CN114223498B - Clamping and conveying hydraulic system - Google Patents
Clamping and conveying hydraulic system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114223498B CN114223498B CN202111313483.7A CN202111313483A CN114223498B CN 114223498 B CN114223498 B CN 114223498B CN 202111313483 A CN202111313483 A CN 202111313483A CN 114223498 B CN114223498 B CN 114223498B
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- oil
- clamping
- port
- electromagnetic directional
- hydraulic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
- A01G23/02—Transplanting, uprooting, felling or delimbing trees
- A01G23/08—Felling trees
- A01G23/091—Sawing apparatus specially adapted for felling trees
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D1/00—Pipe-line systems
- F17D1/08—Pipe-line systems for liquids or viscous products
- F17D1/14—Conveying liquids or viscous products by pumping
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
- F17D3/00—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations
- F17D3/01—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations for controlling, signalling, or supervising the conveyance of a product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/10—Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working
Abstract
The invention discloses a clamping transmission hydraulic system in the technical field of engineering machinery, which comprises a hydraulic oil tank, a main pump, an energy accumulator, an electromagnetic reversing valve and a clamping oil cylinder, wherein the hydraulic oil tank is connected with the main pump; the hydraulic oil tank is connected with the main pump; the main pump is connected with a first oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline, a second oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve is communicated with the hydraulic oil tank through a pipeline, and a first oil delivery port of the clamping oil cylinder is connected with a third oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline; after the clamping mechanism completes primary clamping, the electromagnetic reversing valve is in the middle position, the oil way is controlled to enable the oil way of the clamping oil cylinder to be in a blocking state, the main pump is not required to always provide high-pressure oil in cooperation with the compensation and absorption effects of the energy accumulator on hydraulic oil in the clamping oil cylinder, the clamping mechanism can adjust the clamping force according to the change of the outer diameter of the clamping wood while the system is enabled to be more energy-saving and efficient, and the clamping state is kept all the time in the wood moving process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a clamping and conveying hydraulic system, and belongs to the technical field of engineering machinery.
Background
The logging machine needs to move the timber along the axial direction continuously when cutting the timber section by section to keep the timber in a clamping state all the time, the clamping of constant pressure can only be realized at present to static object, the conveying object with continuously changing cross section can not be realized to keep the clamping state all the time, and because the surface shape of the timber is irregular, the clamping device with the traditional single stroke can not keep the clamping state all the time in the timber moving process.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, and provides a clamping and conveying hydraulic system, wherein an electromagnetic reversing valve is arranged to control an oil way, and the clamping mechanism can adjust the clamping force according to the change of the outer diameter of the clamped wood by matching with the compensation and absorption effects of an energy accumulator on hydraulic oil in a clamping oil cylinder, so that the clamping state is kept all the time in the moving process of the wood.
In order to achieve the above purpose/solve the above technical problems, the present invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme: a clamping and conveying hydraulic system comprises a hydraulic oil tank, a main pump, an energy accumulator, an electromagnetic reversing valve and a clamping oil cylinder; the hydraulic oil tank is connected with the main pump; the main pump is connected with a first oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline, and a second oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve is communicated with the hydraulic oil tank through a pipeline; the first oil delivery port of the clamping oil cylinder is connected with the third oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline, and the second oil delivery port of the clamping oil cylinder is connected with the fourth oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline; the energy accumulator is arranged between the clamping oil cylinder and the electromagnetic directional valve, and is connected with a pipeline connected between the second oil conveying port of the clamping oil cylinder and the fourth oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve.
Optionally, the inside of clamping cylinder includes big cavity and little cavity, the first oil transfer port of clamping cylinder is connected with big cavity, little cavity is connected with the second oil transfer port of clamping cylinder.
Optionally, a clamping mechanism is arranged on the clamping cylinder, the clamping mechanism comprises a hydraulic motor and a clamping connecting rod, the hydraulic motor is connected with the clamping connecting rod, and the clamping connecting rod is connected with the clamping cylinder.
