temperature-rise aging lowest temperature interval Tafmin-1, sequentially pass through n-2 aging middle temperature intervals Tafm-1 and finally reach the time-rise aging highest temperature interval Tafmax-1, and n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7; temperature rise, temperature change, alternating aging temperature interval for the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time or the 4 th time: the temperature-rise aging process is sequentially repeated, and the numerical values of the lowest temperature interval of the temperature-rise temperature-change alternating aging at the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time are as follows: tafmin-1 is more than Tafmin-2 is more than Tafmin-3 is more than Tafmin-4, and the relation of the numerical values of the intermediate temperature intervals of the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time of temperature rise and aging is as follows: tafm-1 is more than Tafm-2 is more than Tafm-3 is more than Tafm-4, the relation of the maximum temperature interval values of the temperature rise, temperature change, alternation and aging for the 1 st time, the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time and the 4 th time is as follows: tafmax-1 > Tafmax-2 > Tafmax-3 > Tafmax-4; the multi-stage heating temperature range fully starting from the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging does not repeatedly have any heating aging minimum temperature range, heating aging middle temperature range and heating aging maximum temperature range, and does not repeatedly have any cooling aging minimum temperature range, cooling aging middle temperature range and cooling aging maximum temperature range.
7. The compound heat treatment method for full solid solution and full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging according to claim 1, characterized in that the mathematical relationship between the minimum heating temperature Tafmin and the minimum theoretical heating temperature Taftmin for full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging is as follows: tafmin ═ Taftmin;
in the formula, Tafmin is the lowest heating temperature of full high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging at the temperature of DEG C and is the heating temperature of the first stage of full temperature-raising aging; taftmin is the minimum theoretical heating temperature of aging, DEG C.
8. The compound heat treatment method for full solid solution and full high-temperature alternating aging as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mathematical relationship between the maximum heating temperature Tafmax of full high-temperature alternating aging and the maximum theoretical heating temperature Taftmax of aging is as follows: tafmax is Taftmax;
in the formula, Tafmax is the highest heating temperature (DEG C) of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging; taftmax is the maximum theoretical heating temperature of aging at C.
9. The full solution and full onset high temperature ramp and aging combined heat treatment method of claim 1, wherein the mathematical relationship between the intermediate heating temperature Tafm and the aging minimum heating temperature Tafmin and the aging maximum heating temperature Tafmax at each stage of full onset high temperature ramp and aging is as follows: tafm ═ Tafmin + ni(Tafmax–Tafmin)/(n–1)；
In the formula, Tafm is the intermediate heating temperature and the temperature of each stage of the high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging, and is the specific stage temperature from the 2 nd stage to the 2 nd last stage of the high-temperature cooling or heating alternating aging; tafmin is the lowest heating temperature of the alternating aging process of fully cooling at high temperature or heating up at the temperature of DEG C; n isiThe specific nth heating temperature interval from high to low or from low to high for the 2 nd to the 2 nd last phasesiNumber of stages, n being not less than 1iLess than or equal to 5; tafmax is the maximum heating temperature of the high-temperature cooling or heating alternating aging fully; (Tafmax-Tafmin)/n is a specific value which is fully cooled or heated and decreased or gradually increased in temperature difference, and the DEG C is unchanged; n is the interval from the lowest temperature Tafmin of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging to the highest heating temperature Tafmax of high-temperature variable-temperature alternating aging or from the high-temperature variable-temperature alternatingAnd n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 7.
10. The method for fully solutionizing and fully beginning with high temperature varying alternating aging composite heat treatment according to claim 1, wherein the fully beginning with high temperature varying alternating aging heat treatment process comprises the following processes: 1) the 1 st time is fully started in the process that high temperature is finally changed into temperature and alternating aging: firstly, the first half part of the 1 st time is carried out, wherein the first half part is fully started at high temperature and ended at low temperature without alternating aging: heating and preserving the austenitic stainless steel in a heating furnace at the highest temperature which is fully started from the high-temperature change and alternating ageing within a specified time, then continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel to the ageing intermediate temperature for heating and preserving the heat, and then continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel to the final ageing lowest temperature for heating and preserving the heat; then continuing the second half part of the 1 st time, starting from the low temperature and ending in the high temperature variable temperature alternating aging process: heating and preserving heat of the austenitic stainless steel from the lowest aging temperature to the middle aging temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time, and then heating and preserving heat of the austenitic stainless steel from the middle aging temperature to the highest aging temperature in the heating furnace within the specified time; 2) after the 1 st full high-temperature alternating aging process is ended, the 2 nd, the 3 rd, the … … th and the Nth full alternating aging processes are carried out: fully alternating aging for the 2 nd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the second half part of the 1 st time in the low-temperature-changing alternating aging process for 1 time, fully alternating aging for the 3 rd time, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the 2 nd time for 1 time, … …, and so on, sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N th time and sequentially and reversely repeating the fully alternating aging process for the N-1 st time for 1 time; 3) and after the 2 nd time, the 3 rd time, the … … th time and the Nth time are fully started from the high temperature to the low temperature or fully started from the low temperature to the high temperature changing temperature alternating aging process and are completely finished, the final cooling process is continued: and finally, continuously cooling the austenitic stainless steel from the highest temperature or the lowest temperature of the low-temperature-changing alternating ageing to room temperature for cooling.
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| CN115261595B (en) * | 2022-07-27 | 2023-11-14 | 大连环新新材料科技有限公司 | Continuous solution treatment method and device for austenitic stainless steel wire rod |
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