CN114345389B - InN nanoparticle with uniform carbon coating and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
InN nanoparticle with uniform carbon coating and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of nanomaterials and electrocatalysis, and discloses a preparation method of InN nanosheet particles with uniform carbon coating, thereby improving the electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 Performance. The application provides a preparation method of InN nano-sheet particles coated with uniform carbon, which comprises the following steps of step 1, preparing a precursor, adding InCl3.4H2O into deionized water, stirring for 20-40min at room temperature, adding ammonia water, stirring for 6-14H to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze-drying for 5-12H to obtain white powder; and 2, preparing the InN nanosheets. And 3, preparing the carbon-coated InN nanosheets. The method for preparing the carbon-coated InN nano-sheet by calcining the InN nano-sheet coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone at a proper calcining temperature and for a proper time in an argon atmosphere can realize mass synthesis and has a wide application prospect in practical large-scale industrial application.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of nano materials and electrocatalysis, in particular to an InN nano particle with uniform carbon coating, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Currently, fossil fuelled combustion releases large amounts of CO while providing energy 2 The problem of the gas, and the consequent greenhouse effect, has evolved into a global environmental problem. In recent years, research has found that the carbon atoms in the fuel are converted into hydrocarbon fuel, and the CO can be relieved 2 Can create new environment problemsValue and therefore is of interest to a large number of researchers. The electrochemical reduction process of carbon dioxide utilizes the electric energy generated by renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy and the like to convert carbon dioxide molecules and water molecules into valuable compounds, so that on one hand, the efficient storage of the electric energy can be realized, and on the other hand, the emission reduction of carbon dioxide can be realized, and the method has a wide application prospect. Due to CO 2 The chemical inertness of the molecule, electro-reduction, is limited to a large extent by slow reaction kinetics and a huge barrier to activation. In addition, the hydrogen evolution reaction is considered to be CO 2 The primary competing reactions of electroreduction limit catalytic activity and selectivity. Therefore, to increase CO 2 The practicability of the electroreduction, the exploration and development of the catalyst which has simple synthesis method and high efficiency, high selectivity and high stability on the premise of being capable of synthesizing a large amount, has important significance.
Based on previous studies, a large number of transition metal materials have been developed as efficient catalysts. In which InN is applied to an electrocatalytic reaction due to its excellent electron transport property and a narrow energy band. However, for pure InN, CO is reduced in electrocatalytic 2 In the process, serious surface reconstruction occurs, so that the stability is poor, and the practical application is not facilitated. With the development of science and technology, researchers have found that carbon coating is one of the most common materials modification methods. Carbon coating of the material can improve the conductivity of the material on one hand and provide a stable chemical and electrochemical reaction interface on the other hand, and becomes an important strategy for the modification of the current catalyst. It is reported that after a carbon layer is coated on the surface of the catalyst, the structure of the catalyst can be effectively protected from being damaged in the electrocatalytic process, and a unique interface is formed between the carbon layer and the catalyst to change the electron transfer path of the catalyst, so that the catalyst has good catalytic activity and stability. In most of the currently reported preparation methods of carbon-coated materials, the synthesis conditions are harsh, the obtained carbon layer is nonuniform in thickness and high in production cost, and further the catalytic performance of the carbon-coated materials is limited. Therefore, the method for exploring the InN nano-sheet catalyst with simple synthesis conditions, low production cost and uniform carbon layer thickness has certain challenges.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to provide an InN nanoparticle with uniform carbon coating, a preparation method and application thereof, so as to solve the problems in the background art.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present application provides the following technical solutions:
a composite material having a uniform carbon-coated InN nanoparticle with a uniform carbon layer coated outside the InN nanosheet particle.
Further, the thickness of the carbon layer is uniform, and the thickness value is 3-5nm.
The application provides a preparation method of InN nano particles with uniform carbon coating, which comprises the following steps,
step 1, preparation of precursor
Adding InCl3.4H2O into deionized water, stirring at room temperature for 20-40min, adding ammonia water, stirring for 6-14H to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze drying for 5-12H to obtain white powder;
step 2, preparation of InN nanosheets
Placing the white powder obtained after drying in the step 1 in a quartz boat and placing in a tube furnace, in an ammonia atmosphere, programming to 600-800 ℃, and calcining for 1h at 600-800 ℃ to obtain black brown powder, wherein the flow rate of ammonia is 10-20mL/min;
step 3, preparation of carbon-coated InN nanosheets
Adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into deionized water to form a transparent solution, adding the black brown powder obtained in the step 2, stirring for 7-13h at room temperature to form black brown precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, then vacuum drying for 5-12h, placing the dried black powder into a quartz boat, placing into a tube furnace, heating to 400-600 ℃ in an argon atmosphere, calcining for 0.5-2h at 400-600 ℃ to obtain black powder, and carrying out inert gas argon at a flow rate of 10-20mL/min.