Optionally, the clamping mechanism is arranged at two sides of the clamping cylinder.
Optionally, the energy accumulator is not less than one setting.
Optionally, a unidirectional overflow valve is further arranged between the electromagnetic directional valve and the clamping oil cylinder, an oil port on one side of the unidirectional overflow valve is connected with a pipeline connected with a first oil conveying port of the clamping oil cylinder and a third oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve, and an oil port on the other side of the unidirectional overflow valve is connected with a pipeline connected between a second oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve and the hydraulic oil tank.
Optionally, a pilot overflow valve is arranged between the main pump and the electromagnetic directional valve, and the pilot overflow valve is respectively connected with a pipeline connected between the main pump and the first oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve, and a pipeline connected between the second oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve and the hydraulic oil tank.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. through setting up electromagnetic reversing valve and energy storage ware, accomplish the primary clamping back at clamping mechanism, electromagnetic reversing valve is in the meso position, controls the oil circuit and makes the oil circuit of clamping cylinder be in the state of blocking, cooperates the compensation and the absorption effect of energy storage ware to the hydraulic oil in the clamping cylinder, and the main pump need not provide high-pressure oil all the time, when making the system more energy-conserving high-efficient for clamping mechanism can adjust clamping force according to the change of centre gripping timber external diameter size, keeps clamping state all the time at timber removal process.
2. By arranging the one-way overflow valve, when the energy accumulator supplements or returns hydraulic oil in the clamping oil cylinder, the low-pressure automatic oil supplementing and the high-pressure automatic discharging can be realized under the state that the middle position of the electromagnetic reversing valve is disconnected from an oil path, and the balance of the pressure in the whole clamping oil cylinder is ensured.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a clamping transmission hydraulic system provided by the invention.
In the figure: 1. a hydraulic oil tank; 2. a main pump; 3. an accumulator; 4. an electromagnetic reversing valve; 5. clamping an oil cylinder; 6. a clamping mechanism; 61. a hydraulic motor; 62. clamping the connecting rod; 7. a one-way overflow valve; 8. and a pilot relief valve.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for more clearly illustrating the technical aspects of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first", "a second", etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature. In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise indicated, the meaning of "a plurality" is two or more.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be either fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected, for example; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communication between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art in a specific case.
Examples
As shown in fig. 1, a clamping transmission hydraulic system comprises a hydraulic oil tank 1, a main pump 2, an accumulator 3, an electromagnetic directional valve 4 and a clamping oil cylinder 5; the hydraulic oil tank 1 is connected with the main pump 2, and when in operation, the main pump 2 is externally connected with a power supply and is used for driving hydraulic oil to enter the electromagnetic directional valve 4 from the hydraulic oil tank 1; in this embodiment, the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is provided with four oil ports, and the four oil ports are a first oil port, a second oil port, a third oil port and a fourth oil port, so that for convenience in distinguishing, the four oil ports are a first oil port P, a second oil port T, a third oil port C and a fourth oil port D respectively, the main pump 2 is connected with the first oil port P of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 through a pipeline, and the second oil port T of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is communicated with the hydraulic oil tank 1 through a pipeline; in this embodiment, the clamping cylinder 5 is provided with two oil ports, namely a first oil delivery port and a second oil delivery port, for convenience in distinguishing, the first oil delivery port a of the clamping cylinder 5 is connected with the third oil delivery port C of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 through a pipeline, the second oil delivery port B of the clamping cylinder 5 is connected with the fourth oil delivery port D of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 through a pipeline, specifically, when the left magnet of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is powered on, the first oil port P and the third oil port C of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 are connected, hydraulic oil can be input from the first oil delivery port a of the clamping cylinder 5 through the electromagnetic directional valve 4, when the right magnet