CN114340037A - Communication method, system, equipment and medium between LoRaWAN (Long-area network) equipment - Google Patents
Communication method, system, equipment and medium between LoRaWAN (Long-area network) equipment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of LoRa communication, in particular to a method, a system, equipment and a medium for communication among LoRaWAN equipment, which comprises the following steps: after the first LoRaWAN device acquires the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device, LoRaWAN coding is carried out on the read application data to obtain LoRaWAN coding data, the LoRaWAN coding data are sent to the second LoRaWAN device, and the second LoRaWAN device decodes the LoRaWAN coding data according to the device communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoding data. The invention realizes the communication between the terminal devices on the premise of not changing the original LoRaWAN communication protocol, so that the terminal devices can also communicate with other terminal devices under the condition that a gateway or a server fails, and the flexibility and the stability of the LoRaWAN network architecture are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of LoRa communication, in particular to a method, a system, equipment and a medium for communication among LoRaWAN equipment.
Background
LoRaWAN is a Low Power consumption Wide Area Network (LPWAN) standard based on an open source MAC layer protocol and provided by the LoRa alliance, and a LoRaWAN Network architecture is a typical star topology structure and comprises LoRaWAN equipment, LoRaWAN gateways and LoRaWAN servers, wherein the LoRaWAN Network architecture takes the LoRaWAN gateway as a center, and the LoRaWAN equipment is communicated with the Network servers through the LoRaWAN gateway, the LoRaWAN gateway is connected with the servers through a standard IP, terminal equipment is communicated with one or more gateways through single hop, all node equipment and all gateways are in two-way communication, and the intercommunication between the LoRaWAN equipment and the servers needs that both sides agree on information such as communication frequency points, speed, window opening time and the like, namely a certain regional parameter in the LoRaWAN and regional parameter specification needs to be met.
Under the LoRaWAN communication technology, the server can perform information interaction with LoRaWAN equipment through a gateway because the server distributes and records the addresses DevEUI, DevAddr, NwkSKey, AppSKey and other information of the equipment, wherein the DevAddr is used for addressing, and the NwkSKey and the AppSKey are used for communication encryption; at present, LoRaWAN equipment and a server need to be accessed to a network firstly when communicating, one mode is ABP, and equipment communication information, namely an access key and an address, needs to be written manually in the ABP access mode; the other is an OTAA air network access mode, in the OTAA network access mode, node equipment and a server exchange keys and addresses in the air, the equipment initiates a network access request, the server distributes the addresses and calculates the keys to send back to the equipment as a response, and the key of the network access equipment is randomly generated again every time.
However, the existing LoRaWAN communication technology has the following drawbacks:
1) the node devices cannot communicate directly; as shown in fig. 1, communication between the LoRaWAN device and the LoRaWAN device must pass through two "middleman" of the LoRaWAN gateway and the server, information of the device is uploaded to the server through the gateway, and the server issues the information to the relevant device through the gateway according to the uploaded information.
2) If the network/gateway/server fails, the node equipment is not controlled; once the network/gateway/server fails, all the LoRaWAN devices under the network or connected to the gateway or server may be unable to communicate and be out of control.
3) The device cannot be controlled locally; LoRaWAN equipment can only be controlled through a network server, and cannot directly carry out LoRa wireless communication control locally.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a communication method, a communication system, communication equipment and a communication medium between LoRaWAN (Long area network) equipment, and solves the technical problems that the existing LoRaWAN equipment does not support direct communication, and the LoRaWAN equipment completely depends on a gateway and a server, and cannot carry out LoRa wireless communication control locally.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a communication method, a communication system, communication equipment and a communication medium between LoRaWAN equipment.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for communication between LoRaWAN devices, where the method includes the following steps:
the method comprises the steps that a first LoRaWAN device obtains device communication information of a second LoRaWAN device;
after the first LoRaWAN equipment acquires the equipment communication information, reading application data in real time, and coding the application data to obtain LoRaWAN coded data;
the first LoRaWAN device sends the LoRaWAN encoding data to the second LoRaWAN device;
and the second LoRaWAN equipment receives LoRaWAN coded data and decodes the LoRaWAN coded data according to the equipment communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoding data.
In a further embodiment, the step of the first LoRaWAN device obtaining the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device includes:
and based on a preset configuration mode, the second LoRaWAN device configures the device communication information to the first LoRaWAN device.
In a further embodiment, the preset configuration comprises: the method comprises the following steps of configuring a wired interaction mode, a wireless communication mode, a server interaction mode and a preset trigger rule mode;
the preset trigger rule comprises a preset key and a trigger action.
