CN114236125A - Colon cancer biomarker and application thereof - Google Patents
Colon cancer biomarker and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of tumor molecular diagnosis, and particularly relates to a colon cancer biomarker and application thereof, researches show that exosomes of colon cancer patients can stably express ENTPD2, the expression level of the exosomes is obviously higher than that of healthy people, and the high-level exosomes ENTPD2 is closely related to the stage of TNM of the patients and the tumor infiltration depth, so that the serum exosomes ENTPD2 have obvious advantages in colon cancer diagnosis, is expected to become a novel biological marker for colon cancer screening, individualized treatment and prognosis monitoring, and provides a new direction for the treatment of colon cancer. The invention discovers that ENTPD2 is obviously highly expressed in colon cancer tissues for the first time, the expression level of the ENTPD2 is closely related to the prognosis of a patient, and the ENTPD2 is proved to be helpful for early diagnosis and prognosis judgment of the colon cancer patient.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tumor molecular diagnosis, and particularly relates to a colon cancer biomarker and application thereof.
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy of the digestive tract, with the global overall incidence of CRC at position 3. CRC is insidious, and most patients find it in the middle and late stages, and the vast majority of patients lose the best treatment opportunity. Therefore, the mechanism of the generation and development of CRC is deeply researched, and valuable diagnostic markers are screened from the CRC, so that references can be provided for clinical decision in the links of prevention, diagnosis and treatment, prognosis treatment and the like.
Precision medicine plays an important role in tumor diagnosis and treatment. Among them, liquid biopsy is used as an alternative technique of conventional biopsy, obtains tumor information by a non-invasive sampling mode, assists treatment of tumor patients, and is a representative diagnostic technique of precise medicine. Currently, liquid biopsies of tumors can be classified into three types depending on the source of the components in the body fluid: namely circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) and tumor-derived exosomes. Due to the low content of ctDNA and CTC in blood and the complex collection and purification methods, there are certain drawbacks, and tissue biopsy requires intensive material-drawing treatment by professional clinicians and is traumatic. The exosome is used as a novel liquid biopsy target, is relatively stable in body fluids such as blood and urine, and has a good application prospect.
The nobel prize of physiology or medicine in 2013 awarded 3 scientists studying intracellular vesicle/exosome transport regulation mechanisms, and pushed exosome research to an unprecedented new climax. Exosomes have also moved from basic research to the clinical application stage in recent years of research history. The first diagnostic kit for tumor exosomes ExoDx Lung (ALK) in 2016 was introduced by Exosome Diagnostics for detecting EML4-ALK mutation in non-small cell Lung cancer patients. Thereafter the company's ExoDx Protate (EPI) kit was approved for the diagnosis of Prostate cancer, and this exosome-based liquid biopsy method has been incorporated into the national integrated cancer network guidelines, approved for early screening for Prostate cancer. However, the use of exosomes for tumor diagnosis is still in an early stage of development, and there is still a need for valuable basic scientific achievements to guide clinical application.
Liquid biopsy is a new emerging means, can be prepared from body fluids such as blood, urine and the like, has small wound and is beneficial to real-time monitoring of tumor patients. As one of three major means of liquid biopsy, exosome is a lipid bilayer vesicle released from a donor cell to the outside of the cell through exocytosis, is used as an important carrier for intercellular signal transduction, and carries abundant detectable substances (mRNA, DNA, miRNAs, proteins and the like). Exosomes have the following advantages for liquid biopsies: (1) abundant in blood, such as 1X 10 per ml9(ii) an exosome; (2) the permeability is strong, the biological agent is easy to exist in various body fluids, and is a precondition for liquid biopsy; (3) the stability is high, and the lipid bilayer structure of the exosome can protect the contained content. More and more studies have shown that various proteins in exosomes play important roles in the early diagnosis of tumors. For example, in circulating exosomes of patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma and CRC, the expression level of GPC1 is obviously increased, and the exogenous GPC1 can be used as an early detection tool for digestive system tumors. There have also been studies to find that CD151, CD171 and tetraspanin 8 can be diagnostic markers for lung cancer patients by detecting plasma-derived exosomes. Exosomes can be easily collected from body fluids and their analysis is relatively simple, as protein analysis in exosomes has the potential to be a novel biomarker for screening early stage colon cancer.
