CN114285489B - Optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system based on optical solitons, which comprises: the transmitting end uses an optical soliton source as a light source and separates the optical soliton source into various wavelength channels; each wavelength channel uses a pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery scheme to carry out continuous variable quantum key distribution; the optical fiber channel is used for transmitting the optical signals sent by the sending end; the receiving end receives the optical signals transmitted by the optical fiber channels and separates the optical signals into various wavelength channels; the receiving end uses a local optical soliton source as a light source, and separates the local optical soliton source to each wavelength channel for signal heterodyne detection and post-processing to obtain a quantum key. The optical soliton source adopted by the invention has basic technical advantages compared with a discrete laser, and the frequency comb can reduce the power consumption of a transmitting end. The overall power consumption of the optical soliton source has been competitive with the commercial integrated tunable laser assembly of large-scale parallel arrays.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a continuous variable quantum key distribution system, in particular to a wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system and method based on optical solitons.
Background
Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for quantum key distribution due to its compatibility with existing telecommunication devices and high detection efficiency. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a method based on the transmission of non-orthogonal quantum states to generate a secret key between two remotely located parties, alice and Bob. After transmission and measurement of these quantum states Alice and Bob exchange classical information and post-process to generate a secure key. To prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, alice and Bob need to verify these classical information in advance (so QKD is strictly a key generation protocol). One well-known CV-QKD protocol is the Gaussian Modulated Coherent State (GMCS) protocol, and the coherent state used by CV-QKD has the main advantage over the compressed state protocol in that it avoids the technically challenging generation of compressed light (Advanced Quantum Technologies, 2018, 1 (1): 1800011), while it is robust against incoherent background noise.
In GMCS QKD, alice extracts two random numbers XA and PA from a set of gaussian random numbers (average 0, variance VAN 0), prepares a coherent state accordingly, and sends it to Bob. Here, n0=1/4 represents shot noise variance. At Bob, he may perform optical homodyne detection or optical heterodyne detection. In the GMCS QKD protocol based on homodyne detection, bob randomly chooses to measure the amplitude (X) or phase (P) of the incoming signal. He then announces the orthogonality he measures for each incoming signal over an authenticated common channel, while Alice only retains the corresponding data. In GMCS QKD based on heterodyne detection, bob first splits the incoming signal into two with a 50:50 beam splitter. He then measures X at one output port and P at the other. In this case Alice retains all of her orthogonal data. After the quantum transmission phase Alice shares a set of related gaussian random variables (called "original keys") with Bob. Alice and Bob compare random samples of the original key over an authenticated classical channel to estimate the rate of transmission and excess noise of the quantum channel. If the observed excess noise is small enough, they can further calculate a secure key. But to reduce phase noise, both the GMCS CV-QKD signal and the local oscillator Light (LO) are generated by the same laser and propagated through an unsafe quantum channel. This increases system insecurity and complexity and sending a strong LO over a lossy channel can greatly reduce the efficiency of QKD. Pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery schemes have been developed for CV-QKD that do not require frequency and phase locking between the quantum signal and the local oscillator laser (Physical Review X, 2015, 5 (4): 04009).
An optical soliton is a waveform that retains its shape during propagation, as a result of dispersion and nonlinear balance, whose spectrum is comb-shaped. By using the continuous carrier of the coherent frequency comb as a carrier for communication, solitons can be used as a key element of large-scale parallel wavelength division multiplexing in optical communication, and better expandability is provided so as to improve the data transmission rate. Dissipative Kerr Solitons (DKS), which rely on dual balanced solitons of parametric gain and cavity loss as well as dispersion and nonlinearity, can generate low noise, spectrally smooth, broadband optical frequency combs (Science, 2016, 351 (6271): 357-360) through kerr nonlinearity-mediated four-photon interactions. Solitons provide tens or even hundreds of well-defined narrowband optical carriers for large-scale and traveling wave division multiplexing; unlike the carrier wave derived from the laser array module, the frequency of the comb is equidistant in nature, eliminating the need for a single wavelength control and inter-channel guard band. Furthermore, when coming from the same optical soliton, the random frequency variation of the optical carrier is strongly correlated, allowing to effectively compensate the impairments caused by the nonlinearity of the transmission fiber. For use in optical communications, the frequency comb source must be compact; the microresonator-based DKS frequency comb source has good scalability for massive parallel communication of transmitters and receivers, potentially replacing the continuous laser arrays currently used for high-speed communication (Nature, 2017, 546 (7657): 274-279).