In a further embodiment, the configuration mode of the wireless communication includes a near field communication configuration mode, a bluetooth communication configuration mode, and a wireless network communication configuration mode.
In further embodiments, the device communication information includes RX2 rate, RX2 frequency point, device identification, device address, network session key, application session key, and counter.
In a further embodiment, when the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in Class B communication, the device communication information further includes a timeslot point.
In a further embodiment, when the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in a Class B communication scheme, the step of the first LoRaWAN device transmitting the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device includes:
the first LoRaWAN equipment acquires time slot points according to the equipment communication information, and determines data receiving time points of the second LoRaWAN equipment according to the time slot points;
and the first LoRaWAN equipment sends the LoRaWAN coding data to the second LoRaWAN equipment according to the data receiving time point.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a LoRaWAN inter-device communication system, including:
the information configuration module is used for the first LoRaWAN equipment to acquire the equipment communication information of the second LoRaWAN equipment;
the data coding module is used for reading application data in real time after the first LoRaWAN device obtains the device communication information, and coding the application data to obtain LoRaWAN coded data;
a data sending module, configured to send the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device by the first LoRaWAN device;
and the data receiving module is used for receiving LoRaWAN coded data by the second LoRaWAN equipment and decoding the LoRaWAN coded data according to the equipment communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoding data.
In a third aspect, the present invention further provides a computer device, including a processor and a memory, where the processor is connected to the memory, the memory is used for storing a computer program, and the processor is used for executing the computer program stored in the memory, so that the computer device executes the steps for implementing the method.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, performs the steps of the above method.
The invention provides a communication method, a system, equipment and a medium among LoRaWAN equipment, wherein the method comprises the steps that after the first LoRaWAN equipment acquires the communication information of the equipment, the application data of the first LoRaWAN equipment is read in real time, the read application data is coded to obtain LoRaWAN coded data, and the LoRaWAN coded data are sent to the second LoRaWAN equipment; and the second LoRaWAN equipment receives LoRaWAN coded data and decodes the LoRaWAN coded data according to the equipment communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoded data, so that the technical scheme of establishing communication between the LoRaWAN equipment and the LoRaWAN equipment under the LoRaWAN network architecture is realized. Compared with the prior art, the method can ensure that LoRaWAN equipment can directly communicate with each other without a LoRaWAN gateway and a server, does not need to depend on the gateway and the server completely, can be applied to low-power consumption equipment, and is convenient to popularize and apply.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a communication flow of a conventional LoRaWAN according to the background art of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic flowchart of a communication method between LoRaWAN devices according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of communication between LoRaWAN devices according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a block diagram of a communication system between LoRaWAN devices according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a computer device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are given solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the invention, including the drawings which are incorporated herein by reference and for illustration only and are not to be construed as limitations of the invention, since many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for communication between LoRaWAN devices, where as shown in fig. 2, the method includes the following steps:
s1, the first LoRaWAN device obtains device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device.
In this embodiment, the device communication information is mainly used for encoding and decoding data, identifying devices, and the like, and is a precondition for enabling communication between LoRaWAN devices; as shown in fig. 3, the second LoRaWAN device serves as a receiving end device, and the first LoRaWAN device serves as a sending end device, and since the sending end device needs to obtain device communication information of the receiving end device before sending data to the receiving end device, the sending end device can send data to the receiving end device to complete communication between the LoRaWAN devices, in this embodiment, the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device needs to be sent to the first LoRaWAN device to be configured.
In an embodiment, the device communication information includes an RX2 rate (RX2 spreading factor and bandwidth), an RX2 Frequency point (RX Frequency), a device identifier DevEUI, a device address DevAddr (Addr corresponding to a packet when being broadcast), a network session key NwkSKey (NwkSKey corresponding to a packet when being broadcast), an application session key AppSKey (AppSKey corresponding to a packet when being broadcast), a counter, and the like, and it is to be noted that, when the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in a Class B communication mode, the device communication information further includes a slot point slot, where the slot point is dedicated information required by communications of the LoRaWAN device in the Class B communication mode, and in the Class B communication mode, the terminal device opens a receiving window to receive the slot point slot, that is, the terminal device in the Class B communication mode receives data sent at a fixed time point.
In one embodiment, as shown in fig. 3, the step of acquiring, by the first LoRaWAN device, the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device includes:
based on a preset configuration mode, the second LoRaWAN device (receiving end device) configures the device communication information to the first LoRaWAN device (sending end device).