The tumor cells and the microenvironment in which the tumor cells are located are critical to the occurrence and development of tumors, and the tumor cells and the immune cells are in close contact to release various immunoregulatory factors so as to form the microenvironment with a strong immunosuppressive effect. Several studies have now shown that the ATP-adenosine pathway plays an important role in immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Among them, the extracellular nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (ENTPD) family member can hydrolyze ATP to AMP/ADP, which is a key rate-limiting enzyme involved in the process of producing immunosuppressive adenosine. ENTPD2 is a nucleolytic enzyme on the cell membrane, and exosomes from tumor cells can specifically encapsulate cell membrane surface proteins.
Under normal physiological conditions, ATP is predominantly located inside the cell membrane, while extracellular levels are very low. When in the tumor microenvironment, intracellular ATP is released extracellularly in large quantities to elicit an immune response. Extracellular ATP can be hydrolyzed by the ENTPD family to be converted into ADP and AMP, and then the AMP is catalyzed by CD73 to generate immunosuppressive adenosine, and the adenosine is a key effector molecule for regulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity and has important immunosuppressive action. The expression level of ENTPD1(CD39) in tumors such as kidney, lung, thyroid, ovary, pancreas and the like is obviously increased, but compared with normal tissues, the expression level of ENTPD1 in colon cancer tissues and cells is not statistically significant. No research has been focused on the role other members of the ENTPD family play in colorectal cancer. In the ENTPD family, ENTPD1, 2, 3 and 8 are located on the cell surface and present a catalytic site facing the extracellular space.
Therefore, the assay of ENTPD2, which is included in exosomes, is expected to be a biomarker for early tumor screening. However, the biological role of ENTPD2 in the colon cancer microenvironment and its diagnostic value in colon cancer have not been studied.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the research of the invention discovers that the exosome ENTPD2 is expected to become a novel biological marker for colon cancer screening, individualized treatment and prognosis monitoring.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the invention provides a colon cancer biomarker which is ENTPD 2.
Preferably, the biomarker is the exosome ENTPD 2. Further, the biomarker is a serum exosome ENTPD 2.
Preferably, the biomarker is useful for indicating early stage colon cancer.
Preferably, the biomarker is useful for the prognostic determination of colon cancer.
Compared with the detection of the level of ENTPD2 in tissues, the detection of the expression level of ENTPD2 in peripheral blood exosomes of patients is less traumatic, so that the ENTPD2 level in exosomes is discussed to have the potential to be a colon cancer screening marker. The exosome is not only a simple cell-shedding fragment, but also carries a plurality of contents derived from donor cells (such as tumor cells), however, whether a cell membrane protein ENTPD2 is expressed in the exosome derived from the tumor has not been proved by research, therefore, the exosome derived from the colon cancer cell line is extracted in the invention to discuss the level of ENTPD2 in the exosome, the marker proteins of the exosome are identified by methods such as an electron transmission microscope, Nano-tracker detection and flow detection, and further Western blotting detection finds that the exosome derived from the colon cancer cell contains marker proteins such as Alix, TSG101 and CD9 and also highly expresses ENTPD 2.
Meanwhile, 28 colon cancer patients and 9 healthy contrast persons are selected as research objects, and after the extracted proteins in the exosomes derived from the serum are analyzed, the exosomes of the colon cancer group can stably express ENTPD2, and the expression level of the exosomes is obviously higher than that of the exosomes of the healthy contrast group. Further studies have also found that higher levels of exosome ENTPD2 are closely related to patient TNM staging and tumor infiltration depth. In conclusion, the serum exosome ENTPD2 has obvious advantages in colon cancer diagnosis and is expected to become a novel biological marker for colon cancer screening, individualized treatment and prognosis monitoring.
The invention also provides application of the colon cancer biomarker in preparation of a product for diagnosing and/or prognostically judging colon cancer.
Preferably, the product includes, but is not limited to, a kit, a reagent, a detection instrument.
The invention also provides a product for diagnosing the colon cancer, and the product takes the colon cancer biomarker as a detection index. Further, the product may be in the form of a kit, a reagent, or the like.
The invention also provides a product for prognosis judgment of colon cancer, and the product takes the colon cancer biomarker as a detection index. Further, the product may be in the form of a kit, a reagent, or the like.
Preferably, the detection method of the colon cancer biomarker comprises Western blotting.
