CN114350046A - Photovoltaic cable and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention is suitable for the technical field of photovoltaic cables, and provides a photovoltaic cable and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: the cable core is provided with a plurality of conductors which are mutually interwoven and wound; the insulating layer is coated on the outer side of the cable core; the wear-resistant layer is coated on the outer side of the insulating layer; and the protective layer covers the outer side of the wear-resistant layer, the outer side of the cable core is covered with the insulating layer, so that the phenomenon of electric leakage can be avoided when a plurality of conductors are used for conveying current, the normal work of the plurality of conductors is effectively guaranteed, meanwhile, the wear-resistant layer and the protective layer are sequentially covered on the outer side of the insulating layer, the insulating layer and the cable core in the insulating layer can be effectively protected, the phenomena of rubbing and cracking of the cable core are prevented, the overall working life of the photovoltaic cable is prolonged, the service life of the photovoltaic cable is prolonged, and the overall structural strength of the device is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of photovoltaic cables, and particularly relates to a photovoltaic cable and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Solar energy is the cleanest, safe and reliable energy source in the future, and the photovoltaic industry related to the solar energy is increasingly becoming an explosive industry after the IT and microelectronic industries internationally. In recent ten years, the photovoltaic industry in China is rapidly developed and becomes the biggest world production country of photovoltaic cell assemblies. The industry is continuously attacking key materials and key technologies, the manufacturing cost of the photovoltaic is continuously reduced, and China tends to become a big country for photovoltaic power generation. With the rapid development of the photovoltaic industry in China, the grid-connected power price of photovoltaic power generation is expected to be equal to that of conventional power in the near future. Photovoltaic cables are key components for connecting photovoltaic modules and inverters, and the market demand thereof is rapidly increasing with the rapid development of the photovoltaic industry.
The existing photovoltaic cable has the defects that the performance can not meet the actual requirement, or the production process is complex, the cost is high, and the existing photovoltaic cable cannot be popularized and used on a large scale. Therefore, there is a need to develop a photovoltaic cable product with excellent performance in all aspects, simple production process, low cost, long service life, safety and environmental protection
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a photovoltaic cable and a preparation method and application thereof, and aims to solve the problems in the background technology.
The invention is thus achieved, a photovoltaic cable comprising: the cable core is provided with a plurality of conductors which are mutually interwoven and wound; the insulating layer is coated on the outer side of the cable core; the wear-resistant layer is coated on the outer side of the insulating layer; the protective layer is coated on the outer side of the wear-resistant layer;
the insulating layer, the wear-resistant layer and the protective layer are all composed of the following components in parts by mass:
the insulating layer includes: polyolefin layer: 90-100 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 50-70 parts; a lubricating agent: 2-4 parts; flame retardant: 40-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts and 1-2 parts of antioxidant;
the wear resistant layer includes: ethylene propylene diene monomer: 170-180 parts; white carbon black: 10-20 parts; softening agent: 5-20 parts; zinc oxide: 2-6 parts; sulfur: 1-2 parts of an antioxidant: 1-2 parts;
the protective layer includes: flame retardant: 50-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 10-20 parts; polyolefin layer: 90-110 parts; 2-4 parts of a lubricant and 1-2 parts of an antioxidant.
Preferably, the polyolefin layer comprises: one or two of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene.
Preferably, the lubricant is at least one of zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate and stearate.
Preferably, the antioxidant is a hindered phenol antioxidant.
Preferably, the flame retardant is a phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant, wherein the phosphorus content is 21-25%, the nitrogen content is 20-24%, the particle size is 10-15 mu m, and the decomposition temperature is not lower than 280 ℃.
Preferably, the wear-resistant layer is a rubber protective layer.
Preferably, a plurality of the conductors are all copper wires or tinned copper wires.
