CN114248466A - Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate - Google Patents

Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN114248466A
CN114248466A CN202111595137.2A CN202111595137A CN114248466A CN 114248466 A CN114248466 A CN 114248466A CN 202111595137 A CN202111595137 A CN 202111595137A CN 114248466 A CN114248466 A CN 114248466A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
fiber cloth
composite material
glass fiber
layer
bearing plate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202111595137.2A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
杨金水
刘钧
吴楠
尹昌平
邢素丽
鞠苏
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
National University of Defense Technology
Original Assignee
National University of Defense Technology
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by National University of Defense Technology filed Critical National University of Defense Technology
Priority to CN202111595137.2A priority Critical patent/CN114248466A/en
Publication of CN114248466A publication Critical patent/CN114248466A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/30Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
    • B29C70/34Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation
    • B29C70/342Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation using isostatic pressure
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/54Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/54Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
    • B29C70/545Perforating, cutting or machining during or after moulding

Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of a composite material bearing plate and the composite material bearing plate, which comprises the following steps: paving the composite material base material of the first skin, and curing and molding the first skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process; uniformly arranging a plurality of through holes penetrating through the core material on the core material made of the high polymer plastic material, paving the core material on the first skin, foaming PVC foam or PU foam in situ in each through hole of the core material, and finishing and leveling after the foam is hardened; and paving the composite material base material of the second skin on the core material, curing and molding the second skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process, and demolding to obtain the bearing plate product. The invention is applied to the field of composite material forming, integrates the polymer plastic and the foam material as core materials, and combines the polymer plastic and the foam material in an in-situ foaming mode, thereby avoiding the reduction of strength and rigidity caused by connecting gaps, and effectively improving the bearing capacity of the composite material bearing plate while controlling the weight of the composite material bearing plate.