Preferably, the detection sample of the colon cancer biomarker is a serum exosome.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, researches show that exosomes of colon cancer patients can stably express ENTPD2, the expression level of the exosomes is obviously higher than that of healthy people, and the high-level exosomes ENTPD2 is closely related to the stage of TNM of the patients and the tumor infiltration depth, so that the serum exosomes ENTPD2 have obvious advantages in colon cancer diagnosis, are expected to become novel biological markers for colon cancer screening, individualized treatment and prognosis monitoring, and provide a new direction for the treatment of colon cancer. The invention discovers that ENTPD2 is obviously highly expressed in colon cancer tissues for the first time, the expression level of the ENTPD2 is closely related to the prognosis of a patient, and the ENTPD2 is proved to be helpful for early diagnosis and prognosis judgment of the colon cancer patient.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the mRNA and protein expression of ENTPD2 in the database (A is the mRNA expression difference of ENTPD2 between colon cancer tumor tissue and non-tumor tissue in TCGA database; B is the protein level expression difference of ENTPD2 between colon cancer tumor tissue and non-tumor tissue in NCI database);
FIG. 2 shows the expression of ENTPD2 protein in a tissue chip of human colon cancer;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the expression level of ENTPD2 protein in a tissue chip of human colon cancer and the clinical prognosis;
FIG. 4 is the identification of tumor cell-derived exosomes (A is an electron transmission microscope image of characteristic morphology of exosomes; B is a flow-through image of exosome membrane surface expression CD63 and CD 81; C is a Nano-tracker image of exosome particle size);
FIG. 5 shows the Western blotting detection result of the expression of ENTPD2 in the exosomes derived from colon cancer cell lines;
FIG. 6 is a Western blotting detection result of the ENTPD2 level in the exosomes derived from serum (A is an ENTPD2 expression map in the exosomes derived from serum, B is an ENTPD2 expression comparison map in the exosomes derived from colon cancer patient and healthy human serum);
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the level of ENTPD2 in serum-derived exosomes of colon cancer patients and their clinical pathological features (A is the correlation between serum exosomes ENTPD2 and TNM staging, and B is the correlation between serum exosomes ENTPD2 and tumor infiltration depth).
Detailed Description
The following further describes the embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that the description of the embodiments is provided to help understanding of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The experimental procedures in the following examples were carried out by conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and the test materials used in the following examples were commercially available by conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
Example 1 relationship of serum exosome ENTPD2(Gene ID:954) to colon cancer
First, experiment method
1. Immunohistochemistry
(1) Baking colon cancer tissue chip (Shanghai core Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China, product # HCola180Su21) at 65 deg.C for 2 hr;
(2) dewaxing: sequentially placing the glass slide into xylene I, soaking for 5min, xylene II for 5min, xylene III for 5min, anhydrous ethanol I for 5min, anhydrous ethanol II for 5min, 95% ethanol for 5min, 85% ethanol for 5min, 75% ethanol for 5min, ddH2O I soaking for 3min in ddH solution2Soaking in O II for 3 min;
(3) blocking peroxidase: soaking in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10min, and washing with PBS for 5 min;
(4) high pressure antigen retrieval; preparing EDTA repair solution (Bioworld, USA, Cat # BD5033), adding into a pressure cooker, placing the glass slide into the pressure cooker, heating at 800W for 20min, and naturally cooling;
(5) washing the glass slide with PBS for 2 times, 3min each time, drying the water around the tissue with a small paper sheet, and drawing a circle at a position 0.5cm away from the tissue boundary with a histochemical oil pen;
(6) and (3) sealing: dripping 5% fetal calf serum on the colon cancer tissue chip, and sealing for 1 h;
(7) primary antibody incubation: the ENTPD2 antibody (Abcam, USA, cat # ab150503) was diluted with an antibody diluent at a ratio of 1:3000, and 50uL of the diluted antibody was incubated overnight at 4 ℃ in the absence of light, washed with PBS for 3min and then PBST for 3 min.
(8) And (3) secondary antibody incubation: 1 drop of DAKO secondary antibody (Dako, Japan, cat # K5007) was added to each tissue to coat the tissue surface, and after 1 hour of incubation at 37 ℃, the tissue surface was washed with PBS for 3min and then PBST for 3 min.