A preparation method of a photovoltaic cable comprises the following steps:
preparing the insulating layer:
s1, first, the polyolefin layer: 90-100 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 50-70 parts; lubricant: 2-4 parts; flame retardant: 40-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts of antioxidant and 1-2 parts of antioxidant are stirred at high speed, taken out after stirring is finished, and put into an internal mixer to obtain a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attaching;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the internally mixed product to obtain the cable material of the insulating layer;
preparing the wear-resistant layer:
s1, mixing ethylene propylene diene monomer: placing 170-180 parts of the raw rubber into an internal mixer for plastication to obtain plasticated raw rubber;
s2, putting the raw rubber prepared in the S1 into a ball milling tank, and sequentially adding an anti-aging agent: 1-2 parts of zinc oxide, 2-6 parts of white carbon black, 5-20 parts of a softener, 1-2 parts of sulfur and a vulcanizing agent, and sealing a ball milling tank for ball milling;
s3, vulcanizing the product obtained by ball milling by a double vulcanizing agent to obtain the rubber;
preparing the protective layer:
s1, mixing the flame retardant: 50-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 10-20 parts; polyolefin layer: 90-110 parts; 2-4 parts of lubricant and 1-2 parts of antioxidant are stirred at a high speed, taken out after stirring is completed, put into an internal mixer, and mixed uniformly to obtain a mixed product after internal mixing;
and S2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the mixed product after banburying to obtain the cable material of the protective layer.
Preferably, in the preparation process of the insulating layer, the mixing temperature of an internal mixer in S1 is 120-140 ℃, and the mixing time is 3-5 min;
in the preparation process of the wear-resistant layer, the speed of a ball milling tank in S2 is 500-1000 rpm, and the reaction time is 3-5 h;
in the preparation process of the protective layer, the banburying temperature of a banbury mixer in S1 is 130-140 ℃, and the banburying time is 2-4 min.
The application of the photovoltaic cable in the photovoltaic industry is provided.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention discloses a photovoltaic cable and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps:
the insulating layer is coated on the outer side of the cable core, so that the phenomenon of electric leakage can be avoided when a plurality of conductors carry current, the normal work of the plurality of conductors is effectively guaranteed, meanwhile, the outer side of the insulating layer is sequentially coated with the wear-resistant layer and the protective layer, the insulating layer and the cable core in the insulating layer can be effectively protected, the phenomena of rubbing and cracking of the cable can be prevented, the overall working life and the service life of the photovoltaic cable are prolonged, and the overall structural strength of the device is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a winding structure of a plurality of conductors according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the preparation of an insulating layer according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the preparation of the wear resistant layer of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the preparation of a protective layer according to the present invention;
in the figure:
1. a cable core; 11. a conductor;
2. an insulating layer;
3. a wear layer;
4. and a protective layer.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, it being understood that the specific examples described herein are only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1-5, the present invention provides a technical solution, a photovoltaic cable, including:
the cable comprises a cable core 1, an insulating layer 2, a wear-resistant layer 3 and a protective layer 4, wherein the cable core 1 is composed of a plurality of conductors 11 which are interwoven, wound and bundled with one another, the insulating layer 2 is coated on the outer side of the cable core 1, the wear-resistant layer 3 is coated on the outer side of the insulating layer 2, and the protective layer 4 is coated on the outer side of the wear-resistant layer 3.
The first embodiment is as follows:
the insulating layer 2, the wear-resistant layer 3 and the protective layer 4 are all composed of the following components in parts by mass:
the insulating layer 2 includes: polyolefin layer: 90 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 50 parts; lubricant: 2 parts; flame retardant: 40 parts; polysiloxane: 2 parts; titanium dioxide: 3 parts of a mixture; 1 part of antioxidant;
the wear-resistant layer 3 includes: ethylene propylene diene monomer: 170 parts; white carbon black: 10 parts; softening agent: 5 parts; zinc oxide: 2 parts; sulfur: 1 part of a raw material; an anti-aging agent: 1 part of a raw material;
the protective layer 4 includes: flame retardant: 50 parts; polysiloxane: 2 parts; titanium dioxide: 3 parts of a mixture; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 10 parts; polyolefin layer: 90 parts; 2 parts of a lubricant; 1 part of antioxidant;
the polyolefin layer comprises: one or two of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene;
the lubricant is at least one of zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate and stearate;
the antioxidant is hindered phenol antioxidant;
the flame retardant is a phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant, wherein the phosphorus content is 21%, the nitrogen content is 20%, the particle size is 10 mu m, and the decomposition temperature is not lower than 280 ℃;
the wear-resistant layer 3 is a rubber protective layer;
the plurality of conductors 11 are all copper wires or tinned copper wires.
Further, the insulating layer 2, the abrasion resistant layer 3, and the protective layer 4 are prepared by:
preparation of the insulating layer 2:
s1, first, the polyolefin layer: 90 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 50 parts; lubricant: 2 parts; flame retardant: 40 parts; polysiloxane: 2 parts; titanium dioxide: 3 parts of a mixture; stirring 1 part of antioxidant at a high speed, taking out after stirring, putting into an internal mixer, and obtaining a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attaching;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the mixed product after banburying to obtain the cable material of the insulating layer 2;
in the preparation process of the insulating layer 2, the banburying temperature of a banbury mixer in S1 is 120 ℃, and the banburying time is 3 min;
preparation of the wear-resistant layer 3:
s1, mixing ethylene propylene diene monomer: putting 170 parts of the mixture into an internal mixer for plastication to obtain plasticated raw rubber;
s2, putting the raw rubber prepared in the S1 into a ball milling tank, and sequentially adding an anti-aging agent: 1 part, 2 parts of zinc oxide, 10 parts of white carbon black, 5 parts of softener, 1 part of sulfur and vulcanizing agent, and performing ball milling in a sealed ball milling tank;
s3, vulcanizing the product obtained by ball milling with a double vulcanizing agent to obtain rubber;
in the preparation process of the wear-resistant layer 3, the speed of a ball milling tank in S2 is 500rpm, and the reaction time is 3 h;
preparation of the protective layer 4:
s1, mixing the flame retardant: 50 parts; polysiloxane: 2 parts; titanium dioxide: 3 parts of a mixture; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 10 parts; polyolefin layer: 90 parts; 2 parts of a lubricant; stirring the antioxidant 1 part by weight at a high speed, taking out the antioxidant after stirring, putting the antioxidant into an internal mixer, and obtaining a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attaching;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the mixed product after banburying to obtain the cable material of the protective layer 4;
in the preparation of the protective layer 4, the banburying temperature of the banbury mixer in S1 was 130 ℃, and the banburying time was 2 min.
Example two:
the insulating layer 2, the wear-resistant layer 3 and the protective layer 4 are all composed of the following components in parts by mass:
the insulating layer 2 includes: polyolefin layer: 100 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 70 parts; lubricant: 4 parts; flame retardant: 70 parts; polysiloxane: 5 parts; titanium dioxide: 5 parts; 2 parts of antioxidant;
the wear-resistant layer 3 includes: ethylene propylene diene monomer: 180 parts; white carbon black: 20 parts; softening agent: 20 parts; zinc oxide: 6 parts; sulfur: 2 parts; an anti-aging agent: 2 parts;
the protective layer 4 includes: flame retardant: 70 parts; polysiloxane: 5 parts; titanium dioxide: 5 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 20 parts; polyolefin layer: 110 parts; 4 parts of a lubricant; 2 parts of an antioxidant;
the polyolefin layer comprises: one or two of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene;
the lubricant is at least one of zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate and stearate;
the antioxidant is hindered phenol antioxidant;
the flame retardant is a phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant, wherein the phosphorus content is 25%, the nitrogen content is 24%, the particle size is 15 mu m, and the decomposition temperature is not lower than 280 ℃;
the wear-resistant layer 3 is a rubber protective layer;
the plurality of conductors 11 are all copper wires or tinned copper wires.
Further, the insulating layer 2, the abrasion resistant layer 3, and the protective layer 4 are prepared by:
preparation of the insulating layer 2:
s1, first, the polyolefin layer: 100 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 70 parts; lubricant: 4 parts; flame retardant: 70 parts; polysiloxane: 5 parts; titanium dioxide: 5 parts; stirring the antioxidant 2 parts at a high speed, taking out after stirring, putting into an internal mixer, and obtaining a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attaching;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the mixed product after banburying to obtain the cable material of the insulating layer 2;
in the preparation process of the insulating layer 2, the banburying temperature of a banbury mixer in S1 is 140 ℃, and the banburying time is 5 min;
preparation of the wear-resistant layer 3:
s1, mixing ethylene propylene diene monomer: placing 180 parts of the mixture into an internal mixer for plastication to obtain plasticated raw rubber;
s2, putting the raw rubber prepared in the S1 into a ball milling tank, and sequentially adding an anti-aging agent: 2 parts, 6 parts of zinc oxide, 20 parts of white carbon black, 20 parts of softener, 2 parts of sulfur and vulcanizing agent, and performing ball milling in a sealed ball milling tank;
s3, vulcanizing the product obtained by ball milling with a double vulcanizing agent to obtain rubber;
in the preparation process of the wear-resistant layer 3, the speed of a ball milling tank in S2 is 1000rpm, and the reaction time is 5 h;
preparation of the protective layer 4:
s1, mixing the flame retardant: 70 parts; polysiloxane: 5 parts; titanium dioxide: 5 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 20 parts; polyolefin layer: 110 parts; 4 parts of a lubricant; stirring the antioxidant 2 parts at a high speed, taking out after stirring, putting into an internal mixer, and obtaining a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attachment;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the mixed product after banburying to obtain the cable material of the protective layer 4;
in the preparation of the protective layer 4, the banburying temperature of the banbury mixer in S1 was 140 ℃, and the banburying time was 4 min.
