CN114262105B - Concrete wastewater recycling treatment method and concrete containing wastewater - Google Patents
Concrete wastewater recycling treatment method and concrete containing wastewater Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application relates to a concrete wastewater recycling treatment method and concrete containing the wastewater, and belongs to the field of wastewater treatment. Which comprises the following steps: 1) primary filtering: separating sand and stone of the concrete wastewater by adopting a sieving mode to obtain primary wastewater; 2) secondary filtration: introducing the primary wastewater into a secondary sedimentation tank, starting an ultrasonic generator to perform oscillation treatment, then adding an additive, continuing performing ultrasonic oscillation treatment on the wastewater, and settling to remove silt and stone powder to obtain secondary wastewater; 3) homogenizing: introducing the secondary wastewater into a stirring tank, and uniformly stirring to obtain homogeneous wastewater; 4) sampling detection: and water samples are extracted from the stirring pool for water quality detection, and the water samples can be extracted and used in the production of concrete according to the use requirements. The concrete wastewater treatment method can efficiently remove impurities in the wastewater, can increase the percentage of unhydrated active substances in the wastewater, improves the utilization rate of the concrete wastewater, and is energy-saving and environment-friendly.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of wastewater treatment, in particular to a concrete wastewater recycling treatment method and concrete containing the wastewater.
Background
Concrete is an indispensable building material in the building industry, and concrete inevitably produces a large amount of waste water in the production process, such as washing sewage generated in washing concrete mixers or transportation vehicles, the waste water contains building material substances such as sand, cement and the like, and the waste water needs to be treated in order to reduce pollution to the natural environment.
At present, most concrete enterprises mainly adopt a filtering or precipitation method to remove impurities in concrete wastewater, although large-particle impurities in the treated wastewater can be effectively removed basically, the treated wastewater still contains a plurality of unhydrated mineral admixtures, hydrated calcium silicate gel, cement and other components with smaller fineness, the components contain a large amount of carbon elements, if the components are directly discharged, the carbon content in the water environment is increased, which is not beneficial to the green energy-saving industrial carbon discharge criterion, and if the components are mixed into concrete for use, the wastewater also contains a plurality of inert substance components, such as inert stone powder, soil and the like, the inert substance has larger adsorbability to water or a water reducing agent, so that the drying speed of the concrete is too high, the workability of the concrete is deteriorated, and the problem of concrete cracking is easily caused, affecting the mechanical properties of the concrete.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to improve the recycling rate of the concrete wastewater and improve the mechanical property of the concrete doped with the recycled wastewater, the application provides a recycling treatment method of the concrete wastewater and concrete containing the wastewater.
The application provides a concrete waste water cyclic utilization processing method and concrete that contains this waste water adopts following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the application provides a concrete wastewater recycling treatment method and concrete containing the wastewater, and the following technical scheme is adopted:
a concrete wastewater recycling treatment method comprises the following steps:
1) primary filtering: introducing the concrete wastewater into a primary sedimentation tank, and separating large-particle impurities such as sand and stone from the wastewater by adopting a sieving or centrifuging mode to obtain primary wastewater;
2) secondary filtration: introducing the primary wastewater into a secondary sedimentation tank, starting an ultrasonic generator to perform ultrasonic oscillation treatment on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank for 15-20min, then adding an additive into the secondary sedimentation tank, continuously starting the ultrasonic generator to perform ultrasonic oscillation treatment on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank for 15-20min, and settling to remove small particle impurities such as silt and stone powder to obtain secondary wastewater; 3) homogenizing: introducing the secondary wastewater into a stirring tank, and uniformly stirring to obtain homogeneous wastewater;
4) sampling detection: and (3) extracting a water sample from the stirring tank to perform water quality detection, wherein the homogenized wastewater meets the use requirement, and can be extracted and used in the production of concrete.