Further, in step 1, a large amount of synthesis can be achieved by increasing the amount of the reactants without changing the addition ratio of the three reactants.
Further, when a large amount of synthesis is realized, the volume ratio of ammonia water to deionized water is 75-80: the mass ratio of 1, inCl3.4H2O to deionized water is 1:100.
Further, in the step 2, the average temperature rising rate of the ammonia atmosphere is 14 ℃/min.
Further, in the step 3, the average temperature rising rate of the argon atmosphere is 15 ℃/min.
The application also provides application of the InN nano-particles with uniform carbon coating as a catalyst for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide.
The specific use method is that 5mg of the carbon-coated InN nano-sheet catalyst obtained in the step 3 in the embodiment is weighed and dispersed in a mixed solution of 300ul of absolute ethyl alcohol and naphthol, the volume ratio of the absolute ethyl alcohol to the naphthol is 6:19, and the uniformly dispersed mixed solution is obtained by ultrasonic dispersion for 30 min. 100uL of the uniformly dispersed mixture was applied dropwise to an area of 1X 1cm in 2 portions using a 100uL range pipette 2 On the pretreated carbon cloth, the carbon cloth coated with the catalyst is directly used as a working electrode after being dried, and an Ag/AgCl electrode is used as a reference electrode, 1cm x 1cm 2 The platinum sheet electrode of (C) is used as a counter electrode to form a three-electrode system, and then CO is filled in the air for 30 minutes 2 Electrocatalytic reduction of CO in an electrolyte of (C) 2 And (5) testing.
The beneficial effects of the application are as follows:
1. the method can obtain the InN nanosheets with uniform carbon layer thickness through proper calcination temperature and time under argon atmosphere, can realize mass synthesis, and has wide application prospect in actual large-scale industrial application.
2. The method ensures that the nano sheet surface contains a uniform carbon layer by adjusting the amount of reactants and the calcining technology, the carbon layer can not only effectively protect the structure of the catalyst from being damaged in the electrocatalytic process, but also form a unique interface between the carbon layer and the catalyst to change the electron transfer path of the catalyst, so that the catalyst has good catalytic activity and stability, thereby ensuring that the catalyst has high-efficiency CO 2 Reduction performance.
3. The carbon-coated InN nanosheet catalyst prepared by the application is used for electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 Exhibits excellent catalytic activity and stability. The corresponding current density reaches 90mA/cm when the potential is-1.1V 2 Higher than pure InN (70 mA/cm) 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the at-0.7V, the Faraday efficiency of the carbon-containing product can reach about 80 percent; in addition, the stability of the catalyst can reach 20 hours and is far longer than that of a pure InN catalyst. The catalyst with high activity and good stability has higher practical application value.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present application and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and other related drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is an optical photograph of a carbon-coated InN nanoplatelet catalyst prepared according to the present application to achieve a large number of syntheses.
Fig. 2 is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a carbon coated InN nanosheet catalyst prepared in accordance with the present application.
FIG. 3a is a transmission electron micrograph of a pure InN nanoplatelet of the present application;
FIG. 3b is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) image of a carbon-coated InN nanoplatelet;
FIG. 3c is a High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) photograph of a carbon-coated InN nanoplatelet;
FIG. 4a is an X-ray photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) chart of a carbon-coated InN nanosheet catalyst prepared according to the present application
FIG. 4b is an XPS spectrum of a carbon-coated InN nanosheet catalyst prepared according to the present application;
FIG. 5a is a graph showing that the carbon coated InN nanoplate catalyst prepared according to the present application was prepared at 0.2M (K 2 CO 3 ):0.8M(KHCO 3 ) Linear voltammetric sweep curve (LSV) in electrolyte
FIG. 5b shows the preparation of a carbon coated InN nanosheet catalyst at 0.2M (K) 2 CO 3 ):0.8M(KHCO 3 ) Faraday efficiency diagrams at different potentials in the electrolyte;
fig. 5c is a plot of current density versus time (it) at constant potential.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments of the present application. The components of the embodiments of the present application generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the application, as presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the application, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the application. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the application without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the application.