Example three:
the insulating layer 2, the wear-resistant layer 3 and the protective layer 4 are all composed of the following components in parts by mass:
the insulating layer 2 includes: polyolefin layer: 95 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 60 parts; lubricant: 3 parts of a mixture; flame retardant: 55 parts; polysiloxane: 3 parts of a mixture; titanium dioxide: 4 parts; 1 part of antioxidant;
the wear-resistant layer 3 includes: ethylene propylene diene monomer: 175 parts of a mixture; white carbon black: 16 parts of a mixture; softening agent: 14 parts; zinc oxide: 4 parts; sulfur: 1 part of a raw material; an anti-aging agent: 2 parts;
the protective layer 4 includes: flame retardant: 60 parts; polysiloxane: 4 parts; titanium dioxide: 4 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 16 parts of a mixture; polyolefin layer: 100 parts; 3 parts of a lubricant; 2 parts of an antioxidant;
the polyolefin layer comprises: one or two of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene;
the lubricant is at least one of zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate and stearate;
the antioxidant is hindered phenol antioxidant;
the flame retardant is a phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant, wherein the phosphorus content is 23%, the nitrogen content is 22%, the particle size is 13 mu m, and the decomposition temperature is not lower than 280 ℃;
the wear-resistant layer 3 is a rubber protective layer;
the plurality of conductors 11 are all copper wires or tinned copper wires.
Further, the insulating layer 2, the abrasion resistant layer 3, and the protective layer 4 are prepared by:
preparation of the insulating layer 2:
s1, first, the polyolefin layer: 95 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 60 parts; lubricant: 3 parts of a mixture; flame retardant: 55 parts; polysiloxane: 3 parts of a mixture; titanium dioxide: 4 parts; stirring 1 part of antioxidant at a high speed, taking out after stirring, putting into an internal mixer, and obtaining a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attaching;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the mixed product after banburying to obtain the cable material of the insulating layer 2;
in the preparation process of the insulating layer 2, the banburying temperature of a banbury mixer in S1 is 130 ℃, and the banburying time is 4 min;
preparation of the wear-resistant layer 3:
s1, mixing ethylene propylene diene monomer: placing 175 parts of the mixture into an internal mixer for plastication to obtain plasticated raw rubber;
s2, putting the raw rubber prepared in the S1 into a ball milling tank, and sequentially adding an anti-aging agent: 2 parts, 4 parts of zinc oxide, 16 parts of white carbon black, 14 parts of softener, 1 part of sulfur and vulcanizing agent, and performing ball milling in a sealed ball milling tank;
s3, vulcanizing the product obtained by ball milling with a double vulcanizing agent to obtain rubber;
in the preparation process of the wear-resistant layer 3, the ball milling tank in the S2 is 800rpm, and the reaction time is 4 h;
preparation of the protective layer 4:
s1, mixing the flame retardant: 60 parts; polysiloxane: 4 parts; titanium dioxide: 4 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 16 parts of a mixture; polyolefin layer: 100 parts; 3 parts of a lubricant; stirring the antioxidant 2 parts at a high speed, taking out after stirring, putting into an internal mixer, and obtaining a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attachment;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the mixed product after banburying to obtain the cable material of the protective layer 4;
in the preparation of the protective layer 4, the banburying temperature of the banbury mixer in S1 was 136 ℃, and the banburying time was 3 min.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A photovoltaic cable, comprising:
the cable core (1) is composed of a plurality of conductors (11) which are interwoven and wound;
an insulating layer (2) which covers the outside of the cable core (1);
the wear-resistant layer (3) is coated on the outer side of the insulating layer (2); and the number of the first and second groups,
a protective layer (4) which covers the outer side of the wear-resistant layer (3);
the insulating layer (2), the wear-resistant layer (3) and the protective layer (4) are all composed of the following components in parts by mass:
the insulating layer (2) comprises: polyolefin layer: 90-100 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 50-70 parts; lubricant: 2-4 parts; flame retardant: 40-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts and 1-2 parts of antioxidant;
the wear resistant layer (3) comprises: ethylene propylene diene monomer: 170-180 parts; white carbon black: 10-20 parts; softening agent: 5-20 parts; zinc oxide: 2-6 parts; sulfur: 1-2 parts of an antioxidant: 1-2 parts;
the protective layer (4) comprises: flame retardant: 50-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 10-20 parts; polyolefin layer: 90-110 parts; 2-4 parts of a lubricant and 1-2 parts of an antioxidant.