of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is powered on, the second oil port T and the fourth oil port D are connected, hydraulic oil can be input from the second oil delivery port B of the clamping cylinder 5 through the electromagnetic directional valve 4, and when the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is in the middle position, the oil path of the clamping cylinder 5 is in a blocked state; the energy accumulator 3 is arranged between the clamping cylinder 5 and the electromagnetic directional valve 4, the energy accumulator 3 is connected with a pipeline connected between the second oil delivery port B of the clamping cylinder 5 and the fourth oil port D of the electromagnetic directional valve 4, the energy accumulator 3 is not less than one, one or more energy accumulators 3 are connected between the second oil delivery port B of the clamping cylinder 5 and the fourth oil port D of the electromagnetic directional valve 4, after the clamping mechanism 6 clamps wood for the first time, part of hydraulic oil enters the energy accumulator 3, the energy accumulator 3 stores energy, and when the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is in the middle position, the main pump 2 is not needed to continue to supply oil, so that the system is more energy-saving and efficient; after the clamping mechanism 6 completes primary clamping, the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is in the middle position, the oil way is controlled to enable the oil way of the clamping oil cylinder 5 to be in a blocking state, the energy accumulator 3 is matched for compensating and absorbing hydraulic oil in the clamping oil cylinder 5, the main pump 2 does not need to always provide high-pressure oil, the system is enabled to be more energy-saving and efficient, the clamping mechanism 6 can adjust the clamping force according to the change of the outer diameter of the clamping wood, and the clamping state is always kept in the wood moving process.
The inside of the clamping cylinder 5 comprises a large cavity and a small cavity, a first oil delivery port A of the clamping cylinder 5 is connected with the large cavity, the small cavity is connected with a second oil delivery port B of the clamping cylinder 5, a clamping mechanism 6 is arranged on the clamping cylinder 5, the clamping mechanism 6 comprises a hydraulic motor 61 and a clamping connecting rod 62, the hydraulic motor 61 is connected with the clamping connecting rod 62, the clamping connecting rod 62 is connected with the clamping cylinder 5, the clamping mechanism 6 is arranged on two sides of the clamping cylinder 5, wood is clamped between the two clamps, and specifically, when hydraulic oil enters the large cavity of the clamping cylinder 5 through the first oil delivery port A, the clamping cylinder 5 stretches and pushes the clamping connecting rod 62 and the hydraulic motor 61 to open to loosen the wood; when hydraulic oil enters the small cavity of the clamping cylinder 5 through the second oil delivery port B, the clamping cylinder 5 contracts and pulls the clamping connecting rod 62 and the hydraulic motor 61 to clamp wood; a one-way overflow valve 7 is further arranged between the electromagnetic directional valve 4 and the clamping oil cylinder 5, an oil port on one side of the one-way overflow valve 7 is connected with a pipeline connected with a first oil conveying port A of the clamping oil cylinder 5 and a third oil port C of the electromagnetic directional valve 4, an oil port on the other side of the one-way overflow valve 7 is connected with a pipeline connected with a second oil port T of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 and the hydraulic oil tank 1, and specifically, when the section of wood is reduced and wood needs to be clamped, hydraulic oil in a large cavity of the clamping oil cylinder 5 flows into the hydraulic oil tank 1 from the first oil conveying port A through the one-way overflow valve 7; when the cross section of wood is enlarged, the clamping connecting rod 62 pulls the clamping oil cylinder 5 to stretch, hydraulic oil in the hydraulic oil tank 1 enters a large cavity of the clamping oil cylinder 5 from the first oil delivery port A through the one-way overflow valve 7, and the hydraulic oil in the large cavity of the clamping oil cylinder 5 is supplemented, so that low-pressure automatic oil supplementing and high-pressure automatic discharging can be realized under the state that the middle position of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is disconnected, and the balance of the pressure in the whole clamping oil cylinder 5 is ensured.
The pilot overflow valve 8 is arranged between the main pump 2 and the electromagnetic directional valve 4, the pilot overflow valve 8 is respectively connected with a pipeline connected between the main pump 2 and the first oil port P of the electromagnetic directional valve 4, a pipeline connected between the second oil port T of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 and the hydraulic oil tank 1, when the timber is clamped and needs to be transferred along the axial direction of the timber for cutting and sectioning, and the like, the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is positioned at the middle position, the oil way of the clamping oil cylinder 5 is in a blocked state, and hydraulic oil output by the main pump 2 flows back to the hydraulic oil tank 1 through the pilot overflow valve 8.