(9) Preparing DAB color developing solution: preparing DAB color developing solution (Dako, Japan, Commodity number K5007) according to a ratio of 1:50, dripping the freshly prepared DAB color developing solution into a circle after drying the liquid on the glass slide, controlling the color developing time under a microscope, and soaking the glass slide in PBS to stop developing after the positive color is brownish yellow.
(10) Counterstaining cell nuclei: after stopping DAB staining, the slides were counterstained with hematoxylin for about 3 minutes, rinsed with running water, and 50uL coverslips were added to the slides (in progress, China, cat # YCKJ-RJ-034727).
2. Clinical specimens and cell lines
Human colon cancer cell lines (HCT8 and RKO) were both from ATCC and were routinely cultured at 37 ℃ in 5% CO2An incubator.
Clinical samples of peripheral blood were obtained from the sixth hospital affiliated to Zhongshan university. All patients had signed informed consent and the experimental procedures were approved by the ethical committee of the sixth hospital affiliated with the university of zhongshan.
3. Extraction of cell supernatant exosomes
When the cell culture reaches 70-80% of confluence rate, the cell culture is replaced by a culture medium DMEM (Gibco, USA) without exosome, and the cell culture is continued for 48h, and then the supernatant is collected. Centrifuging at 4 deg.C for 10min at 300g to remove dead cells and cell debris, collecting supernatant, centrifuging at 4 deg.C for 20min at 2,000g, and filtering with 0.22 μm filter membrane. Centrifuging at 100,000g for 3h at 4 deg.C, discarding supernatant, fully resuspending exosome with PBS, subpackaging, and storing the sample at-80 deg.C.
4. Extraction of peripheral blood exosomes
Excretion extraction of peripheral blood from CRC patients was performed using an ExoQuick Exosome Precipitation Solution (EXOQ 5A-1). Collecting 250 μ L serum, centrifuging at 3000g for 15min to remove cell debris; transferring the supernatant to a new EP tube, adding 63uL of ExoQuick reagent, mixing the mixture with serum uniformly, and incubating at 4 ℃ for 30 min; centrifuging at 1,500g for 30min, discarding supernatant, collecting bottom precipitate as exosome, adding 200 μ L PBS, resuspending, and storing in-80 deg.C refrigerator.
5. Transmission Electron microscopy (Hitachi, Japan) detection of exosomes
(1) And (3) sucking a proper exosome sample, dripping the exosome sample on a copper mesh, and sucking excessive liquid from the edge of the copper mesh by using dry filter paper after 3 min.
(2) Dropping phosphotungstic acid (3%, pH7.0) into the copper mesh, and after 3min, absorbing the excessive dye solution from the edge of the copper mesh by using dry filter paper.
(3) Dropwise addition of ddH2And O, absorbing excess water from the edge of the copper mesh by using dry filter paper, airing at room temperature, and placing in a transmission electron microscope to observe the shape, size and the like of the exosome.
6. Particle size detection of exosomes
(1) Exosomes were mixed well with 1mL PBS buffer and stored on sealed ice.
(2) And selecting a disposable clean sample cell, and wiping the light by using dust-free paper to ensure that no particles are attached to the outer tube wall on the light path.
(3) The sample cell was properly tilted and the Exosome sample was injected slowly to avoid air bubbles in the tube, and the cell port was closed with a cap after the sample was injected.
The sample cell was placed in the instrument (Malvern Instruments, U.S. Zetasizer Ultra instrument) and the instrument was operated for detection according to the standard protocol set.
7. Flow detection of exosomes
(1) Exosomes were mixed well with 500uL PBS buffer and transferred to a flow tube.
(2) Diluting flow antibody (CD63, CD81) at a ratio of 1:1000, shaking the flow tube bottom precipitate suspension with finger, and incubating at 4 deg.C in dark for 30 min.
(3) Precooled PBS was added to stop staining, and the cells were centrifuged at 600g for 5min at 4 ℃ and the supernatant was discarded.
The cells were resuspended in 300uL of PBS containing 0.5% FBS per tube and examined by flow cytometry (BD Co., Accuri C6 flow cytometer).
8、Western blotting
(1) After the concentration of the sample is detected by using a BCA quantitative method, 5 xSDS-PAGE Loading Buffer with the corresponding volume is added according to the proportion of 1:5, the mixture is placed in a dry bath kettle at 100 ℃ for 5min, and then the mixture is frozen in a refrigerator at minus 80 ℃ for subsequent experiments.
