CN114296125A - Radioactive aerosol sampling test system - Google Patents
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- CN114296125A CN114296125A CN202111550595.4A CN202111550595A CN114296125A CN 114296125 A CN114296125 A CN 114296125A CN 202111550595 A CN202111550595 A CN 202111550595A CN 114296125 A CN114296125 A CN 114296125A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system. By adopting the system provided by the invention, the particles trapped in the actual aerosol effluents of the on-site nuclear facilities are tested, so that the test result is more convincing, and the radioactivity characteristics and the migration rule of the aerosol particles of the gaseous effluents of different types of nuclear facilities can be clarified; the influence of flow velocity, temperature and humidity on the deposition loss of the radioactive aerosol sampling pipeline is considered, so that the testing working condition is the same as or similar to the field working condition, and the accuracy of the result is ensured; the test pipeline with the sleeve type structure can better shield the particle radioactivity, reduce the temperature difference between the front end and the rear end of the pipeline and ensure the accuracy of a test result; an optical detection instrument and a radioactive detection instrument are selected for simultaneous detection, so that the deposition loss evaluation of the radioactive aerosol in the pipeline is more scientific. The data measured by the system provided by the invention has reference and reference significance for evaluating the pipeline deposition loss of the nuclear facility sampling system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of radioactive aerosol testing, and relates to a radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system.
Background
When monitoring radioactive aerosol in a nuclear facility exhaust chimney, the monitoring object (radioactive aerosol or radioactive gas) in gaseous effluent is generally sucked to a sampler through a long-distance sampling pipeline and then measured and analyzed, which is limited by plant layout, field conditions and radiation safety.
When the radioactive aerosol passes through the sampling tube, the radioactive aerosol is deposited in the pipeline under the mechanisms of gravity sedimentation, diffusion migration, turbulent flow deposition and the like, so that the estimation deviation of the radioactive substance emission is caused.
In order to determine the aerosol deposition loss rule in different nuclear facilities or different sampling pipelines, related researches including parameters such as sampling tube specification, particle size, sampling flow rate, temperature and humidity in the tube are required to be carried out under the condition that the testing condition is similar to or identical to the field working condition. The radioactive aerosol sampling system is tested to obtain the migration rule of the radioactive aerosol sampling system, and reference is provided for different types of gaseous effluent sampling system designs.
In the prior art, an aerosol sampling test system is mostly suitable for researching the migration rule of non-radioactive aerosol in a sampling pipeline, and generally adopts a filter membrane trapping method and utilizes an analytical instrument to measure the concentrations of particulate matters trapped by filter membranes at an inlet and an outlet of the sampling pipeline respectively. However, the method is complicated to operate and low in working efficiency. For radioactive aerosol, a filter membrane trapping method is generally adopted, and the radioactivity of trapped particles is measured by using a sensor, but the method does not consider the loss of aerosol particle concentration in a sampling pipeline.
The prior related chinese patent application (application No. 201720025656.8) discloses a radioactive aerosol sampling measuring instrument integrating a sampling device, a sample preparation device, a measuring device and a control unit, and the problems of the measuring instrument include: (1) only the particle radioactivity is measured, the aerosol concentration and particle size distribution cannot be measured; (2) the deposition loss of aerosol particles in the sampling pipeline and the influence of sampling working condition conditions on the test result are not considered.
The experimental study on particle loss in aerosol sampling tubes published by liaiwu, zhangshilong et al in 2003 in the treatise on national radioactive effluents and environmental monitoring and evaluation symposium, published with an integrated device for performing in-tube particle loss experiments: the total length of each of the vertical sampling tube and the horizontal sampling tube is 20m, and the vertical sampling tube and the horizontal sampling tube are connected in series in sections every 2.5 m; the standard particles generated by the standard particle generator are conveyed to the particle dispersion chamber, the sampling pipeline samples the particles in the dispersion chamber through the air suction pump, the collected particles pass through the sampling pipeline and are respectively subjected to deposition loss in the vertical pipeline, the horizontal pipeline and the elbow, the rest particles are collected through high-efficiency filter paper, and the sampling flow is measured through a flow meter connected between the air suction pump and the filter paper in series. The problems with this experimental setup include: (1) the device is only suitable for a non-radioactive environment and cannot truly reflect the loss characteristic of radioactive aerosol; (2) it is difficult to accurately identify the loss characteristics of particulate matter of different particle sizes by only using 'high efficiency filter paper' to trap the particles.