In one embodiment, the preset configuration includes, but is not limited to: the system comprises a wired interaction configuration mode, a wireless communication configuration mode, a server interaction configuration mode and a preset trigger rule configuration mode, wherein the wireless communication configuration mode comprises a near field communication configuration mode, a Bluetooth communication configuration mode and a wireless network communication configuration mode.
For ease of understanding, the various configurations will be briefly described below:
when the configuration is performed through the wired interactive configuration mode, the present embodiment configures device communication information to the first LoRaWAN device (sending end device) through an AT instruction or other instruction mode, and this configuration mode is suitable for device communication information of a known second LoRaWAN device (receiving end device), and can be wired to a scenario of the first LoRaWAN device (sending end device).
When the configuration is performed through the configuration mode of wireless communication, in this embodiment, the device communication information is wirelessly transmitted to the terminal device to be configured, that is, the first LoRaWAN device, by using communication modes such as NFC near-field communication, BLE bluetooth communication, and WiFi wireless network communication.
When the configuration is performed through the server interaction configuration, in this embodiment, since the communication between the LoRaWAN devices is based on the existing LoRaWAN communication, and the existing LoRaWAN communication requires the devices to record their own device communication information on the server, the device communication information of all the LoRaWAN devices can be found on the LoRaWAN server, and at this time, if the LoRaWAN devices need the device communication information of other LoRaWAN devices, the device communication information can be automatically obtained from the server in an interaction manner.
When configured by a configuration mode of a preset trigger rule, this embodiment may preset a certain trigger rule, and when two LoRaWAN devices are triggered simultaneously, the two LoRaWAN devices may be in the same network state capable of communicating, and then perform peer-to-peer device communication information exchange between the two LoRaWAN devices in an LoRa private protocol communication mode, so that the second LoRaWAN device (receiving end device) and the first LoRaWAN device (sending end device) acquire device communication information of the other device; the configuration mode is suitable for a scene that a trigger rule is preset in a second LoRaWAN device (receiving end device) and a first LoRaWAN device (sending end device), and the distance between the second LoRaWAN device and the first LoRaWAN device is within the longest communication distance range of the LoRa private protocol communication mode.
In another embodiment, the step of the first LoRaWAN device acquiring the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device includes: the first LoRaWAN equipment acquires equipment communication information of second LoRaWAN equipment through intermediate equipment, wherein the intermediate equipment comprises but is not limited to a server and a mobile phone NFC, and the intermediate equipment sends the equipment communication information of the second LoRaWAN equipment (receiving end equipment) to the first LoRaWAN equipment.
And S2, after the first LoRaWAN device obtains the device communication information, reading application data in real time, and coding the application data to obtain LoRaWAN coded data.
In this embodiment, after the first LoRaWAN device acquires the device communication information, it reads application data of the first LoRaWAN device in real time, and encodes the read application data, for example: the first LoRaWAN equipment encodes the read control instruction; it should be noted that when the first LoRaWAN device acquires the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device, it is indicated that the first LoRaWAN device and the second LoRaWAN device have preliminarily established a connection, and thereafter, the first LoRaWAN device may transmit the related LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device multiple times without acquiring the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device each time.
The LoRaWAN encoding rule can be adopted to encode the application data, and the LoRaWAN encoding data is transmitted to the second LoRaWAN device by encoding the application data, so that communication between the LoRaWAN device and the LoRaWAN device is established, and the devices can directly communicate with each other without passing through the LoRaWAN gateway and the server.
And S3, the first LoRaWAN device sends the LoRaWAN coding data to the second LoRaWAN device.
In this embodiment, the LoRaWAN device has 3 communication modes, that is: therefore, when the first LoRaWAN device transmits data to the second LoRaWAN device, it is necessary to select a transmission mode according to the communication mode of the second LoRaWAN device, which specifically includes:
when the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in the Class a communication scheme, the Class a communication scheme may be configured to perform downlink through two short downlink receiving windows — RX1 and RX2 after each uplink, and the window opening time of the receiving window is short, so that the Class a communication scheme cannot perform downlink at any time, that is, the LoRaWAN device in the Class a communication scheme cannot perform downlink at any time, and thus the LoRaWAN device in the existing Class a communication scheme may be used as a sending end, but cannot be used as a receiving end, and therefore, in this embodiment, a sending scheme is provided, so that the LoRaWAN device in the Class a communication scheme may receive data, that is, in this embodiment, when the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in the Class a communication scheme, the step of the first LoRaWAN device sending the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device includes:
the second LoRaWAN device performs CAD listening according to a preset listening period (for example, 1 second), and if a data packet is listened, receives data, otherwise, the second LoRaWAN device enters a sleep state, and meanwhile, when the first LoRaWAN device sends LoRaWAN encoded data, the embodiment sets that the length of the LoRaWAN encoded data preamble is consistent with the wakeup period of the first LoRaWAN device, so that data can be sent to the LoRaWAN device in the Class a communication mode at any time.