Description

Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of composite material forming, in particular to a preparation method of a composite material bearing plate and the composite material bearing plate.
Background
For large-size components made of metal materials, a die-casting welding forming mode can be directly adopted for processing, for high-polymer components with higher hardness, a thermoplastic forming method can be adopted, and the technical process is simpler. For large-size composite material members, vacuum infusion or vacuum bag pressing processes are mostly adopted. At present, most of the conventional composite material bearing plates adopt a sandwich type structure with a skin covering foam core material, and although the foam core material is directly adopted as the sandwich layer, the weight of a final product can be effectively reduced, but the problems of insufficient strength and rigidity are also brought.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of a composite material bearing plate and the composite material bearing plate, which can effectively improve the bearing capacity of the composite material bearing plate while controlling the weight of the composite material bearing plate.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for preparing a composite material bearing plate, comprising the following steps:
step 1, paving a composite material base material of a first skin on a forming surface of a forming die, curing and forming the first skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process, and then removing a vacuum bag pressing auxiliary material;
step 2, uniformly forming a plurality of through holes penetrating through the core material on the core material made of the high polymer plastic material, paving the core material on the first skin, foaming PVC foam or PU foam in situ in each through hole of the core material, and finishing the foam to be flush after the foam is hardened;
and 3, paving the composite material base material of the second skin on the core material, curing and molding the second skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process, removing the vacuum bag pressing auxiliary material, and demolding to obtain the bearing plate product.
In another embodiment, the composite substrate of the first skin and the composite substrate of the second skin are both carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composites.
In another embodiment, the carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite material is formed by a plurality of carbon fiber cloth and glass fiber cloth hybrid laminated core materials, wherein the hybrid mode is interlayer hybrid or sandwich hybrid, and the surfaces of the two hybrid modes are both glass fiber cloth.
In another embodiment, the carbon fiber cloth and the glass fiber cloth in the carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite material are mixed in a ratio of 1:1 to 3: 1.
In another embodiment, the specific process of step 1 is:
after the surface treatment and detection of the molding surface are finished, coating a release agent on the molding surface;
coating a layer of resin on a release agent after the release agent is cured, then paving a first layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg, and then paving glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg layer by layer according to the mixing requirement until the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg is paved, wherein before each layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg is paved, a layer of resin is coated on the surface of the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg;
and vacuumizing by using a vacuum bag, sealing the mould covered with the prepreg, heating, curing and molding to obtain a first skin, and removing the vacuum bag to press the auxiliary material.
In another embodiment, the specific process of step 3 is:
coating a layer of resin on a core material, then paving a first layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg, then paving glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg layer by layer according to the mixing requirement until the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg is paved, wherein before each layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg is paved, a layer of resin is coated on the surface of the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg;
and vacuumizing by using a vacuum bag, sealing the mould covered with the prepreg, heating, curing and forming, then removing the vacuum bag to press the auxiliary material, and demoulding to obtain the bearing plate product.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention also provides a composite material bearing plate which is manufactured by adopting the preparation method.
According to the preparation method of the composite material bearing plate and the composite material bearing plate, the core material is prepared from the high polymer plastic material, the PVC foam or the PU foam is foamed in situ in the through hole after the through hole is formed in the core material, and the high polymer plastic is stronger than the foam material in strength and rigidity, and when the weight of the high polymer plastic is higher than that of the foam material, the high polymer plastic and the foam material are combined to serve as the core material, and the high polymer plastic and the foam material are combined in an in-situ foaming mode, so that the reduction of the strength and the rigidity caused by a connecting gap is avoided, and the bearing capacity of the composite material bearing plate can be effectively improved while the weight of the composite material bearing plate is controlled.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the structures shown in the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for manufacturing a composite material carrier plate according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The implementation, functional features and advantages of the objects of the present invention will be further explained with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that all the directional indicators (such as up, down, left, right, front, and rear … …) in the embodiment of the present invention are only used to explain the relative position relationship between the components, the movement situation, etc. in a specific posture (as shown in the drawing), and if the specific posture is changed, the directional indicator is changed accordingly.
In addition, the descriptions related to "first", "second", etc. in the present invention are only for descriptive purposes and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means at least two, e.g., two, three, etc., unless specifically limited otherwise.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly, and for example, "secured" may be a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral part; the connection can be mechanical connection, electrical connection, physical connection or wireless communication connection; they may be directly connected or indirectly connected through intervening media, or they may be connected internally or in any other suitable relationship, unless expressly stated otherwise. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
In addition, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other, but it must be based on the realization of those skilled in the art, and when the technical solutions are contradictory or cannot be realized, such a combination of technical solutions should not be considered to exist, and is not within the protection scope of the present invention.
Fig. 1 shows a method for manufacturing a composite material bearing plate disclosed in this embodiment, which specifically includes the following steps:
step 1, paving a composite material base material of a first skin on a forming surface of a forming die, curing and forming the first skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process, and then removing a vacuum bag pressing auxiliary material;
step 2, uniformly forming a plurality of through holes penetrating through the core material on the core material made of the high polymer plastic material, paving the core material on the first skin, foaming PVC foam or PU foam in situ in each through hole of the core material, and finishing the foam to be flush after the foam is hardened;
and 3, paving the composite material base material of the second skin on the core material, curing and molding the second skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process, removing the vacuum bag pressing auxiliary material, and demolding to obtain the bearing plate product.