The inventor finds that the prior radioactive aerosol sampling test technology has at least the following problems: (1) the existing radioactive aerosol sampling test system does not adopt actual radioactive aerosol particles to carry out tests due to radiation safety consideration or failure to completely shield the radioactivity of particles, and has the problem of large deviation of test results from the actual test results; (2) the existing test system considers the influence of parameters such as temperature, humidity and the like on the deposition loss characteristic of the radioactive aerosol in a sampling pipeline less; (3) there is no device that simultaneously measures and correlates the particle concentration and radioactivity of a radioactive aerosol. Therefore, it is necessary to design an integrated testing system scheme to accurately measure the loss of radioactive aerosol in the pipeline.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system, which is provided with an aerosol generating device, a condition control device, a testing pipeline, a detection device, a tail gas treatment device and other units so as to accurately measure the loss of radioactive aerosol in a pipeline.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system, which comprises an aerosol generating device, a condition control device, a testing pipeline, a detection device and a tail gas treatment device, wherein:
the aerosol generating device comprises an air compressor, a cold dryer, a three-stage filter and a generating device which are connected in sequence and is used for stably sending the radioactive particles into the test pipeline;
the condition control device comprises a fan, a cold dryer, a three-stage filter, a constant temperature and humidity box, a thermometer and a flowmeter which are connected through a condition control device pipeline, and the condition control device is connected with the test pipeline and is used for controlling the sampling flow, temperature and humidity in the test pipeline;
the test pipeline comprises a U-shaped pipe section consisting of a vertical pipe section, a horizontal pipe section and a bent pipe section;
the detection device comprises an optical aerosol particle size spectrometer and a radioactivity detection instrument which are connected with a sampling port of the test pipeline;
and the tail gas treatment device is used for treating the aerosol at the outlet of the test pipeline and then exhausting the aerosol into the air.
Further, the aerosol generating device further comprises a lead tray, and the lead tray is used as a radioactive shielding device.
Further, the generating device comprises a generating device bypass, a Venturi tube and a lead box;
compressed air is introduced into an air inlet of the bypass of the generating device, and the radioactive particles in the lead box are introduced into the test pipeline through the venturi tube by utilizing pressure difference.
Furthermore, the compressed air is generated by the air compressor, is introduced into the three-stage filter for filtering after being cooled and dried by the cooling and drying machine, and is introduced into the generating device for bypass, so as to eliminate the interference of particles in the air.
Further, the three-stage filter comprises a first-stage filter, a second-stage filter and a third-stage filter; wherein the primary filter mainly filters particles with the particle size of more than 3 μm, the secondary filter mainly filters particles with the particle size of 3 μm to 1 μm, and the tertiary filter mainly filters particles with the particle size of less than 1 μm.
Further, the pipelines of the condition control device are all made of stainless steel so as to prevent water vapor in the air from corroding;
the power of the fan and the temperature and the humidity of the constant temperature and humidity box are remotely controlled by a PLC.
Further, the test pipeline also comprises a front pipe section, the front pipe section is arranged in front of the U-shaped pipe section, and the radioactive particles and the air which are sent into the test pipeline form uniformly mixed aerosol in the front pipe section;
the front end and the rear end of the elbow pipe section are respectively provided with the sampling ports.
Furthermore, a sleeve type structure formed by two layers of lead sleeves is arranged outside the test pipeline, and inert gas is filled between the first layer of lead sleeve and the test pipeline;
a heating wire is arranged between the second layer of lead sleeve and the first layer of lead sleeve to prevent the temperature difference of the test pipeline from influencing the test accuracy.
Furthermore, the detection device also comprises a tee joint, wherein the inlet of the tee joint is connected with the sampling port, one outlet of the tee joint is connected with the optical aerosol particle size spectrometer to provide a test sample for detecting the particle size and concentration of the aerosol, and the measured result is automatically input into a computer through a PLC;
and the other outlet of the tee joint is connected with the radioactivity detector, so that a test sample is provided for the detection of the radioactivity of the aerosol, and the measured result is automatically input into a computer through a PLC (programmable logic controller).
Further, the tail gas treatment device comprises a tail gas tertiary filter and an iodine box; and the aerosol at the outlet of the test pipeline is introduced into an inlet of a tail gas treatment device, filtered by the tail gas tertiary filter and introduced into the iodine box to detect the radioactivity of the aerosol, and is discharged into the air after reaching the national emission standard.
The radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system has the advantages that by testing particles trapped in actual aerosol effluents of on-site nuclear facilities, the testing result is more convincing, and the radioactive characteristics and the migration rule of the aerosol particles of gaseous effluents of different types of nuclear facilities can be clarified; the influence of flow velocity, temperature and humidity on the deposition loss of the radioactive aerosol sampling pipeline is considered, so that the testing working condition is the same as or similar to the field working condition, and the accuracy of the result is ensured; the test pipeline with the sleeve type structure can better shield the particle radioactivity, reduce the temperature difference between the front end and the rear end of the pipeline and ensure the accuracy of a test result; an optical detection instrument and a radioactive detection instrument are selected for simultaneous detection, so that the deposition loss evaluation of the radioactive aerosol in the pipeline is more scientific. The invention provides an integrated radioactive aerosol sampling pipeline deposition loss test system, and test data obtained by adopting the system has reference and reference significance for evaluating pipeline deposition loss of some sampling systems of nuclear facilities, and has reference significance for updating and designing sampling pipeline systems.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a condition control device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an aerosol generating device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a test pipeline according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of a sleeve-type structure disposed outside a test pipeline according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an exhaust gas treatment device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention will be further clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments.
The radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system provided by the embodiment of the invention is mainly used for testing the migration characteristic of radioactive aerosol in a sampling pipeline, and can be used for various aerosols, especially radioactive aerosols. The device can meet the deposition loss test of the aerosol sampling pipeline under most working conditions, is particularly suitable for radioactive aerosol, and not only needs to protect the device from being damaged by radioactivity, but also needs to obtain an accurate deposition loss rule test of the radioactive aerosol sampling pipeline.
As shown in fig. 1 to 7, a radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system provided in an embodiment of the present invention includes an aerosol generating device, a condition control device, a testing pipeline 17, a detection device, and a tail gas processing device; wherein, the aerosol generating device is used for stably sending the radioactive particles into the testing pipeline 17; the condition control device is used for controlling the test conditions of sampling flow, temperature, humidity and the like in the test pipeline 17; the test pipeline 17 is designed into a U shape and comprises a vertical pipeline section, a horizontal pipeline and a bent pipeline section; the detection device comprises an optical aerosol particle size spectrometer and a silicon detector, and is used for simultaneously measuring aerosol particle size distribution, particle concentration and radioactivity so as to carry out more comprehensive and scientific evaluation on the pipeline deposition loss; and the tail gas treatment device is used for treating the aerosol used for testing and then exhausting the aerosol into the air.