It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments of the present application and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other.
It should be noted that: like reference numerals and letters denote like items in the following figures, and thus once an item is defined in one figure, no further definition or explanation thereof is necessary in the following figures.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, it should be noted that, the indicated orientation or positional relationship is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship conventionally put in use of the product of the application as understood by those skilled in the art, which is merely for convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and is not indicative or implying that the apparatus or element to be referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the present application. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used merely to distinguish between descriptions and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, it should also be noted that, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "disposed," "mounted," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application will be understood in specific cases by those of ordinary skill in the art.
Example 1
A preparation method of InN nano-particles with uniform carbon coating comprises the following steps,
step 1, preparation of precursor
Adding InCl3.4H2O into deionized water, stirring at room temperature for 20min, adding ammonia water, stirring for 6H to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze-drying for 5H to obtain white powder (i.e. precursor);
step 2, preparation of InN nanosheets
Placing the white powder (i.e. precursor) obtained after drying in the step 1 into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 600 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere, and calcining for 1h at 600 ℃ to obtain black brown powder, wherein the flow rate of ammonia is 10-20mL/min;
step 3, preparation of carbon-coated InN nanosheets
Adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into deionized water to form a transparent solution, adding the black brown powder obtained in the step 2, stirring at room temperature for 7 hours to form black brown precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, then drying in vacuum for 5 hours, placing the dried black powder into a quartz boat and placing into a tube furnace, heating to 400 ℃ in an argon atmosphere, and calcining at 400 ℃ for 0.5 hour to obtain black powder, inert gas argon, wherein the flow rate is 10-20mL/min.
Example 2
A preparation method of InN nano-particles with uniform carbon coating comprises the following steps,
step 1, preparation of precursor
Adding InCl3.4H2O into deionized water, stirring at room temperature for 30min, adding ammonia water, stirring for 10H to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze-drying for 8H to obtain white powder (i.e. precursor);
step 2, preparation of InN nanosheets
Placing the white powder (i.e. precursor) obtained after drying in the step 1 into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 700 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere, and calcining for 1h at 700 ℃ to obtain black brown powder, wherein the flow rate of ammonia is 10-20mL/min;
step 3, preparation of carbon-coated InN nanosheets
Adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into deionized water to form a transparent solution, adding the black brown powder obtained in the step 2, stirring at room temperature for 10 hours to form black brown precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, then drying in vacuum for 8 hours, placing the dried black powder into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 450 ℃ in an argon atmosphere, calcining for 1 hour at 450 ℃ to obtain black powder, and carrying out inert gas argon at a flow rate of 10-20mL/min.
Example 3
A preparation method of InN nano-particles with uniform carbon coating comprises the following steps,
step 1, preparation of precursor
Adding InCl3.4H2O into deionized water, stirring at room temperature for 40min, adding ammonia water, stirring for 14H to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze-drying for 12H to obtain white powder (i.e. precursor);
step 2, preparation of InN nanosheets
Placing the white powder (i.e. precursor) obtained after drying in the step 1 into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 800 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere, and calcining for 1h at 800 ℃ to obtain black brown powder, wherein the flow rate of ammonia is 10-20mL/min;
step 3, preparation of carbon-coated InN nanosheets
Adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into deionized water to form a transparent solution, adding the black brown powder obtained in the step 2, stirring at room temperature for 13 hours to form black brown precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, then drying in vacuum for 12 hours, placing the dried black powder into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 600 ℃ in an argon atmosphere, calcining at 600 ℃ for 2 hours to obtain black powder, and carrying out inert gas argon at a flow rate of 10-20mL/min.