For composite materials, polymer plastics and foam materials, the strength and rigidity are ordered from high to low in sequence as follows: composite materials, polymer plastics, foam materials; the sequence from light to heavy in weight is: foam material, polymer plastic and composite material. For bearing plates in certain application scenes, such as an air deflector in an aircraft engine and an air deflector in an air cushion ship, the weight, the strength and the rigidity of products are required correspondingly, but the weight, the strength and the rigidity of the products have the same point that the weight is required to be as low as possible, and the strength and the rigidity are as high as possible. Based on this, adopt combined material to guarantee the outside intensity and the rigidity of loading board as the exterior material of loading board in this embodiment, and adopt polymer plastics to make the core, foam PVC foam or PU foam in situ after trompil on the core simultaneously for the weight is also as for too high under the prerequisite that has certain intensity, rigidity in the sandwich layer of loading board, and then can effectively promote its bearing capacity when controlling combined material loading board weight.
In the steps 1 and 3, the composite material substrate of the first skin and the composite material substrate of the second skin are both carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite materials, so that the surface strength and rigidity of the bearing plate can be further increased. In the specific implementation process, the mixing ratio of the carbon fiber cloth to the glass fiber cloth in the carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite material is 1: 1-3: 1. The carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite material is formed by a plurality of carbon fiber cloth and glass fiber cloth hybrid laminated core materials, wherein the hybrid mode is interlayer hybrid or sandwich hybrid, and the surfaces of the two hybrid modes are both glass fiber cloth. Wherein, the interlayer mixed layer represents the uniform staggered distribution of the carbon fiber and the glass fiber in the skin; the sandwich mixing means that a plurality of layers of carbon fibers are positioned in the middle of the skin, and a plurality of layers of glass fibers cover two surfaces of the carbon fibers.
In the specific implementation process, the specific process of step 1 is as follows:
after the surface treatment and detection of the molding surface are finished, coating a release agent on the molding surface;
coating a layer of resin on a release agent after the release agent is cured, then paving a first layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg, and then paving glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg layer by layer according to the mixing requirement until the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg is paved, wherein before each layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg is paved, a layer of resin is coated on the surface of the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg;
and vacuumizing by using a vacuum bag, sealing the mould covered with the prepreg, heating, curing and molding to obtain a first skin, and removing the vacuum bag to press the auxiliary material.
In the specific implementation process, the specific process of step 3 is as follows:
coating a layer of resin on a core material, then paving a first layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg, then paving glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg layer by layer according to the mixing requirement until the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg is paved, wherein before each layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg is paved, a layer of resin is coated on the surface of the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg;
and vacuumizing by using a vacuum bag, sealing the mould covered with the prepreg, heating, curing and forming, then removing the vacuum bag to press the auxiliary material, and demoulding to obtain the bearing plate product.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all modifications and equivalents of the present invention, which are made by the contents of the present specification and the accompanying drawings, or directly/indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A preparation method of a composite material bearing plate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, paving a composite material base material of a first skin on a forming surface of a forming die, curing and forming the first skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process, and then removing a vacuum bag pressing auxiliary material;
step 2, uniformly forming a plurality of through holes penetrating through the core material on the core material made of the high polymer plastic material, paving the core material on the first skin, foaming PVC foam or PU foam in situ in each through hole of the core material, and finishing the foam to be flush after the foam is hardened;
and 3, paving the composite material base material of the second skin on the core material, curing and molding the second skin by adopting a vacuum bag pressing process, removing the vacuum bag pressing auxiliary material, and demolding to obtain the bearing plate product.
2. The method for manufacturing the composite material carrying floor according to claim 1, wherein the composite material substrate of the first skin and the composite material substrate of the second skin are both a carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite material.
3. The method for manufacturing the composite material bearing plate according to claim 2, wherein the carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite material is formed by stacking a plurality of carbon fiber cloth and glass fiber cloth in a hybrid manner on a core material, wherein the hybrid manner is interlayer hybrid or sandwich hybrid, and the surfaces of the two hybrid manners are both glass fiber cloth.
4. The preparation method of the composite material bearing plate according to claim 3, wherein the mixing ratio of the carbon fiber cloth to the glass fiber cloth in the carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid composite material is 1: 1-3: 1.
5. The method for preparing the composite bearing plate according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the specific process of the step 1 is as follows:
after the surface treatment and detection of the molding surface are finished, coating a release agent on the molding surface;
coating a layer of resin on a release agent after the release agent is cured, then paving a first layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg, and then paving glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg layer by layer according to the mixing requirement until the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg is paved, wherein before each layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg is paved, a layer of resin is coated on the surface of the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg;
and vacuumizing by using a vacuum bag, sealing the mould covered with the prepreg, heating, curing and molding to obtain a first skin, and removing the vacuum bag to press the auxiliary material.
6. The method for preparing the composite bearing plate according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the specific process of the step 3 is as follows:
coating a layer of resin on a core material, then paving a first layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg, then paving glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg layer by layer according to the mixing requirement until the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg is paved, wherein before each layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg is paved, a layer of resin is coated on the surface of the last layer of glass fiber cloth prepreg or carbon fiber cloth prepreg;
and vacuumizing by using a vacuum bag, sealing the mould covered with the prepreg, heating, curing and forming, then removing the vacuum bag to press the auxiliary material, and demoulding to obtain the bearing plate product.
7. A composite carrier sheet, characterized in that it is produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
CN202111595137.2A 2021-12-23 2021-12-23 Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate Pending CN114248466A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202111595137.2A CN114248466A (en) 2021-12-23 2021-12-23 Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202111595137.2A CN114248466A (en) 2021-12-23 2021-12-23 Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN114248466A true CN114248466A (en) 2022-03-29