In this embodiment, fig. 2 is a condition control device, which controls the flow, temperature, and humidity of aerosol in the test pipeline 17, so that the working condition in the test pipeline 17 is the same as the field working condition, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the test result, and providing a premise for studying the influence of the flow, temperature, and humidity on the aerosol deposition loss in the pipeline. The condition control device mainly comprises a fan 1, a cold dryer 2, a condition control device pipeline 3, a tertiary filter 4, a constant temperature and humidity box 5, a thermometer 6 and a flowmeter 7, and the flow of aerosol in a test pipeline 17 is controlled by the fan 1. Compressed air is introduced into a pipeline 3 of the condition control device, is subjected to cold drying by a cold drying machine 2 and is filtered by a three-stage filter 4 and then enters a constant temperature and humidity box 5, and after the air meets the test requirement, the air is detected by a thermometer 6 and a flowmeter 7 and then is introduced into a front pipe section of a test pipeline 17; and the detected data of air flow, temperature, humidity and the like are automatically transmitted to a computer through a PLC. Wherein all the condition control device pipelines 3 are made of stainless steel so as to prevent water vapor in the air from corroding the pipelines; the power of the fan 1 and the temperature and the humidity of the constant temperature and humidity box are remotely controlled by a PLC (programmable logic controller), and the test conditions are adjusted to the working conditions required by the test.
As shown in fig. 3, the aerosol generating device mainly comprises an air compressor 8, a cold dryer 9, a three-stage filter 10 and a generating device 12 which are connected in sequence. The generating device 12 comprises a generating device bypass, a venturi tube 12-B and a lead box 12-C. The generating device 12 is assembled right above the lead tray 11, radioactive particles are placed in the lead box 12-C, compressed air with a certain flow rate is introduced into an air inlet 12-A of a bypass of the generating device, and when the compressed air passes through the bypass of the generating device at a high speed, the radioactive particles in the lead box 12-C are introduced into a front pipe section of the test pipeline 17 through the Venturi pipe 12-B by utilizing the generated pressure difference. The lead trays 11 serve as radiation shielding to ensure radiation safety for field workers.
The compressed air is generated by an air compressor 8, is cooled and dried by a cooling and drying machine 9, is introduced into a three-stage filter 10 for filtering, and is introduced into a generating device 12 for bypassing, so as to eliminate the interference of particles in the air. The three-stage filter 10 comprises a first-stage filter, a second-stage filter and a third-stage filter; wherein, the first filter mainly aims at particles with the diameter more than 3 μm, the second filter mainly aims at particles with the diameter between 3 μm and 1 μm, and the third filter mainly aims at particles with the diameter less than 1 μm.
As shown in FIG. 4, the test pipeline 17 includes a U-shaped section composed of a vertical pipe section 17-A, a horizontal pipe section 17-B and an elbow pipe section 17-C, which is a main body part of the test pipeline 17. According to the inflow sequence of the aerosol, the front pipe section of the test pipeline 17 is arranged in front of the U-shaped pipe section. Wherein, the front pipe section of the test pipeline 17 is a horizontal pipe section with the length of 8m, and the radioactive particles and air sent into the front pipe section of the test pipeline 17 form uniformly mixed aerosol in the front pipe section; and then a U-shaped pipe section is connected, wherein the horizontal pipe section in the U-shaped pipe section is 8m long, the vertical pipe section is 8m long, and the curvature radius of the bent pipe is 0.2 m. The pipe sections (the front pipe section, the vertical pipe section, the horizontal pipe section and the bent pipe section) of the test pipeline 17 are connected through quick connectors, and the inner diameter of the pipe is 29 mm. 2 sampling ports 13 are respectively arranged at the front end and the rear end of each elbow pipe section 17-C, a total of 8 sampling ports 13 are arranged on the test pipeline 17, and the concentration, the particle size and the radioactivity of aerosol in the test pipeline 17 are detected through the sampling ports 13.
As shown in fig. 5, a double-layer lead casing pipe structure is arranged outside the test pipeline 17, the pipe diameter of the first layer of lead casing pipe 17-D is 35mm, the thickness is 1mm, and inert gas 17-E is filled between the first layer of lead casing pipe 17-D and the test pipeline 17, so that the safety of personnel is ensured, the interference of the radioactivity of aerosol in the outside air is eliminated, and the accuracy of data is ensured; a heating wire 17-F is arranged between the second layer of lead sleeve 17-G and the first layer of lead sleeve 17-D, and the testing pipeline 17 is long, so that the heating wire is arranged between the second layer of lead sleeve 17-G and the first layer of lead sleeve 17-D to prevent the temperature difference from occurring before and after the testing pipeline 17 to influence the testing accuracy.