Through adopting preliminary filtration, secondary filter and homogenization's means are retrieved concrete waste water, make the solid content of concrete waste water obtain effectual control, accord with the requirement of doping in the concrete mixing, in addition, through adding the admixture and combining ultrasonic oscillation and handling, make some surfaces in the concrete waste water concretely have hydrated particulate matters such as ettringite can receive certain surface to peel off, make the fine particulate matter of unhydration can separate better with inert impurity particulate matter, the active material of concrete waste water particulate matter has increased the content ratio of inert substance, the silt settlement in the concrete waste water has also been accelerated, be favorable to improving the recycle ratio of unhydrated material in the concrete waste water, thereby carbon emission in the concrete production process has been reduced.
Preferably, the ultrasonic frequency of the ultrasonic generator is 20-25 KHz.
If the oscillation frequency is too high, unhydrated substances in the concrete wastewater are easily lost, if the oscillation frequency is too low, the separation effect is not obvious, the ultrasonic frequency is controlled within a certain range, the stripping degree of the hydrated substances on the surface of the particulate matters is proper, and inert impurities such as soil can be quickly separated.
Preferably, the secondary wastewater is introduced into the stirring tank and then is stirred at a stirring speed of 60 r/min.
By controlling the stirring speed in the stirring tank and keeping stirring treatment, the distribution of particles in the wastewater is more uniform, the solid content change fluctuation of the wastewater is smaller, and the concrete prepared by mixing the taken-out homogeneous wastewater has stable performance.
Preferably, the additive comprises, by weight, 10-15 parts of chitosan, 6-8 parts of sodium gluconate, 6-8 parts of sodium abietate, 23-28 parts of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and 45-55 parts of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride.
Preferably, the preparation method of the admixture is as follows: putting hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, chitosan, sodium gluconate and sodium abietate into a stirring tank according to the proportion, heating to 50 +/-2 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 30-45min at the rotating speed of 120r/min, adding sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate after cooling to 25 +/-2 ℃, reducing the rotating speed to 30r/min, and stirring for 15-20min to obtain the chitosan/sodium abietate.
The additive prepared by the raw materials can obtain better impurity separation effect on the concrete wastewater, each substance can be uniformly dispersed in the wastewater by utilizing the polyelectrolyte characteristic of hydrolyzed maleic anhydride, chitosan is dissolved in the wastewater after the molecular weight of the chitosan is reduced under the oscillation of ultrasonic waves, active hydration ingredients contained in the concrete wastewater are coated by hydrated ettringite and other substances, after the ultrasonic oscillation treatment, the particle surface part is peeled off, the particle part is contacted with water to generate hydrolysis reaction, a layer of silicon-rich and calcium-deficient substance is formed on the particle surface due to the unbalance between the formation and the dissolution speed of calcium ions and silicate ions on the particle surface, at the moment, the low molecular weight chitosan, sodium gluconate and sodium abietate are mutually matched and attached to the particles and provide a large amount of hydroxyl and carboxyl on the particle surface, and the carboxyl and the calcium ions can form a stable complex, in addition, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and chitosan are mutually matched, so that particles of the coated hydration diaphragm can float upwards in the waste water under ultrasonic oscillation and are separated from inert impurities such as soil and the like, and the concrete waste water has higher recycling rate.
Preferably, the addition amount of the additive is 1 +/-0.2 kg/t of wastewater.
By adding a proper amount of additives into the wastewater, the effect of well promoting the separation and sedimentation of inert impurities can be achieved.
In a second aspect, the present application provides a concrete, which adopts the following technical scheme:
the concrete contains the homogeneous waste water treated by the concrete waste water recycling treatment method.
The treated concrete wastewater is applied to the mixing of concrete, so that the concrete wastewater is recycled, the pollution caused by wastewater discharge is reduced, and the carbon discharge in the production process of the concrete is reduced.