(2) The appropriate concentration of concentrated gel and gel-separation is prepared and the denatured protein sample is added to the lane.
(3) Electrophoresis: and (4) covering the electrophoresis tank cover correctly, and carrying out 100V constant-voltage electrophoresis for about 90min by paying attention to the connection of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
(4) Film transfer: and soaking the PVDF membrane in formaldehyde for 30s for activation, and then putting the PVDF membrane into a membrane transferring solution. And opening a membrane rotating splint, sequentially putting the sponge, the filter paper, the sample glue, the PVDF membrane, the filter paper and the sponge, paying attention to the positive and negative electrodes (black to black and white to red), and rotating the membrane at a constant voltage of 100V.
(5) And (3) sealing: after the membrane transfer is finished, the molecular transfer membrane (ENTPD2:53kDa, Alix:96kDa, CD9:24kDa, TSG101:45kDa, beta-actin: 42kDa and GAPDH:37kDa) is determined according to the marker band, the front side faces upwards, 5% skimmed milk powder confining liquid is added, and the sealing is carried out for 1 hour on a shaking table at room temperature.
(6) Primary antibody incubation: PBST was used to wash away blocking solution, the trimmed PVDF membrane strip was placed in an antibody incubation cassette, and primary antibody dilution (1:1000) was immersed completely in the PVDF membrane, followed by incubation on a shaker at 4 ℃ overnight. The primary antibody comprises: ENTPD2 antibody (Abcam, USA, Cat. No. ab110711), Alix antibody (Abcam, USA, Cat. No. ab275377), CD9 antibody (Abcam, USA, Cat. No. ab92726), TSG101 antibody (Abcam, USA, Cat. No. ab125011), beta-actin antibody (Proteintetech, China, Cat. No. 66009-1-Ig), GAPDH antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, Cat. No. 5174).
(7) And (3) secondary antibody incubation: the membranes were washed 3 times with PBST buffer for 5min each time, and the corresponding rabbit secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA, cat # sc-2357) was selected and incubated on a shaker at room temperature for 1 h.
(8) Exposure: PBST buffer solution washes the membrane for 3 times, each time for 5min, preparing ECL developing solution (BIO-RAD, USA, goods number 10070039) according to the proportion of 1:1, wiping off the residual liquid around the PVDF membrane surface, uniformly covering the mixed solution on the PVDF membrane surface, and placing in an exposure machine for development.
9. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 20.0 and GraphPad Prism version5.0 a. Statistical differences between groups were determined using the Mann-Whitney U test or the mean-square-t test, and comparison between the counts was performed using the χ 2 test. The prognosis of colon cancer patients was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Kaplan-Meier. In all tests, P < 0.05 indicated statistically significant differences.
Second, test results
1. Expression of ENTPD2 in colon cancer tissue
Firstly, the TCGA and NCI databases are used for mining the clinical data of human colon cancer, and the expression level of ENTPD2 mRNA is found to be obviously higher than that of 41 non-tumor tissues (P is less than 0.05, and figure 1A) in 514 colon cancer tumor tissues; the expression level of ENTPD2 protein was also significantly higher in 95 tumor tissues than in 100 non-tumor tissues (P < 0.05, FIG. 1B).
After further immunohistochemistry was used to incubate human ENTPD2 antibody with a colon cancer tissue chip, fig. 2A shows that ENTPD2 protein is mainly distributed in cell membranes, expressed as tan, and expressed more strongly in human colon cancer tissues than in non-tumor tissues. After quantification of the samples on the tissue chip, statistical analysis showed that the expression level of ENTPD2 protein was significantly higher in 86 colon cancer tissues than in 84 non-tumor tissues (P < 0.05, fig. 2B).
2. Relationship between ENTPD2 level and clinical pathology and prognosis of colon cancer patients
The relationship between the expression level of ENTPD2 protein in the tissue chip and the clinical pathological characteristics is shown in Table 1. The results show that the expression level of ENTPD2 protein is related to tumor sites (T), lymph node metastasis (N) and TNM staging (P < 0.05), but has no significant relation to patient Age (Age), Gender (genter) and distant metastasis (M) (P > 0.05).