Principle of operation
After the machine is started, the main pump 2 starts to work, the main pump 2 outputs hydraulic oil, the left electromagnet of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is electrified, the first oil port P and the third oil port C of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 are communicated, the hydraulic oil enters a large cavity of the clamping cylinder 5 through the first oil delivery port A, the clamping cylinder 5 stretches and pushes the clamping connecting rod 62 and the hydraulic motor 61 to open, when wood enters between the two clamping mechanisms 6, the right electromagnet of the electromagnetic directional valve 4 is electrified, the second oil port T and the fourth oil port D are communicated, the hydraulic oil can be input into a small cavity of the clamping cylinder 5 from the second oil delivery port B of the clamping cylinder 5 through the electromagnetic directional valve 4, the clamping cylinder 5 contracts and pulls the clamping connecting rod 62 and the hydraulic motor 61 to clamp wood, meanwhile, the hydraulic oil enters the energy accumulator 3, the energy accumulator 3 stores energy, when the wood is required to be transferred in the axial direction of the wood after being clamped, the clamping cylinder 5 is in a blocked state, the hydraulic oil way of the clamping cylinder 8 flows back to the hydraulic oil tank 1, the two hydraulic motors 61 start to drive the wood to move, when the cross section of the wood is small cavity of the clamping cylinder 5 is reduced, the hydraulic oil flows back to the small cavity 7 of the clamping cylinder 5, and the hydraulic oil returns to the small cavity 7 of the clamping cylinder 5, and the clamping cylinder is pulled into the small cavity 7; when the cross section of the wood is enlarged, the clamping connecting rod 62 pulls the clamping oil cylinder 5 to stretch, hydraulic oil in a small cavity of the clamping oil cylinder 5 enters the energy accumulator 3, and hydraulic oil in the hydraulic oil tank 1 enters a large cavity of the clamping oil cylinder 5 through the one-way overflow valve 7 to be supplemented.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that modifications and variations could be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the technical principles of the present invention, and such modifications and variations should also be regarded as being within the scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. The working method of the clamping and conveying hydraulic system for felling is characterized in that the clamping and conveying hydraulic system comprises a hydraulic oil tank, a main pump, an energy accumulator, an electromagnetic reversing valve and a clamping oil cylinder;
the hydraulic oil tank is connected with the main pump;
the main pump is connected with a first oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline, and a second oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve is communicated with the hydraulic oil tank through a pipeline;
the first oil delivery port of the clamping oil cylinder is connected with the third oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline, and the second oil delivery port of the clamping oil cylinder is connected with the fourth oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve through a pipeline;
the inside of the clamping oil cylinder comprises a large cavity and a small cavity, a first oil conveying port of the clamping oil cylinder is connected with the large cavity, and the small cavity is connected with a second oil conveying port of the clamping oil cylinder;
the clamping oil cylinder is provided with a clamping mechanism, the clamping mechanism comprises a hydraulic motor and a clamping connecting rod, the hydraulic motor is connected with the clamping connecting rod, and the clamping connecting rod is connected with the clamping oil cylinder;
a one-way overflow valve is further arranged between the electromagnetic directional valve and the clamping oil cylinder, an oil port on one side of the one-way overflow valve is connected with a pipeline connected with a first oil conveying port of the clamping oil cylinder and a third oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve, and an oil port on the other side of the one-way overflow valve is connected with a pipeline connected with a second oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve and a hydraulic oil tank;
the energy accumulator is arranged between the clamping oil cylinder and the electromagnetic directional valve, and is connected with a pipeline connected between the second oil conveying port of the clamping oil cylinder and the fourth oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve;
when the timber is clamped and needs to be transferred along the axial direction of the timber for cutting and sectioning, the electromagnetic directional valve is positioned in the middle position, and an oil way of the clamping oil cylinder is positioned in a blocking state; when the section of the wood is reduced and the wood needs to be clamped, hydraulic oil in a large cavity of the clamping cylinder flows into the hydraulic oil tank from the first oil delivery port through the one-way overflow valve; when the cross section of wood is enlarged, the clamping connecting rod pulls the clamping oil cylinder to stretch, hydraulic oil in the hydraulic oil tank enters the large cavity of the clamping oil cylinder from the first oil delivery port through the one-way overflow valve, and hydraulic oil in the large cavity of the clamping oil cylinder is supplemented.