Preferably, the feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
the concrete is prepared by mixing the raw materials with homogeneous wastewater according to a certain proportion, has good workability and higher mechanical property, can achieve the performance similar to the performance of the concrete only mixed with clear water, and has good economic practicability and environmental protection.
Preferably, the water reducing agent is one or a combination of a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, a naphthalene water reducing agent and a lignosulfonic acid water reducing agent.
Through adopting above water-reducing agent, further reduced the adsorptivity of the particulate matter in the homogeneity waste water to water, made the particulate matter in the waste water disperse in the concrete system more evenly, reduced the roposity degree of concrete, made the concrete have better constructability.
Preferably, the admixture is one or a combination of more of mineral powder, fly ash, feldspar powder and silica fume.
Through adopting the admixture, the particles in the homogeneous wastewater can obtain the alkali excitation effect, thereby better filling the pores of the dense concrete and improving the compressive strength of the concrete.
In summary, the present application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects:
1. the collected concrete wastewater is recycled by means of primary filtration, secondary filtration and homogenization treatment, so that impurities such as sand, soil and the like in the concrete wastewater are effectively removed, the proportion of active ingredients in the homogenized wastewater can be increased, and the recycling rate of the concrete wastewater is effectively increased;
2. by adopting ultrasonic oscillation treatment and the treatment means of adding the additive, hydrated inert substances on the surfaces of the particles in the wastewater can be stripped to a certain extent, the problem of obvious adsorption viscosity caused by blending the wastewater in concrete is solved, the wastewater particles can be well protected, the problem of premature hydration in the stirring process of the wastewater is solved, the effective service time of the wastewater is prolonged, and the concrete with better performance can be prepared;
3. the concrete wastewater is recycled and used for mixing concrete, so that the concrete wastewater can be well utilized, carbon emission in the concrete production process is reduced, and the concrete wastewater is energy-saving and environment-friendly.
Detailed Description
The present application will be described in further detail with reference to examples.
Preparation example
Preparation example 1
An additive for treating concrete wastewater, which is prepared by the following steps:
putting 43kg of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, 12kg of chitosan, 6kg of sodium gluconate and 7kg of sodium abietate into a stirring tank, heating to 50 +/-2 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 30min at the rotating speed of 120r/min, adding 25kg of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate after cooling to 25 +/-2 ℃, reducing the rotating speed to 30r/min, and stirring for 15-20min to obtain the chitosan/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
Preparation example 2
An additive for treating concrete wastewater, which is prepared by the following steps:
putting 47kg of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, 15kg of chitosan, 8kg of sodium gluconate and 6kg of sodium abietate into a stirring tank, heating to 50 +/-2 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 45min at the rotating speed of 120r/min, adding 23kg of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate after cooling to 25 +/-2 ℃, reducing the rotating speed to 30r/min, and stirring for 15-20min to obtain the chitosan/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
Preparation example 3
An additive for treating concrete wastewater, which is prepared by the following steps:
putting 52kg of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, 10kg of chitosan, 7kg of sodium gluconate and 8kg of sodium abietate into a stirring tank, heating to 50 +/-2 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 45min at the rotating speed of 120r/min, adding 28kg of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate after cooling to 25 +/-2 ℃, reducing the rotating speed to 30r/min, and stirring for 15-20min to obtain the chitosan/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
Preparation example 4
An additive for treating concrete wastewater, which is prepared by the following steps:
putting 43kg of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride and 15kg of chitosan into a stirring tank, heating to 50 +/-2 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 30min at the rotating speed of 120r/min, adding 23kg of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate after cooling to 25 +/-2 ℃, reducing the rotating speed to 30r/min, and stirring for 15-20min to obtain the chitosan/sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
Preparation example 5
An additive for treating concrete wastewater, which is prepared by the following steps:
putting 43kg of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, 8kg of sodium gluconate and 8kg of sodium abietate into a stirring tank, heating to 50 +/-2 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 30min at the rotating speed of 120r/min, adding 25kg of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate after cooling to 25 +/-2 ℃, reducing the rotating speed to 30r/min, and stirring for 15-20min to obtain the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
Examples
Example 1
A concrete wastewater recycling treatment method comprises the following steps:
1) primary filtering: introducing the concrete wastewater into a primary sedimentation tank, and separating large-particle impurities such as sand and stone from the wastewater by adopting a sieving mode to obtain primary wastewater;
2) secondary filtration: introducing the primary wastewater into a secondary sedimentation tank, starting an ultrasonic generator to perform ultrasonic oscillation on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank, oscillating for 20min at the ultrasonic frequency of 20KHz, then adding the additive prepared in the preparation example 1 into the secondary sedimentation tank at the dosage of 1kg/t of wastewater, continuing starting the ultrasonic generator to perform oscillation for 20min on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank, and settling to remove small particle impurities such as silt and stone powder to obtain secondary wastewater;
3) homogenization treatment: introducing the secondary wastewater into a stirring tank, uniformly stirring at a stirring speed of 60r/min and keeping stirring to obtain homogeneous wastewater;
4) sampling detection: keeping stirring, extracting a water sample from the stirring tank for water quality detection, if the solid content exceeds the range of 10.5 +/-3%, correspondingly adjusting the reflux ratio of the wastewater between the primary sedimentation tank and the secondary sedimentation tank, and if the homogeneous wastewater meets the solid content within the range of 10.5 +/-3%, extracting and using the homogeneous wastewater in the production of concrete.
Example 2
A concrete wastewater recycling treatment method comprises the following steps:
1) primary filtering: introducing the concrete wastewater into a primary sedimentation tank, and separating large-particle impurities such as sand and stone from the wastewater by adopting a sieving mode to obtain primary wastewater;
2) secondary filtration: introducing the primary wastewater into a secondary sedimentation tank, starting an ultrasonic generator to perform ultrasonic oscillation on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank, oscillating for 15min at the ultrasonic frequency of 25KHz, then adding the additive prepared in the preparation example 1 into the secondary sedimentation tank in the adding amount of 0.8kg/t of wastewater, continuing starting the ultrasonic generator to oscillate for 15min on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank, and settling to remove small particle impurities such as silt and stone powder to obtain secondary wastewater;
3) homogenizing: introducing the secondary wastewater into a stirring tank, uniformly stirring at a stirring speed of 60r/min and keeping stirring to obtain homogeneous wastewater;
4) sampling detection: keeping stirring, extracting a water sample from the stirring tank for water quality detection, if the solid content exceeds the range of 10.5 +/-3%, correspondingly adjusting the reflux ratio of the wastewater between the primary sedimentation tank and the secondary sedimentation tank, and if the homogeneous wastewater meets the solid content within the range of 10.5 +/-3%, extracting and using the homogeneous wastewater in the production of concrete.
Example 3
A concrete wastewater recycling treatment method comprises the following steps:
1) primary filtration: introducing the concrete wastewater into a primary sedimentation tank, and separating large-particle impurities such as sand and stone from the wastewater by adopting a sieving mode to obtain primary wastewater;
2) secondary filtration: introducing the primary wastewater into a secondary sedimentation tank, starting an ultrasonic generator to perform ultrasonic oscillation on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank, oscillating for 15min at the ultrasonic frequency of 20KHz, then adding the additive prepared in the preparation example 1 into the secondary sedimentation tank in the adding amount of 1.2kg/t of wastewater, continuing starting the ultrasonic generator to oscillate for 15min on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank, and settling to remove small particle impurities such as silt and stone powder to obtain secondary wastewater;
3) homogenizing: introducing the secondary wastewater into a stirring tank, uniformly stirring at a stirring speed of 60r/min and keeping stirring to obtain homogeneous wastewater;
4) sampling detection: keeping stirring, extracting a water sample from the stirring tank for water quality detection, if the solid content exceeds the range of 10.5 +/-3%, correspondingly adjusting the reflux ratio of the wastewater between the primary sedimentation tank and the secondary sedimentation tank, and if the homogeneous wastewater meets the solid content within the range of 10.5 +/-3%, extracting and using the homogeneous wastewater in the production of concrete.