However, continuous variable quantum key distribution has not utilized the above-mentioned excellent characteristics of optical solitons, and the large-scale networking capability of the continuous variable quantum key distribution system has yet to be further expanded.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system and method based on optical solitons.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system comprising:
the transmitting end uses an optical soliton source as a light source and separates the optical soliton source into various wavelength channels; each wavelength channel uses a pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery scheme to carry out continuous variable quantum key distribution;
the optical fiber channel is used for transmitting the optical signals sent by the sending end;
the receiving end receives the signals transmitted by the optical fiber channels and separates the signals into various wavelength channels; the receiving end uses a local optical soliton source as a light source, and separates the local optical soliton source to each wavelength channel for signal heterodyne detection and post-processing to obtain a quantum key.
Preferably, the transmitting end includes:
a first demultiplexer separating optical soliton comb spectra at different wavelength channels, each wavelength channel corresponding to one user of a receiving end (Bob);
an intensity modulator connected to each wavelength channel;
a phase modulator connected to each wavelength channel and located after the intensity modulator;
the arbitrary waveform generator is respectively connected with the intensity modulator and the phase modulator;
the satellite taming clock is connected with the arbitrary waveform generator; the optical signal of each wavelength channel is modulated by an intensity modulator and a phase modulator, the modulated signal is from an arbitrary waveform generator, and the frequency standard of the arbitrary waveform generator is provided by a satellite discipline clock.
A multiplexer that multiplexes the optical signal of each wavelength channel to the fibre channel.
Preferably, the pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery scheme includes: a transmitting end (Alice) alternately transmits a quantum signal and a phase reference pulse generated by the same frequency component of an optical soliton;
the quantum signal carries Alice's random number, and the phase reference pulse is not modulated;
the quantum signal and the phase reference pulse of each wavelength channel are multiplexed into one fiber channel through the multiplexer, and are transmitted to a receiving end through the fiber channel.
Preferably, the receiving end includes:
a second demultiplexer separating optical signals transmitted through the optical fiber channels into wavelength channels,
and the third demultiplexer demultiplexes each wavelength channel of the local optical soliton source to obtain corresponding local oscillation light, and heterodyne detection is carried out on the local oscillation light and the optical signals of each wavelength channel.
Preferably, the receiving end further includes:
the polarization controller is connected to each wavelength channel of the optical signal of the transmitting end;
the 90-degree optical mixer is connected in parallel with the wavelength channels of the optical signal of the transmitting end and the local optical soliton source;
a balanced photodetector, said balanced photodetector being connected after said 90 optical mixer,
an oscilloscope connected with the balance light detector,
and the satellite tame clock is connected with the oscilloscope.
Preferably, the heterodyne detection process includes:
after the polarization of the optical signal from the transmitting end is adjusted by the polarization controller, the optical signal is input into a 90-degree optical mixer together with corresponding local oscillator light from a local optical soliton source, and then the optical signal is converted into an electric signal by two balanced optical detectors and is input into an oscilloscope; the oscilloscope provides a frequency reference by the satellite disciplinary clock, thereby realizing the synchronization with the arbitrary waveform generator at the transmitting end.
Preferably, the receiving end uses local oscillator light to measure the phase reference pulse,
phase reference pulse (X) R , P R ) Can be used to determine，/>。
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution method based on optical solitons, comprising: the optical solitons at the transmitting end provide continuous carriers with equal frequency intervals;
alternately loading a quantum signal and a phase reference pulse on each frequency respectively;
transmitting the quantum signal and the phase reference pulse into the fiber channel by utilizing wavelength division multiplexing;
the local oscillator light which is demultiplexed at the receiving end and corresponds to the local optical soliton source is sent to the user;
and the user acquires the quantum key through detection and post-processing of a pilot-assisted feedforward data recovery scheme.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a terminal comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, the processor when executing the program being operable to perform the method or to run the system as described above.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which when executed by a processor is operable to perform the method or to run the system described above.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention adopts the detection method of the feedforward data recovery assisted by the pilot, does not need to lock signals and local oscillation light, and overcomes the difficulty of locking frequency and phase between the quantum signals and the local oscillator laser.