Example 4
The application provides a preparation method of InN nano-particle particles coated with uniform carbon, which comprises the following steps,
step 1, preparation of precursor
Adding InCl3.4H2O into deionized water, stirring at room temperature for 20min, adding ammonia water, stirring for 6H to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze-drying for 5H to obtain white powder (i.e. precursor);
step 2, preparation of InN nanosheets
Placing the white powder (i.e. precursor) obtained after drying in the step 1 into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 700 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere, and calcining for 1h at 700 ℃ to obtain black brown powder, wherein the flow rate of ammonia is 10-20mL/min;
step 3, preparation of carbon-coated InN nanosheets
Adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into deionized water to form a transparent solution, adding the black brown powder obtained in the step 2, stirring at room temperature for 3 hours to form black brown precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, then drying in vacuum for 12 hours, placing the dried black powder into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tubular furnace, heating to 600 ℃ in an argon atmosphere, calcining at 400-600 ℃ for 2 hours to obtain black powder, and carrying out inert gas argon at a flow rate of 10-20mL/min.
Example 5
The application provides a preparation method of InN nano particles with uniform carbon coating, which comprises the following steps,
step 1, preparation of precursor
Adding InCl3.4H2O into deionized water, stirring at room temperature for 40min, adding ammonia water, stirring for 14H to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze-drying for 12H to obtain white powder (i.e. precursor);
step 2, preparation of InN nanosheets
Placing the white powder (i.e. precursor) obtained after drying in the step 1 into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 700 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere, and calcining for 1h at 700 ℃ to obtain black brown powder, wherein the flow rate of ammonia is 10-20mL/min;
step 3, preparation of carbon-coated InN nanosheets
Adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into deionized water to form a transparent solution, adding the black brown powder obtained in the step 2, stirring at room temperature for 7 hours to form black brown precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, then drying in vacuum for 5 hours, placing the dried black powder into a quartz boat and placing into a tube furnace, heating to 400 ℃ in an argon atmosphere, calcining for 0.5 hour at 400 ℃ to obtain black powder, and carrying out inert gas argon at a flow rate of 10-20mL/min.
From fig. 2, it can be seen that, when the product obtained in the above example is analyzed, the carbon-coated InN nanosheet catalyst prepared in the present application is subjected to phase analysis by XRD, and the diffraction peaks obtained can be compared with the card number JCPDS:50-1239, inN one-to-one, illustrates that the material synthesized by the present application is indium nitride.
As can be seen from the TEM photograph of fig. 3b, the size of the carbon-coated InN nanoplatelets synthesized in the present application is about 100-200 nm; furthermore, with respect to the pure InN of fig. 3a, it is evident that there is a circle of carbon layer on the periphery; in addition, a high resolution TEM photograph, particularly see fig. 3c, shows that the lattice spacing of the nanoplatelets is 0.31nm corresponding to the (100) plane of indium nitride, and we can clearly observe the carbon layer structure around the carbon-coated nanoplatelets, which also illustrates that we successfully synthesize the InN catalyst of the carbon-coated structure.
The presence of In, N, and C elements In the carbon-coated InN nanosheet catalyst was known from XPS full spectrum (fig. 4 a), and further, from the XPS spectrum of In element (fig. 4 b), it was found that In 3d binding energy of the carbon-coated InN species was shifted In a high energy direction relative to pure InN, indicating that electrons were shifted from InN to the carbon layer by the carbon-coated InN obtained In the present application, and that interaction was present between the carbon layer and InN.
According to the preparation method, all characterization results are combined, metal indium ions and ammonia water are coordinated to form a precursor through simple stirring, and then carbon-coated InN nano sheets with uniform carbon layer thickness can be obtained through proper calcination temperature and time under different atmospheres.
Example 6
The steps are the same as in example 2, the mass ratio of ammonia water to deionized water in step 1 is 75-80:1, the mass ratio of InCl3.4H2O to deionized water is 1:100, and the difference is that the amount of each raw material in the example is increased by 2-100 times, and the other conditions are unchanged, so that the corresponding multiple of the obtained product can be increased, a large amount of catalyst can be obtained by adding the raw material of the carbon-coated InN nano-plate catalyst, and a large amount of catalyst can be obtained by adding the raw material of the carbon-coated InN nano-plate catalyst prepared by the application in combination with the optical photograph of the attached figure 1.
Example 7
The InN nanosheet particles prepared in examples 1-5 were subjected to application testing. Namely, the carbon-coated InN nano-sheet catalyst is applied to electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 The specific operation is as follows.