When the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in the Class B communication scheme, the step of the first LoRaWAN device transmitting the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device includes:
the first LoRaWAN equipment acquires time slot points according to the equipment communication information, and determines data receiving time points of the second LoRaWAN equipment according to the time slot points;
and the first LoRaWAN equipment sends the LoRaWAN coding data to the second LoRaWAN equipment according to the data receiving time point.
When the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in the Class C communication mode, the LoRaWAN device in the Class C communication mode may always open a receiving window, and may receive data at any time point, and therefore the first LoRaWAN device directly transmits the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device at any time point.
The inter-device communication method provided by this embodiment may perform data transmission in different communication modes, for example, a communication mode supporting Class a and Class B, thereby reducing power consumption and computational complexity.
In this embodiment, the first LoRaWAN device may also send the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device in the same manner as the existing manner of sending data to the LoRaWAN server, which is not described herein again.
And S4, the second LoRaWAN equipment receives LoRaWAN coded data and decodes the LoRaWAN coded data according to the equipment communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoding data.
In this embodiment, a manner in which the second LoRaWAN device receives the LoRaWAN encoded data sent by the first LoRaWAN device is the same as a manner in which the existing LoRaWAN device receives data sent by the LoRaWAN server, and details thereof are omitted here.
According to the communication method between LoRaWAN devices, the sending end device processes the application data of the sending end device according to the acquired configuration information, and sends the processed data to the receiving end device, so that interaction between LoRaWAN devices is achieved, and data transmission efficiency is greatly improved. The inter-device communication method implemented by the embodiment can not only enable the devices to directly communicate with each other without a LoRaWAN gateway and a server on the premise of not changing the original LoRaWAN communication protocol, thereby greatly improving the utilization rate of system resources, but also reducing power consumption and calculation complexity and supporting unicast and multicast transmission.
It should be noted that, the sequence numbers of the above-mentioned processes do not mean the execution sequence, and the execution sequence of each process should be determined by the function and the inherent logic of the process, and should not constitute any limitation to the implementation process of the embodiment of the present application.
In one embodiment, as shown in fig. 4, the present embodiment provides a LoRaWAN inter-device communication system, including:
the information configuration module 101 is configured to enable a first LoRaWAN device to obtain device communication information of a second LoRaWAN device;
the data encoding module 102 is configured to read application data in real time after the first LoRaWAN device acquires the device communication information, and encode the application data to obtain LoRaWAN encoded data;
a data sending module 103, configured to send the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device by the first LoRaWAN device;
and the data receiving module 104 is configured to receive the LoRaWAN encoded data by the second LoRaWAN device, and decode the LoRaWAN encoded data according to the device communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoded data.
For a specific limitation of the LoRaWAN inter-device communication system, reference may be made to the above-mentioned limitation on a LoRaWAN inter-device communication method, which is not described herein again. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the various modules and steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as hardware, software, or combinations of both. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the implementation. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.
The application provides a communication system between LoRaWAN devices, wherein a first LoRaWAN device in the system is used as a sending end device and is used for acquiring configured device communication information, processing read application data according to the acquired device communication information to obtain processed data, and sending the processed data to a receiving end device, so that information interaction between the sending end device and the receiving end device is realized; compared with the prior art, the system provided by the embodiment is simple and convenient to deploy, can support low-power-consumption application, is not influenced by the conditions of LoRaWAN network, server or gateway faults and the like, improves the stability of equipment communication, and further ensures continuous and stable operation of the terminal equipment.
FIG. 5 is a computer device including a memory, a processor, and a transceiver connected via a bus according to an embodiment of the present invention; the memory is used to store a set of computer program instructions and data and may transmit the stored data to the processor, which may execute the program instructions stored by the memory to perform the steps of the above-described method.
Wherein the memory may comprise volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or may comprise both volatile and nonvolatile memory; the processor may be a central processing unit, a microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit, a programmable logic device, or a combination thereof. By way of example, and not limitation, the programmable logic devices described above may be complex programmable logic devices, field programmable gate arrays, general array logic, or any combination thereof.