Example 4
A treatment method for recycling concrete wastewater is different from that of example 1 in that equal mass of the admixture prepared in the preparation example 2 is added into a secondary sedimentation tank in the step 2) of example 4.
Example 5
A treatment method for recycling concrete wastewater is different from that in the embodiment 1 in that the additive prepared in the preparation example 3 with equal mass is added into a secondary sedimentation tank in the step 2) of the embodiment 5.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1: the difference from example 1 is that the additive prepared in preparation example 4 of the same mass was used in step 2) of comparative example 1 and was added to the secondary sedimentation tank.
Comparative example 2: the difference from example 1 is that the additive prepared in preparation example 5 of the same mass was used in step 2) of comparative example 2 and was added to the secondary sedimentation tank.
Comparative example 3: the difference from example 1 is that in step 2) of comparative example 3, no additive is added and ultrasonic oscillation treatment is performed, and small particulate matters such as silt powder and the like are removed only by standing and precipitating.
Performance verification
The homogeneous wastewater obtained in the above examples and comparative examples was used as a detection water sample, and the detection items and detection methods are shown in table 1 and the detection data are shown in table 2.
TABLE 1 Performance test items and standards
TABLE 2 homogeneous wastewater detection data
According to the detection data of the homogeneous wastewater in table 2, the solid content and the density of the homogeneous wastewater obtained by the wastewater treatment method in the embodiment 1-5 are within the standard-reaching range, and the fluidity ratio and the strength ratio of the cement mortar in the embodiment 1-5 are above the standard-reaching line, and the detection results of the comparative example 1-3 are combined, so that the treatment method of treating the wastewater by adopting ultrasonic oscillation and adding the additive prepared by compounding chitosan, sodium gluconate, sodium abietate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and hydrolytic polymaleic anhydride into the wastewater can effectively separate the useless impurities from the unhydrated substances in the concrete wastewater, thereby reducing the content of the inert substances in the wastewater and improving the recycling rate of the concrete wastewater.
Application examples 1 to 5
The concrete contains the agent homogeneous wastewater treated by the concrete wastewater recycling treatment method, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: weighing cement, the admixture, sand and the homogeneous wastewater according to the proportion in the table 3, mixing, uniformly stirring to prepare mortar, weighing stone, a water reducing agent and clear water according to the proportion, adding into the mortar, and uniformly stirring to prepare concrete. Application examples 1 to 5 the homogeneous wastewater used was the homogeneous wastewater obtained in example 1.
TABLE 3 concrete raw material ratio
The concrete samples prepared by the application examples are subjected to performance detection tests, and the slump, the expansion and the compressive strength of the concrete samples are detected according to the standard of premixed GBT-14902-.
TABLE 4 application example Performance results
According to the detection data in table 4, the homogeneous waste water obtained by the concrete waste water treatment methods of examples 1 to 5, which is blended at a certain ratio, has appropriate slump and expansion, and compared with the traditional waste water treatment method only by filtration or precipitation, the homogeneous waste water obtained by the combined treatment of primary filtration, secondary filtration and homogenization has lower content of inert substances, lower loss with time, and is not easy to influence the workability and construction performance of the concrete, and in addition, the compression strength of the concrete can reach the level of the C35 strength grade within 28 days, and the concrete has good mechanical properties and wide applicability.