2. The photovoltaic cable of claim 1, wherein the polyolefin layer comprises: one or two of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene.
3. The photovoltaic cable of claim 1, wherein the lubricant is at least one of zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, and stearate.
4. A photovoltaic cable according to claim 1, wherein the antioxidant is a hindered phenolic antioxidant.
5. The photovoltaic cable of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant is a phosphorus nitrogen based flame retardant:
wherein, the phosphorus content is 21-25%, the nitrogen content is 20-24%, the particle size is 10-15 μm, and the decomposition temperature is not lower than 280 ℃.
6. A photovoltaic cable according to claim 1, characterized in that said abrasion-resistant layer (3) is a rubber protective layer.
7. A photovoltaic cable according to claim 1, characterized in that a plurality of said conductors (11) are copper wires or tin-plated copper wires.
8. A method of making a photovoltaic cable according to any one of claims 1 to 7: the method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
preparation of the insulating layer (2):
s1, first, the polyolefin layer: 90-100 parts; magnesium hydroxide: 50-70 parts; lubricant: 2-4 parts; flame retardant: 40-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts of antioxidant and 1-2 parts of antioxidant are stirred at high speed, taken out after stirring is finished, and put into an internal mixer to obtain a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attaching;
s2, extruding, air cooling, drying and granulating the internally mixed product to obtain the cable material of the insulating layer (2);
preparing the wear-resistant layer (3):
s1, mixing ethylene propylene diene monomer: placing 170-180 parts of the raw rubber into an internal mixer for plastication to obtain plasticated raw rubber;
s2, putting the raw rubber prepared in the S1 into a ball milling tank, and sequentially adding an anti-aging agent: 1-2 parts of zinc oxide, 2-6 parts of white carbon black, 10-20 parts of a softener, 1-2 parts of sulfur and a vulcanizing agent, and performing ball milling in a sealed ball milling tank;
s3, vulcanizing the product obtained by ball milling by a double vulcanizing agent to obtain the rubber;
preparation of the protective layer (4):
s1, mixing the flame retardant: 50-70 parts; polysiloxane: 2-5 parts; titanium dioxide: 3-5 parts; aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide: 10-20 parts; polyolefin layer: 90-110 parts; 2-4 parts of lubricant and 1-2 parts of antioxidant are stirred at high speed, taken out after stirring is completed, and put into an internal mixer to obtain a mixed product after internal mixing after uniform attaching;
and S2, extruding, air-cooling, drying and granulating the internally mixed product to obtain the cable material of the protective layer (4).
9. The method of claim 8 for preparing a photovoltaic cable: it is characterized in that the preparation method is characterized in that,
in the preparation process of the insulating layer (2), the internal mixer in S1 has a mixing temperature of 120-140 ℃ and a mixing time of 3-5 min;
in the preparation process of the wear-resistant layer (3), the ball milling tank in S2 is 500-1000 rpm, and the reaction time is 3-5 h;
in the preparation process of the protective layer (4), the banburying temperature of a banbury mixer in S1 is 130-140 ℃, and the banburying time is 2-4 min.
10. Use of a photovoltaic cable according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in the photovoltaic industry.
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| CN202111643960.6A CN114350046A (en) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | Photovoltaic cable and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN202111643960.6A CN114350046A (en) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | Photovoltaic cable and preparation method and application thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN117831837A (en) * | 2024-03-01 | 2024-04-05 | 云南百冠电线电缆有限公司 | Anti-creeping separable double-layer insulated wire with tin-plated copper conductor and processing technology |
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| US20070009665A1 (en) * | 2004-01-14 | 2007-01-11 | Alexander Karoleen B | Method of making a multi-layered structure for tree well skirt and sidewalks |
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