In addition, the memory may be a physically separate unit or may be integrated with the processor.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the architecture shown in fig. 5 is a block diagram of only a portion of the architecture associated with the present solution and is not intended to limit the computing devices to which the present solution may be applied, and that a particular computing device may include more or less components than those shown, or may combine certain components, or have the same arrangement of components.
In an embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium is provided, on which a computer program is stored, which computer program, when being executed by a processor, carries out the steps of the above-mentioned method.
According to the communication method, the communication system, the communication equipment and the communication medium between the LoRaWAN equipment, the LoRaWAN equipment and the LoRaWAN equipment are established under the network architecture of the LoRaWAN, so that the equipment can directly communicate with each other without a LoRaWAN gateway and a server.
In the above embodiments, the implementation may be wholly or partially realized by software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, may be implemented in whole or in part in the form of a computer program product. The computer program product includes one or more computer instructions. When loaded and executed on a computer, cause the processes or functions described in accordance with the embodiments of the invention to occur, in whole or in part. The computer may be a general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a network of computers, or other programmable device. The computer instructions may be stored in, or transmitted from one computer-readable storage medium to another computer-readable storage medium, the computer readable storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer or a data storage device including one or more available media, such as a magnetic medium (e.g., floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes), an optical medium (e.g., DVDs), or a semiconductor medium (e.g., SSDs), etc.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that all or part of the processes of the methods of the embodiments described above can be implemented by a computer program, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and the computer program can include the processes of the embodiments of the methods described above when executed.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express some preferred embodiments of the present application, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and substitutions can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these should be construed as the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A communication method between LoRaWAN devices is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the steps that a first LoRaWAN device obtains device communication information of a second LoRaWAN device;
after the first LoRaWAN equipment acquires the equipment communication information, reading application data in real time, and coding the application data to obtain LoRaWAN coded data;
the first LoRaWAN device sends the LoRaWAN encoding data to the second LoRaWAN device;
and the second LoRaWAN equipment receives LoRaWAN coded data and decodes the LoRaWAN coded data according to the equipment communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoding data.
2. The method of communicating between LoRaWAN devices of claim 1, wherein the step of the first LoRaWAN device obtaining the device communication information of the second LoRaWAN device comprises:
and based on a preset configuration mode, the second LoRaWAN device configures the device communication information to the first LoRaWAN device.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the preset configuration comprises: the method comprises the following steps of configuring a wired interaction mode, a wireless communication mode, a server interaction mode and a preset trigger rule mode;
the preset trigger rule comprises a preset key and a trigger action.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the LoRaWAN inter-device communication method comprises: the wireless communication configuration mode comprises a near field communication configuration mode, a Bluetooth communication configuration mode and a wireless network communication configuration mode.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the LoRaWAN inter-device communication method comprises: the device communication information comprises an RX2 rate, an RX2 frequency point, a device identifier, a device address, a network session key, an application session key and a counter.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the LoRaWAN inter-device communication method comprises: when the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in a Class B communication mode, the device communication information further includes a time slot point.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the LoRaWAN inter-device communication method comprises: when the second LoRaWAN device is a LoRaWAN device in a Class B communication mode, the step of the first LoRaWAN device transmitting the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device includes:
the first LoRaWAN equipment acquires time slot points according to the equipment communication information, and determines data receiving time points of the second LoRaWAN equipment according to the time slot points;
and the first LoRaWAN equipment sends the LoRaWAN coding data to the second LoRaWAN equipment according to the data receiving time point.
8. A LoRaWAN inter-device communication system, the system comprising:
the information configuration module is used for the first LoRaWAN equipment to acquire the equipment communication information of the second LoRaWAN equipment;
the data coding module is used for reading application data in real time after the first LoRaWAN device obtains the device communication information, and coding the application data to obtain LoRaWAN coded data;
a data sending module, configured to send the LoRaWAN encoded data to the second LoRaWAN device by the first LoRaWAN device;
and the data receiving module is used for receiving LoRaWAN coded data by the second LoRaWAN equipment and decoding the LoRaWAN coded data according to the equipment communication information to obtain LoRaWAN decoding data.
9. A computer device, characterized by: comprising a processor coupled to a memory for storing a computer program and a memory for executing the computer program stored in the memory to cause the computer device to perform the method of any of claims 1 to 7.
10. A computer-readable storage medium characterized by: the computer-readable storage medium has stored thereon a computer program which, when executed, implements the method of any of claims 1 to 7.
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