2. The optical soliton source adopted by the invention has basic technical advantages compared with a discrete laser, and the frequency comb can reduce the power consumption of a transmitting end. The overall power consumption of the optical soliton source has been competitive with the commercial integrated tunable laser assembly of large-scale parallel arrays.
3. The invention utilizes the spectrum resource of the optical soliton broadband, plays the potential of CV-QKD in large-scale and traveling wave division multiplexing, and lays a foundation for the construction of a quantum key distribution network.
4. The optical soliton source in the invention can adopt an integrated microcavity, can realize small-sized sealed package, realize miniaturization of a transceiver and improve the resistance of the device to external environment interference factors.
5. The wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system based on the optical soliton provided by the invention combines a plurality of subject fields such as quantum optics, nonlinear optics and the like, and innovatively utilizes the optical soliton to improve the networking capability of CV-QKD.
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Other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments, given with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein, 1-the soliton source; a first demultiplexer; 22-a second demultiplexer; 23-a third demultiplexer; a 3-intensity modulator; a 4-phase modulator; 5-an arbitrary waveform generator; 6-satellite taming clocks; 7-a multiplexer; 8-optical fiber; 9-a local soliton source; 10-polarization controller; an 11-90 ° optical mixer; 12-balancing a light detector; 13-oscilloscope.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the present invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that variations and modifications could be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the inventive concept. These are all within the scope of the present invention.
The invention provides an embodiment, a wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system based on optical solitons, comprising:
the transmitting end uses an optical soliton source as a light source and separates the optical soliton source into various wavelength channels; each wavelength channel uses a pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery scheme to carry out continuous variable quantum key distribution;
the optical fiber channel is used for transmitting optical signals sent by the sending end;
the receiving end receives the signal transmitted by the optical fiber channel and separates the signal into each wavelength channel; the receiving end uses a local optical soliton source as a light source, and separates the light source into each wavelength channel for signal heterodyne detection and post-processing to obtain a quantum key.
In this embodiment, heterodyne detection is a frequency difference between an optical signal from Alice at the transmitting end and local oscillation light at Bob at the receiving end. Post-processing is a mature technology in the prior art, and is not described in detail in this embodiment.
As shown in fig. 1, a schematic diagram of an optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown.
The transmitting end comprises an optical soliton source 1, a first demultiplexer 21, an intensity modulator 3, a phase modulator 4, an arbitrary waveform generator 5, a satellite disciplinary clock 6 and a multiplexer 7.
The free spectral range of the optical soliton is called FSR, using optical soliton source 1 as the light source for the transmitting end (Alice).
The demultiplexer 2 (DEMUX) separates the soliton comb spectra at different wavelength channels, each corresponding to one user at the receiving end (Bob).
Each wavelength channel employs a pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery scheme for continuous variable quantum key distribution. In the pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery scheme, for each quantum transmission, the transmitting end (Alice) alternately emits a quantum signal and a relatively strong phase reference pulse generated by the same frequency component of the optical soliton. The quantum signal carries Alice's random number, as is the case with the traditional GMCS CV-QKD; on the other hand, the phase reference pulse is not modulated. The optical signal of each wavelength channel is modulated by an intensity modulator 3 and a phase modulator 4, the modulated signal coming from an arbitrary waveform generator 5, the frequency standard of the arbitrary waveform generator 5 being provided by a satellite discipline clock 6.
The two pulses, the quantum signal and the phase reference pulse, of each wavelength channel are multiplexed into one fiber 8 via a multiplexer 7 (MUX) and transmitted by the fiber channel to the receiving end (Bob).
The receiving end comprises a local optical soliton source 9, a second demultiplexer 22, a third demultiplexer 23, a polarization controller 10, a 90-degree optical mixer 11, a balanced optical detector 12, an oscilloscope 13 and a satellite disciplinary clock.
The receiving end separates each wavelength channel through the second demultiplexer 22, and uses the third demultiplexer 23 to perform heterodyne detection on signals by using Local Oscillation (LO) corresponding to each wavelength channel after demultiplexing of the local optical soliton source 9. Wherein, the optical soliton source at the transmitting end and the local optical soliton source at the receiving end are not optically and electrically connected.
For better heterodyne detection of signals, the present invention provides a preferred embodiment.
To avoid detector saturation, the receiving end may use a relatively weak local oscillator LO to measure the phase reference pulse. Phase reference pulse (X) R , P R ) Can be used to determine，/>Wherein the minus sign is due to definition of phase reference, X R Representing the amplitude, P, of the phase reference pulse R Representing the phase of the phase reference pulse. By using a relatively strong phase reference pulse, the receiving end can obtain p ∈>And uses this phase information to establish a phase map with the receiving end; after post-processing, alice and Bob can obtain the quantum key.
The optical signal from the transmitting end is polarized by the polarization controller 10, and then is input into the 90-degree optical mixer 11 together with the corresponding local oscillator light from the local optical soliton source 9, and is converted into an electric signal by the two balanced optical detectors 12 to be input into the oscilloscope 13. The oscilloscope 13 is provided with a frequency reference by the satellite disciplinary clock 6, so that the synchronization with the arbitrary waveform generator 5 at the transmitting end is realized.
As a preferred embodiment, as shown in fig. 1, in this embodiment, a quantum signal Si and the corresponding phase reference pulse Ri are measured at different times, with a time delay Td. The deviation of the instantaneous frequencies of the optical soliton source 1 and the local optical soliton source 9 are random variables; the optical carrier frequency difference (f 1-f 2) set by the optical soliton source 1 and the local optical soliton source 9 at the same wavelength channel is a constant and can be accurately determined. Specifically, a constant phase shift of 2π (f 1-f 2) Td is first added to estimate the phase of the quantum signal Si when measured. Then calculate +.sup.1 from the phase measurements of Ri and Ri+1>The estimated value of (2) is +.>=/>=/>Wherein->=/>-/>Is the frequency difference between the optical soliton source 1 and the local optical soliton source 9 in the short time interval between two adjacent phase reference pulses. Finally, the frequency difference is obtained, heterodyne detection is completed, and the estimated value of the instantaneous phase of the quantum signal is calculated and obtained.
In this embodiment, no locking is required between the optical soliton source 1 and the local optical soliton source 9, and the difficulty of frequency and phase locking between the quantum signal and the local oscillator laser is overcome.
As a preferred embodiment, the optical soliton source 1 and the local optical soliton source 9 are both preferably Shan Guzi sources.
As a preferred embodiment, the center wavelength of the optical soliton source 1 and the local optical soliton source 9 are each preferably 1550.12nm (frequency 193.4 THz), and the free spectral range FSR is preferably 100GHz to match the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 100GHz wavelength division multiplexing channel standard.
As a preferred embodiment, both the optical soliton source and the local optical soliton source are preferably integrated micro-nano resonators with micro-heaters whose center wavelength and FSR can be changed by thermal tuning.
As a preferred embodiment, the frequency interval of the second demultiplexer 22 and the multiplexer 7 is preferably 100GHz.
Based on the same conception as the above embodiment, the present invention also provides another embodiment. The wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution method based on the optical soliton comprises the following steps:
each wavelength channel corresponds to one user, quantum information and phase reference pulse are alternately loaded on each frequency component respectively, and the quantum information and the phase reference pulse are sent to the optical fiber channel through wavelength division multiplexing; demultiplexing at a receiving end and sending local oscillation light corresponding to a local optical soliton source to a user together; the user can obtain the quantum key through detection and post-processing of the pilot-assisted feedforward data recovery scheme. In the invention, the optical soliton can provide good expandability, can reduce the system cost and is beneficial to constructing a large-scale continuous variable quantum key distribution network.
Based on the same conception as the above embodiment, the present invention also provides an embodiment. A terminal comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, the processor being operable to perform the method described above or to run the system described above when the program is executed.
Based on the same conception as the above embodiment, the present invention also provides an embodiment. A computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which when executed by a processor is operable to perform the method described above or to run the system described above.
The foregoing describes specific embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described above, and that various changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the claims without affecting the spirit of the invention. The above-described preferred features may be used in any combination without collision.
Claims (6)
1. An optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system, comprising:
the transmitting end uses an optical soliton source as a light source and separates the optical soliton to each wavelength channel; each wavelength channel uses a pilot-assisted feed-forward data recovery scheme to carry out continuous variable quantum key distribution;
the optical fiber channel is used for transmitting the optical signals sent by the sending end;
the receiving end receives the optical signals transmitted by the optical fiber channels and separates the optical signals into various wavelength channels; the receiving end uses a local optical soliton source as a light source, separates the light source into each wavelength channel for signal heterodyne detection and post-processing, and obtains a quantum key;
the receiving end comprises:
a second demultiplexer separating optical signals transmitted through the optical fiber channels into wavelength channels,
the third demultiplexer demultiplexes each wavelength channel of the local optical soliton source to obtain corresponding local oscillation light, and heterodyne detection is carried out on the local oscillation light and the optical signals of each wavelength channel;
the receiving end further includes:
the polarization controller is connected to each wavelength channel of the optical signal of the transmitting end;
the 90-degree optical mixer is connected in parallel with the wavelength channels of the optical signal of the transmitting end and the local optical soliton source;
a balanced photodetector, said balanced photodetector being connected after said 90 optical mixer,
an oscilloscope connected with the balance light detector,
the satellite tame clock is connected with the oscilloscope;
the heterodyne detection includes:
after the polarization of the optical signal from the transmitting end is adjusted by the polarization controller, the optical signal is input into a 90-degree optical mixer together with corresponding local oscillator light from a local optical soliton source, and then the optical signal is converted into an electric signal by two balanced optical detectors and is input into an oscilloscope; the oscilloscope provides a frequency reference by a satellite taming clock, so that the oscilloscope is synchronous with an arbitrary waveform generator which is arranged at a transmitting end and used for generating a modulation signal;
the pilot-assisted feed forward data recovery scheme includes: the sending end Alice alternately sends out a quantum signal and a phase reference pulse generated by the same frequency component of the optical soliton;
the quantum signal carries Alice's random number, the phase reference pulse being unmodulated;
the quantum signal and the phase reference pulse of each wavelength channel are multiplexed into one fiber channel, and are transmitted to a receiving end by the fiber channel.
2. The optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting end comprises:
a first demultiplexer, which separates optical soliton comb spectra in different wavelength channels, each wavelength channel corresponding to a user of the receiving end Bob;
an intensity modulator connected to each wavelength channel;
a phase modulator connected to each wavelength channel and located after the intensity modulator;
the arbitrary waveform generator is respectively connected with the intensity modulator and the phase modulator;
the satellite taming clock is connected with the arbitrary waveform generator; the optical signal of each wavelength channel is modulated by an intensity modulator and a phase modulator, the modulated signal is from an arbitrary waveform generator, and the frequency standard of the arbitrary waveform generator is provided by a satellite taming clock;
a multiplexer that multiplexes the optical signal of each wavelength channel to the fibre channel.
3. The optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein the heterodyne detection further comprises:
the receiving end uses the existing heterodyne detection scheme, uses the local oscillation light to measure the regular component of the phase reference pulse,
two canonical components of amplitude and phase of a phase reference pulseIs used to determine the instantaneous phase of the phase reference pulse +.>，/>；
Quantum signal S i And corresponding phase reference pulse R i Measured at different times with a time delay T d ；
From the slaveAnd->Is calculated as quantum signal +.>The estimated value of (2) is +.>=/>=Wherein->=/>Is the frequency difference between the optical soliton source and the local optical soliton source in the short time interval between two adjacent phase reference pulses;
obtaining an estimate of the instantaneous phase of the quantum signalHeterodyne detection is completed.
4. A method of optical soliton-based wavelength division multiplexing continuous variable quantum key distribution, based on the system of any of claims 1-3, comprising:
the optical solitons at the transmitting end provide continuous carriers with equal frequency intervals;
alternately loading a quantum signal and a phase reference pulse on each frequency respectively;
transmitting the quantum signal and the phase reference pulse into the fiber channel by utilizing wavelength division multiplexing;
demultiplexing at a receiving end and sending local oscillation light corresponding to a local optical soliton source to a user;
and the user acquires the quantum key through detection and post-processing of a pilot-assisted feedforward data recovery scheme.
5. A terminal comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor is operable to perform the method of claim 4 or to run the system of any of claims 1-3 when the program is executed.
6. A computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program, which when executed by a processor is operative to perform the method of claim 4 or to run the system of any of claims 1-3.
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