2. A method of operating a clamp delivery hydraulic system for logging as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clamping mechanisms are located on either side of the clamping cylinder.
3. A method of operating a clamp transfer hydraulic system for logging as in claim 1, wherein the accumulator is not less than one setting.
4. The working method of the clamping and conveying hydraulic system for felling according to claim 1, wherein a pilot overflow valve is arranged between the main pump and the electromagnetic directional valve, and the pilot overflow valve is respectively connected with a pipeline connected between the main pump and the first oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve, and a pipeline connected between the second oil port of the electromagnetic directional valve and the hydraulic oil tank.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111313483.7A CN114223498B (en) | 2021-11-08 | 2021-11-08 | Clamping and conveying hydraulic system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111313483.7A CN114223498B (en) | 2021-11-08 | 2021-11-08 | Clamping and conveying hydraulic system |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN114223498A CN114223498A (en) | 2022-03-25 |
| CN114223498B true CN114223498B (en) | 2023-06-06 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN202111313483.7A Active CN114223498B (en) | 2021-11-08 | 2021-11-08 | Clamping and conveying hydraulic system |
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Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013117052A1 (en) * | 2012-02-06 | 2013-08-15 | 湖南三一智能控制设备有限公司 | Hydraulic pumping system and concrete pumping equipment comprising same |
| CN204716644U (en) * | 2015-06-03 | 2015-10-21 | 宣化钢铁集团有限责任公司 | A kind of casting machine mouth of a river mechanical hand hydraulic device |
| WO2017071027A1 (en) * | 2015-10-27 | 2017-05-04 | 中国矿业大学 | Multi-cylinder synchronized, power-saving, high-efficiency hydraulic lifting/lowering system and method |
| CN107461375A (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2017-12-12 | 江苏凯宫隧道机械有限公司 | Complete-section tunnel boring machine is hinged hydraulic system |
| CN108263971A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-07-10 | 苏州辰晟优机电科技有限公司 | A kind of spider shape crawler crane |
| CN108316869A (en) * | 2018-04-12 | 2018-07-24 | 吉林大学 | The protective voltage type drill string migration manipulator that the driving of curved surface inclined wedge clamps |
-
2021
- 2021-11-08 CN CN202111313483.7A patent/CN114223498B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013117052A1 (en) * | 2012-02-06 | 2013-08-15 | 湖南三一智能控制设备有限公司 | Hydraulic pumping system and concrete pumping equipment comprising same |
| CN204716644U (en) * | 2015-06-03 | 2015-10-21 | 宣化钢铁集团有限责任公司 | A kind of casting machine mouth of a river mechanical hand hydraulic device |
| WO2017071027A1 (en) * | 2015-10-27 | 2017-05-04 | 中国矿业大学 | Multi-cylinder synchronized, power-saving, high-efficiency hydraulic lifting/lowering system and method |
| CN107461375A (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2017-12-12 | 江苏凯宫隧道机械有限公司 | Complete-section tunnel boring machine is hinged hydraulic system |
| CN108263971A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-07-10 | 苏州辰晟优机电科技有限公司 | A kind of spider shape crawler crane |
| CN108316869A (en) * | 2018-04-12 | 2018-07-24 | 吉林大学 | The protective voltage type drill string migration manipulator that the driving of curved surface inclined wedge clamps |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN114223498A (en) | 2022-03-25 |
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