As shown in fig. 6, the detection means includes an optical aerosol particle size spectrometer 14 and a radioactivity detecting instrument 15. Firstly, evaluating effluents of different nuclear facilities, and selecting different particle size spectrometers according to the approximate particle size and concentration of the measured aerosol; according to the different radioactive substances to be detected, different radioactive nuclide detection instruments are selected. An inlet of the tee joint 16 is connected with the sampling port 13, one outlet of the tee joint 16 is connected with the optical aerosol particle size spectrometer 14 to provide a test sample for detecting the particle size and concentration of the aerosol, and a measured result is automatically input into a computer through a PLC; the other outlet of the three-way valve 16 is connected with a radioactivity detector 15, so that a test sample is provided for detecting the radioactivity of the aerosol, and the measured result is automatically input into a computer through a PLC.
As shown in fig. 7, the operation of the exhaust gas treatment device is as follows: the aerosol at the outlet of the test pipeline 17 is introduced into an inlet 18-A of the tail gas treatment device, filtered by a tail gas tertiary filter 18-B, introduced into an iodine box 18-C to detect the radioactivity of the aerosol, and discharged into the air through a discharge port 18-D after the detection and the national discharge standard are met. The tail gas tertiary filter 18-B is mainly used for filtering air carrying radioactive aerosol, the air carrying the radioactive aerosol firstly enters a first-stage filter, a first-stage filter element is a cylindrical mesh filter element, when the air carrying the radioactive aerosol passes through the first-stage filter element, a coalescence effect is generated, larger radioactive particles are adsorbed on a filter material of the first-stage filter element, and water can be condensed into larger water drops. When entering the separation chamber, the air slows down, so that the particles are collected again, and the water mist is condensed on a honeycomb-shaped water collector again. The water laden with foreign particles flows along the bottom to a drain, which is drained by an automatic or electric drain valve. After the compressed air is filtered by the first-stage filter element, more than 95% of large particles in the compressed air are filtered by the first-stage filter element. The second filter element in the second filter is a fiber filter screen made of special cotton, thousands of small vortexes can be generated when compressed air passes through the second filter element after being filtered by the first filter element, meanwhile, the compressed air is accelerated by tens of times, the center of the vortexes is just like tornado, a vacuum state is formed, water drops which are not filtered in the first filter are gasified, converted and filtered again, and meanwhile, particles which are as small as 0.1 micron can be removed by the second filter screen. After being filtered by the first stage filter and the second stage filter, most radioactive aerosol particles are trapped; the third stage filter mainly aims at particles with the particle size of 0.1-0.3 mu m (the most penetrable particle size) so as to ensure that all radioactive aerosol particles are trapped; the iodine box 18-C can test the filtering efficiency of the tail gas tertiary filter 18-B, and the filtered air is discharged from the discharge port 18-D after the radioactivity of the filtered air reaches the national standard.
According to the radioactive aerosol sampling test system provided by the embodiment of the invention, particles trapped in actual aerosol effluents of on-site nuclear facilities are used for testing, so that the test result is more convincing, and the radioactive characteristics and the migration rule of the aerosol particles of gaseous effluents of different types of nuclear facilities can be clarified; the influence of flow velocity, temperature and humidity on the deposition loss of the radioactive aerosol sampling pipeline is considered, so that the testing working condition is the same as or similar to the field working condition, and the accuracy of the result is ensured; the test pipeline with the sleeve type structure can better shield the particle radioactivity, reduce the temperature difference between the front end and the rear end of the pipeline and ensure the accuracy of a test result; an optical detection instrument and a radioactive detection instrument are selected for simultaneous detection, so that the deposition loss evaluation of the radioactive aerosol in the pipeline is more scientific. The embodiment of the invention provides an integrated radioactive aerosol sampling pipeline deposition loss testing system, and the testing data obtained by adopting the system has reference and reference significance for evaluating the pipeline deposition loss of certain sampling systems of nuclear facilities, and has reference significance for updating and designing sampling pipeline systems.
The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of the present invention, and the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms or other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The described embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention should be indicated by the appended claims, and any changes that are equivalent to the intent and scope of the claims should be construed to be included therein.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a radioactive aerosol sampling test system, its characterized in that, the system includes aerosol generating device, condition control device, test pipeline, detection device and tail gas processing apparatus, wherein:
the aerosol generating device comprises an air compressor, a cold dryer, a three-stage filter and a generating device which are connected in sequence and is used for stably sending the radioactive particles into the test pipeline;
the condition control device comprises a fan, a cold dryer, a three-stage filter, a constant temperature and humidity box, a thermometer and a flowmeter which are connected through a condition control device pipeline, and the condition control device is connected with the test pipeline and is used for controlling the sampling flow, temperature and humidity in the test pipeline;
the test pipeline comprises a U-shaped pipe section consisting of a vertical pipe section, a horizontal pipe section and a bent pipe section;
the detection device comprises an optical aerosol particle size spectrometer and a radioactivity detection instrument which are connected with a sampling port of the test pipeline;
and the tail gas treatment device is used for treating the aerosol at the outlet of the test pipeline and then exhausting the aerosol into the air.
2. A radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to claim 1, wherein the aerosol generating device further comprises a lead tray, the lead tray serving as a radioactive shielding device.
3. A radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to claim 1, wherein the generating means comprises a generating means bypass, a venturi, a lead box;
compressed air is introduced into an air inlet of the bypass of the generating device, and the radioactive particles in the lead box are introduced into the test pipeline through the venturi tube by utilizing pressure difference.
4. A radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to claim 3, wherein the compressed air is generated by the air compressor, is cooled by the cooling machine, is filtered by the tertiary filter, and is bypassed by the generating device to eliminate the interference of particles in the air.
5. A radioactive aerosol sampling test system according to claim 1, wherein the tertiary filter comprises a primary filter, a secondary filter and a tertiary filter; wherein the primary filter mainly filters particles with the particle size of more than 3 μm, the secondary filter mainly filters particles with the particle size of 3 μm to 1 μm, and the tertiary filter mainly filters particles with the particle size of less than 1 μm.
6. A radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to claim 1, wherein the condition control device tubing is made of stainless steel to prevent corrosion by water vapor in the air;
the power of the fan and the temperature and the humidity of the constant temperature and humidity box are remotely controlled by a PLC.
7. A radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to claim 1, wherein the testing line further comprises a front pipe section, the front pipe section is arranged in front of the U-shaped pipe section, and the radioactive particles and air fed into the testing line form a uniformly mixed aerosol in the front pipe section;
the front end and the rear end of the elbow pipe section are respectively provided with the sampling ports.
8. A radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to claim 1, wherein a sleeve structure composed of two layers of lead sleeves is arranged outside the testing pipeline, and inert gas is filled between the first layer of lead sleeve and the testing pipeline;
a heating wire is arranged between the second layer of lead sleeve and the first layer of lead sleeve to prevent the temperature difference of the test pipeline from influencing the test accuracy.
9. The radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to claim 1, wherein the detection device further comprises a tee joint, an inlet of the tee joint is connected with the sampling port, an outlet of the tee joint is connected with the optical aerosol particle size spectrometer to provide a test sample for detecting the particle size and concentration of the aerosol, and the detection result is automatically input into the computer through a PLC;
and the other outlet of the tee joint is connected with the radioactivity detector, so that a test sample is provided for the detection of the radioactivity of the aerosol, and the measured result is automatically input into a computer through a PLC (programmable logic controller).
10. A radioactive aerosol sampling and testing system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the tail gas treatment device comprises a tail gas tertiary filter, an iodine box;
and the aerosol at the outlet of the test pipeline is introduced into an inlet of a tail gas treatment device, filtered by the tail gas tertiary filter and introduced into the iodine box to detect the radioactivity of the aerosol, and is discharged into the air after reaching the national emission standard.
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