5mg of the carbon-coated InN nanosheet catalyst obtained in the step 3 in the above example was weighed and dispersed in a mixed solution of 300ul of absolute ethyl alcohol and naphthol, the volume ratio of absolute ethyl alcohol to naphthol was 6:19, and the mixture was subjected to ultrasonic dispersion for 30min to obtain a uniformly dispersed mixed solution. 100uL of the uniformly dispersed mixture was applied dropwise to an area of 1X 1cm in 2 portions using a 100uL range pipette 2 On the pretreated carbon cloth, the carbon cloth coated with the catalyst is directly used as a working electrode after being dried, and an Ag/AgCl electrode is used as a reference electricityPole, 1 x 1cm 2 The platinum sheet electrode of (C) is used as a counter electrode to form a three-electrode system, and then CO is filled in the air for 30 minutes 2 Electrocatalytic reduction of CO in an electrolyte of (C) 2 Testing, wherein the raw material composition in the electrolyte is 0.2M (K 2 CO 3 ):0.8M(KHCO 3 ). In the test, linear Scanning Voltammetry (LSV) is adopted to explore the electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst, and the change of current with time under different potentials is tested by a potentiostatic method to show the Faraday efficiency and stability of the catalyst. And comparing the performance of the carbon-coated InN catalyst prepared in the present application with that of pure InN.
As shown in the LSV test results of fig. 5a, at 0.2M K 2 CO 3 :0.8M KHCO 3 In electrolyte, the carbon-coated InN nano-sheet catalyst prepared by the application carries out electrocatalytic reduction on CO 2 When the potential is-1.1V, the corresponding current density reaches 90mA/cm 2 Higher than pure InN (70 mA/cm) 2 )。
The faraday efficiencies of the different potentials are shown in fig. 5 b. The test results show that the Faraday efficiency of the carbon-containing product can reach about 80 percent at-0.7V.
In addition, the test result of the current density change curve under the constant potential of fig. 5c shows that the stability of the catalyst can reach 20 hours and is far longer than that of a pure InN catalyst (4.5 h).
The electrochemical test results show that the carbon-coated InN nano-sheet prepared by the application can be well applied to electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 The catalytic activity and the stability are higher than those of pure InN, and the catalyst has higher practical application value. The catalytic effect is obvious.
Although embodiments of the present application have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the application, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (8)
1. The preparation method of the InN nano-particles with uniform carbon coating is characterized by comprising the following steps: comprises the following steps of the method,
step 1, preparation of precursor
Taking InCl 3 ·4H 2 Adding O into deionized water, stirring at room temperature for 20-40min, adding ammonia water, stirring for 6-14h to form white precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, and freeze drying for 5-12h to obtain white powder;
step 2, preparation of InN nanosheets
Placing the white powder obtained after the drying in the step 1 into a quartz boat, placing the quartz boat into a tube furnace, heating to 600-800 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere, and calcining for 1h at 600-800 ℃ to obtain black brown powder;
step 3, preparation of carbon-coated InN nanosheets
Adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into deionized water to form a transparent solution, adding the black brown powder obtained in the step 2, stirring for 7-13h at room temperature to form black brown precipitate, washing the precipitate with deionized water and ethanol, then vacuum drying for 5-12h, placing the dried black powder into a quartz boat, placing into a tube furnace, heating to 400-600 ℃ in an argon atmosphere, and calcining for 0.5-2h at 400-600 ℃ to obtain black powder.
2. The method of manufacturing according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 1, on the premise of not changing the adding proportion of the three reactants, the dosage of the reactants is increased to realize a large amount of synthesis.
3. The preparation method according to claim 2, characterized in that: when a large amount of synthesis is realized, the volume ratio of ammonia water to deionized water is 75-80:1, inCl 3 ·4H 2 The mass ratio of O to deionized water is 1:100.
4. The method of manufacturing according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 2, the average temperature rising rate of the ammonia atmosphere is 14 ℃/min.
5. The method of manufacturing according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 3, the average temperature rising rate of the argon atmosphere is 15 ℃/min.
6. An InN nanoparticle having a uniform carbon coating, characterized by: a composite material prepared by the method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the InN nanosheet particles are coated with a uniform carbon layer.
7. The InN nanosheet particles of claim 6, wherein: the thickness of the carbon layer is uniform, and the thickness value is 3-5nm.
8. A method of electrocatalytically reducing carbon dioxide using the uniformly carbon-coated InN nanoparticles as set forth in claim 7 as a catalyst.
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