In order to determine the relation between ENTPD2 and the prognosis of colon cancer patients, 86 colon cancer tissues are further divided into an ENTPD2 high expression group and a low expression group according to the median of the ENTPD2 protein expression level, the survival prognosis of the colon cancer patients is analyzed by using a Kaplan-Meier method, and the analysis result shows that the overall survival rate of the colon cancer patients in the ENTPD2 high expression group is remarkably shortened compared with that in the ENTPD2 low expression group (P is less than 0.05, and figure 3).
TABLE 1 relationship of ENTPD2 expression to clinical pathological parameters in colon cancer
3. High expression of ENTPD2 in colon cancer cell-derived exosome
To verify whether ENTPD2 was expressed in colon cancer cell-derived exosomes, Exosomes (EXO) to colon cancer cell lines RKO and HCT8RKOAnd EXOHCT8) Extraction was performed. Extracted Exosomes (EXO)RKO) An elliptic vesicle-like structure is shown by observation of a transmission electron microscope; meanwhile, the expression of exosome marker proteins CD63 and CD81 is detected by a flow cytometer; particle size analysis of Nano-tracker showed that the diameter of exosomes was mainly distributed in 40-100 nm, indicating that exosomes were successfully extracted (FIG. 4).
Western blotting detection shows EXORKOAnd EXOHCT8The exosome marker proteins Alix, TSG101 and CD9 were expressed, and the nucleotide hydrolase ENTPD2 on the cell membrane was also highly expressed (fig. 5).
4. High-expression ENTPD2 in serum exosome of colon cancer patient
Peripheral blood-derived exosomes extracted from 28 colon cancer patients and 9 healthy controls were analyzed using colon cancer patients as the experimental group and healthy persons as the control group. Western blotting shows that both the ENTPD2 and the exosome marker protein (Alix and CD9) are expressed in the exosomes derived from the serum, and after statistical analysis of the results, the expression level of the ENTPD2 protein in the exosomes derived from the serum of the colon cancer patient is obviously higher than that of the exosomes derived from the serum of the healthy control patient (P is less than 0.05, and figure 6).
After 28 colon cancer patients are further refined and grouped, the expression level of ENTPD2 protein in serum exosomes of early-stage (stage I and stage II) colon cancer patients is obviously higher than that of late-stage (stage III and stage IV) colon cancer patients (P < 0.05, figure 7), and the level of ENTPD2 protein in serum exosomes of colon cancer patients at stage T4 is also higher than that of serum exosomes of patients at stage T1/T2/T3 (P < 0.05, figure 7), which is closely related with clinical grading, and indicates that ENTPD2 from serum exosomes can be used as a biomarker for screening colon cancer, and is helpful for early diagnosis and prognosis judgment of colon cancer patients.
In summary, the exosomes of the colon cancer patients can stably express ENTPD2, the expression level of the exosomes is obviously higher than that of healthy people, and the high-level exosomes ENTPD2 is closely related to the TNM stage and the tumor infiltration depth of the patients, so that the serum exosomes ENTPD2 have obvious advantages in colon cancer diagnosis and are expected to become novel biological markers for colon cancer screening (especially early screening), individualized treatment and prognosis monitoring.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, but the present invention is not limited to the described embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, and the scope of protection is still within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A biomarker for colon cancer, wherein the biomarker is ENTPD 2.
2. The biomarker of colon cancer according to claim 1, wherein said biomarker is exosome ENTPD 2.
3. The biomarker of colon cancer according to claim 2, wherein said biomarker is the serum exosome ENTPD 2.
4. The biomarker of claim 1, wherein the biomarker is indicative of early stage colon cancer.
5. The biomarker of claim 1, wherein the biomarker can be used for prognosis of colon cancer.
6. Use of a colon cancer biomarker according to any of claims 1 to 5 in the manufacture of a product for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of colon cancer.
7. A product for diagnosis of colon cancer, wherein the product comprises the biomarker of any one of claims 1 to 4 as an index of detection.
8. A product for prognosis of colon cancer, which comprises the biomarker of any one of claims 1 to 4 as an index.
9. The product for diagnosis of colon cancer according to claim 7 or the product for prognosis of colon cancer according to claim 8, wherein said detection method of colon cancer biomarker comprises western blotting.
10. The product of claim 7 or 8, wherein the sample for detecting the colon cancer biomarker is serum exosome.
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