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present application, and it is not limited to the present application, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (8)
1. A concrete wastewater recycling treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) primary filtering: introducing the concrete wastewater into a primary sedimentation tank, and separating large-particle impurities from the wastewater by adopting a sieving or centrifuging mode to obtain primary wastewater;
2) secondary filtration: introducing the primary wastewater into a secondary sedimentation tank, starting an ultrasonic generator to perform ultrasonic oscillation treatment on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank for 15-20min, then adding an additive into the secondary sedimentation tank, continuously starting the ultrasonic generator to perform ultrasonic oscillation treatment on the wastewater in the secondary sedimentation tank for 15-20min, wherein the ultrasonic frequency of the ultrasonic generator is 20-25KHz, and settling to remove small particle impurities to obtain secondary wastewater;
3) homogenizing: introducing the secondary wastewater into a stirring tank, and uniformly stirring to obtain homogeneous wastewater;
4) sampling detection: extracting a water sample from the stirring tank for water quality detection, wherein the homogeneous wastewater meets the use requirement, and can be extracted and used in the production of concrete;
the additive consists of 10-15 parts of chitosan, 6-8 parts of sodium gluconate, 6-8 parts of sodium abietate, 23-28 parts of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and 43-52 parts of hydrolytic polymaleic anhydride.
2. The concrete wastewater recycling treatment method according to claim 1, wherein the secondary wastewater is introduced into the stirring tank and then stirred at a stirring speed of 60 r/min.
3. The recycling treatment method for concrete wastewater according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the additive comprises the following steps: putting hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, chitosan, sodium gluconate and sodium abietate into a stirring tank according to the proportion, heating to 50 +/-2 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 30-45min at the rotating speed of 120r/min, adding sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate after cooling to 25 +/-2 ℃, reducing the rotating speed to 30r/min, and stirring for 15-20min to obtain the chitosan/sodium abietate.
4. The concrete wastewater recycling treatment method according to claim 1, wherein the addition amount of the additive is 1 ± 0.2kg/t of wastewater.
5. A concrete characterized in that it contains a homogeneous waste water treated by the concrete waste water recycling method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
6. The concrete according to claim 5, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
295 portions of cement 206;
blend 135-;
sand 743-770 parts;
1031-1052 parts of stone;
0.303-0.342 part of water reducing agent;
75-88 parts of clear water;
100 parts of homogeneous wastewater.
7. The concrete of claim 6, wherein the water reducing agent is one or more of a combination of a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, a naphthalene water reducing agent and a lignosulfonic acid water reducing agent.
8. The concrete of claim 6, wherein the admixture is one or more of a combination of mineral fines, fly ash, feldspar powder and silica fume.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2824273B2 (en) * | 1989-04-11 | 1998-11-11 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | Cement admixture |
| CN102795747A (en) * | 2012-08-29 | 2012-11-28 | 重庆钢铁(集团)有限责任公司 | Waste water treatment process |
| CN105645800A (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2016-06-08 | 中建商品混凝土成都有限公司 | Waste slurry recycling and reusing technology of concrete mixing station |
| CN106582074B (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2018-11-16 | 广西金洪混凝土有限公司 | Concrete slurry recycling system and recovery method |
| CN107337363B (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2019-12-27 | 江苏苏博特新材料股份有限公司 | Cement concrete durability enhancing additive |
| CN108821634B (en) * | 2018-08-17 | 2020-10-23 | 阳泉市高星建材外加剂有限公司 | High-efficiency concrete water reducing agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN109650825A (en) * | 2019-02-22 | 2019-04-19 | 广州建筑产业研究院有限公司 | A kind of concrete and its preparation method and application |
| CN110357308A (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2019-10-22 | 韦纯 | A kind of architectural engineering concrete waste method for treating water and its precipitated liquid of application |
| CN111943598A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-11-17 | 金华市永浩建材有限公司 | Environment-friendly high-strength concrete using circulating water |
| CN112592099A (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2021-04-02 | 成都翎渠杉建筑科技有限公司 | Preparation method of additive for high-strength concrete |
| CN113603427A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-11-05 | 成都精准混凝土有限公司 | Microbial erosion resistant protective concrete and preparation method thereof |
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