Family

ID=80797348

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202111595137.2A Pending CN114248466A (en) 2021-12-23 2021-12-23 Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN114248466A (en)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108248161A (en) * 2017-12-01 2018-07-06 中国航空工业集团公司基础技术研究院 A kind of method that foam-filled honeycomb prepares liquid condition shaping composite material sandwich
CN108248124A (en) * 2018-01-30 2018-07-06 深圳市郎搏万先进材料有限公司 A kind of pp cellular sandwich compound plates and preparation method thereof
CN110978560A (en) * 2019-12-12 2020-04-10 航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所 Foam sandwich structure wallboard and forming method thereof
CN112141226A (en) * 2020-08-31 2020-12-29 江苏新扬新材料股份有限公司 Method for assembling composite material lightweight electronic shelter

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108248161A (en) * 2017-12-01 2018-07-06 中国航空工业集团公司基础技术研究院 A kind of method that foam-filled honeycomb prepares liquid condition shaping composite material sandwich
CN108248124A (en) * 2018-01-30 2018-07-06 深圳市郎搏万先进材料有限公司 A kind of pp cellular sandwich compound plates and preparation method thereof
CN110978560A (en) * 2019-12-12 2020-04-10 航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所 Foam sandwich structure wallboard and forming method thereof
CN112141226A (en) * 2020-08-31 2020-12-29 江苏新扬新材料股份有限公司 Method for assembling composite material lightweight electronic shelter

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US6843525B2 (en) Reinforced composite vehicle load floor of the cellular core sandwich-type
EP0266224B1 (en) Process for the manufacture of laminated elements
US20130127092A1 (en) Moulded multilayer plastics component with continuously reinforced fibre plies and process for producing this component
US20110315310A1 (en) Single press mold process for forming a finished light weight structural component
CN109823020B (en) Glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composite cover plate and manufacturing process method thereof
JP2008246981A (en) Manufacturing method of fiber-reinforced composite material
JP5151668B2 (en) Manufacturing method of FRP
US11633939B2 (en) Method for producing a planar composite component and composite component produced thereby
US20130079434A1 (en) Process for manufacturing a part made of a composite having a hollow core
EP2946903B1 (en) Manufacturing method for fibre-reinforced resin substrate or resin molded article
KR20200132876A (en) Manufacturing method of molded article
CN114248466A (en) Preparation method of composite material bearing plate and composite material bearing plate
CN116323161A (en) Method for manufacturing sandwich panel and sandwich panel
JPH04185428A (en) Interior material for vehicle and manufacture thereof
CN111572061B (en) Manufacturing method of fully-adaptive support tool for soft mold auxiliary support
JP2002248620A (en) Base material for molding fiber-reinforced plastic and molding method of fiber-reinforced plastic
CN111791544A (en) Light bearing plate for vehicle and production method thereof
US11529770B2 (en) Moulding method
GB2560703A (en) Moulding method
TW202204137A (en) Fiber-reinforced resin molded body and manufacturing method thereof, fiber-reinforced resin molding prepreg, fiber-reinforced molded body and fiber-reinforced molded body manufacturing method, and resin sheet, fiber-reinforced sandwich composite, and fiber-reinforced molded body manufacturing method
US20210370624A1 (en) Method for producing a thermoplastically deformable, fiber-reinforced flat semi-finished product
JPH03114742A (en) Interior finish material for vehicle and manufacture thereof
JPS61102347A (en) Base material for car trim
JPH05185542A (en) Structure with multilayer honeycomb core and manufacture thereof
JPH07256801A (en) Phenol resin laminate and production of phenol resin molding using the same

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination