CN114178724A - Cylindrical power battery pack heat dissipation optimization method based on electrode welding optimization - Google Patents
Cylindrical power battery pack heat dissipation optimization method based on electrode welding optimization Download PDFInfo
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
- B23K26/703—Cooling arrangements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/36—Electric or electronic devices
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
- Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
- Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
Abstract
The application discloses a cylindrical power battery pack heat dissipation optimization method based on electrode welding optimization, which comprises the following steps: determining battery welding power and welding time; calculating the limitation of the number of welding points; a cylindrical battery thermodynamic model is built according to the size of the cylindrical battery and the rated working current to calculate the total heat production and heat distribution of the battery polar plate; calculating the number of welding points in unit area of the polar plate according to the heat generation quantity of the polar plate; and finally, optimizing the layout of welding spots according to the heat distribution of the polar plate to realize the heat transfer efficiency of the battery polar plate. The heat dissipation efficiency of the power battery pack can be effectively optimized under the conditions that the structural design of the power battery pack is not changed and the cost is not excessively increased. And the increase of energy consumption and the reduction of reliability are avoided while the heat dissipation efficiency is increased. The conducting belt is linked to the surrounding cylindrical batteries, so that the cylindrical battery pack has better uniform thermal performance, the problem of heat accumulation inside the large-scale battery pack is prevented, the service life of the batteries is greatly prolonged, and potential safety hazards are reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of battery heat dissipation, in particular to a cylindrical power battery pack heat dissipation optimization method based on electrode welding optimization.
Background
The cylindrical lithium ion battery has the advantages of capability of mutually offsetting tension in all directions, difficulty in expansion and deformation, good consistency, difficulty in leakage of generated gas, good pressure resistance and the like, and is widely applied to the high-power application field of power batteries of electric vehicles and the like. But the problem of high power battery heating also presents very serious challenges.
A large battery pack is usually composed of a plurality of single cells connected in parallel or in series, and this structure potentially increases the contact resistance of the battery, and the contact resistance generates heat, which is one of the important heat sources of the battery. Therefore, ohmic heat is increased during the operation of the battery, and if the heat cannot be dissipated in time, the heat is accumulated in a limited space, so that the temperature of the battery is increased, and if the temperature of the battery is higher than 50 ℃, the electrochemical performance and the cycle life of the battery are obviously reduced. Therefore, how to improve the heat dissipation efficiency of the battery becomes a key technology of a large power battery pack.
The current common battery heat dissipation methods include liquid cooling and air cooling. The liquid cooling method has good performance, but has higher cost and poorer maintainability. Air cooling is widely applied to the market at present due to low cost and high maintainability, but the heat dissipation in an air cooling mode still cannot meet the current requirement. The existing heat dissipation efficiency can be further improved by carrying out optimization design on the existing heat dissipation mode. Wherein the heat conduction by the cylindrical battery electrode enlarges and utilizes more heat dissipation areas. The heat dissipation area of the power battery can be effectively increased.
The electrode heat conduction method mainly comprises a heat conduction silica gel method and a conductive belt heat conduction method, wherein the heat conduction silica gel method is characterized in that heat conduction silica gel gaskets are respectively added at the top and the bottom of the electrode end, so that heat which is not easy to dissipate at the top and the bottom is conducted to the metal shell through the TIF heat conduction silica gel sheet to dissipate heat, and meanwhile, the high electrical insulation and puncture-proof performance of the silica gel sheet has a good protection effect on the battery pack. The conduction band heat transfer method is characterized in that the heat transfer performance between the polar plate and the conduction band is improved through large-area welding, the problem of local heat accumulation of a large-sized battery pack can be better solved, the conductivity is improved, the power transmission loss is reduced, and the heating is further reduced.
The large-area welding method has high energy consumption, and the large-area laser welding is easy to cause the damage of the battery pole plate locally, thereby being not beneficial to the stable operation of the battery. Although the heat-conducting silicon sheet can realize the heat dissipation of the two electrode plates of the battery to a certain degree, the heat-conducting silicon sheet has lower heat dissipation efficiency and can not meet the heat dissipation requirement of the battery.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the following technical scheme is provided:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a method for optimizing heat dissipation of a cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization, where the method includes: determining battery welding power and welding time; calculating the limitation of the number of welding points; a cylindrical battery thermodynamic model is built according to the size of the cylindrical battery and the rated working current to calculate the total heat production and heat distribution of the battery polar plate; calculating the number of welding points in unit area of the polar plate according to the heat generation quantity of the polar plate; and finally, optimizing the layout of welding spots according to the heat distribution of the polar plate to realize the heat transfer efficiency of the battery polar plate.
By adopting the implementation mode, the heat dissipation efficiency of the power battery pack can be effectively optimized under the conditions of not changing the structural design of the power battery pack and not excessively increasing the cost. And the increase of energy consumption and the reduction of reliability are avoided while the heat dissipation efficiency is increased. The conducting belt is linked to the surrounding cylindrical batteries, so that the cylindrical battery pack has better uniform thermal performance, the problem of heat accumulation inside the large-scale battery pack is prevented, the service life of the batteries is greatly prolonged, and potential safety hazards are reduced.
With reference to the first aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the determining the welding power and the welding time of the battery includes: according to the conductive belt, the material and the thickness of the cylindrical battery plate, the proper welding power and welding time are determined according to the conventional method, so that the welding is ensured to be tight, and the leakage of electrolyte caused by the penetration of the plate by laser welding is avoided.
With reference to the first aspect, in a second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the calculating the limitation on the number of welding points includes: setting the range around the welding spot as a welding forbidding area, wherein the radius of the welding forbidding area takes the welding spot as the circle center as rpThe circle of (a); calculating the most dense arrangement of welding points according to the areas of the positive and negative electrode regions of the battery respectively; and taking the number of the welding spots distributed in the most dense mode as the limitation of the number of the welding spots of the current polar plate.
With reference to the first aspect, in a third possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the calculating total heat production and heat distribution of the battery plate by building a cylindrical battery thermodynamic model according to the size of the cylindrical battery and the rated working current includes:
determining the average specific heat capacity of the lithium battery;
where ρ iscell、ρiThe average density of the battery, the density of each material, respectively; c. Ccell、ciThe average heat capacity of the battery and the specific heat capacity of various materials are respectively; viThe volume occupied by each material;
determining the average coefficient of thermal conductivity of the cylindrical battery in series:
wherein: lambda [ alpha ]x、λy、λzThe thermal coefficients of the monomer battery core materials in the directions of x, y and z are respectively; lambda [ alpha ]p、λn、λsRespectively representing the heat conductivity coefficients of a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece and a diaphragm in the battery unit;
calculating heat generation of the battery inner core:
wherein I is the current, V is the battery volume, EocFor the battery balancing electromotive force, U is the battery working voltage, T is the battery initial temperature,the temperature coefficient of the battery voltage changing with the temperature;
calculating the heat generation quantity and heat distribution of the battery plate under a rated working condition;
and then finely dividing the cylindrical model by adopting a free tetrahedral mesh, and calculating the total heat production of the battery plate.
With reference to the first aspect, in a fourth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the calculating the number of welding points per unit area of the electrode plate according to the heat generation amount of the electrode plate includes:
determining the thermal conduction rate of the solder joint to be dQhiDt/dn, wherein: a is the heat conduction area, dt/dn is the temperature gradient, and lambda is the heat conduction coefficient; determining the heat conduction rate of the total welding point of each battery asAnd obtaining the number of welding points in unit area according to the total welding point heat conduction rate of the single battery and the heat conduction rate of the single welding point.
With reference to the first aspect, in a fifth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the optimizing a solder joint layout according to a heat distribution of a plate to achieve a heat transfer efficiency of a battery plate includes: carrying out welding spot position coding, and establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the center of the cylindrical battery polar plate as the circle center; the ith welding point position is counted as (rho)i,θi) Sequentially and randomly generating welding spot positions; after the jth (j is more than 1 and less than or equal to i) welding point is generated, welding point coverage judgment is carried out, namely whether any k (k belongs to (1, i) or not occurs&k ≠ j), andif yes, indicating that the welding spot is covered, regenerating a jth point coordinate until no welding spot is covered, and sequentially generating all welding spot coordinates; finally, all welding point coordinates are converted into binary systems and are sequentially arranged into sequences to serve as individuals of a group of genetic algorithms, the maximum evolution algebra T, the population size M, the cross probability PC and the variation probability PM are set, and M individuals are randomly generated to serve as initialization populations; and selecting, crossing and varying individuals, combining with a battery heat generation model, reducing the binary sequence into polar coordinates after each step of selection, inputting simulation software to simulate the total heat transfer efficiency of the cylindrical battery plate, iterating until the optimal solution of the total heat transfer efficiency is reached, and reducing the optimal solution sequence into decimal coordinates to serve as actual welding point distribution.
With reference to the first aspect or any one of the first to the fifth possible implementation manners of the first aspect, in a sixth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the welding point is optimized according to the distribution, and the welding is performed by using a pulsed laser at a selected power and welding time.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a cylindrical power battery pack heat dissipation optimization method based on electrode welding optimization according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for optimizing heat dissipation of a cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization according to an embodiment of the present application, and referring to fig. 1, the method for optimizing heat dissipation of a cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization according to the embodiment includes:
and S101, determining the welding power and the welding time of the battery.
According to the conductive belt, the material and the thickness of the cylindrical battery plate, the proper welding power and welding time are determined according to the conventional method, so that the problems of electrolyte leakage, battery service life reduction and the like caused by laser welding through the plate are avoided while the welding tightness is ensured.
And S102, calculating the limitation of the number of welding points.
The surface is irregular due to the welding spots, the probability of defects of repeated welding is increased compared with the regular surface, and therefore the set range around the welding spots is the welding forbidding area, and the radius of the welding forbidding area takes the welding spots as the circle center is rpThe circle of (a); calculating the most dense arrangement of welding points according to the areas of the positive and negative electrode regions of the battery respectively; and taking the number of the welding spots distributed in the most dense mode as the limitation of the number of the welding spots of the current polar plate.
And S103, building a cylindrical battery thermodynamic model according to the size of the cylindrical battery and the rated working current to calculate the total heat production and heat distribution of the battery pole plates.
Various materials in the battery have isotropy and uniform physical properties; the interior of the battery generates heat uniformly without heat convection. Determining the average specific heat capacity of the lithium battery;
where ρ iscell、ρiThe average density of the battery, the density of each material, respectively; c. Ccell、ciThe average heat capacity of the battery and the specific heat capacity of various materials are respectively; viThe volume occupied by each material;
the heat conductivity coefficient of the upper cylindrical battery can be regarded as that the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the diaphragm are connected in series in the radial direction; the axial direction can be regarded as the parallel connection of the three, and the average heat conductivity coefficient of the cylindrical battery in series connection is determined:
wherein: lambda [ alpha ]x、λy、λzThe thermal coefficients of the monomer battery core materials in the directions of x, y and z are respectively; lambda [ alpha ]p、λn、λsRespectively representing the heat conductivity coefficients of a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece and a diaphragm in the battery unit;
calculating heat generation of the battery inner core:
wherein I is the current, V is the battery volume, EocFor the battery balancing electromotive force, U is the battery operating voltage, T is the battery initial temperature, which is 300K in this embodiment.The temperature coefficient of the voltage of the battery changing with the temperature is 0.22mV/K in the example;
calculating the heat production quantity and heat distribution of the battery plate under the rated working condition, then finely dividing the cylindrical model by adopting a free tetrahedral mesh, and calculating the total heat production quantity of the battery plate.
And S104, calculating the number of welding points in unit area of the pole plate according to the heat generated by the pole plate.
Determining the thermal conduction rate of the solder joint to be dQhiDt/dn, wherein: a is the heat conducting area and dt/dn is the temperature gradientAnd λ is a thermal conductivity coefficient. Determining the heat conduction rate of the total welding point of each battery asAnd obtaining the number of welding points in unit area according to the total welding point heat conduction rate of the single battery and the heat conduction rate of the single welding point.
The number of welding points can be optimized in different directions according to different requirements in actual production. The optimization directions of the system are three, namely an energy consumption priority direction, a heat dissipation priority direction and a balance direction. Wherein the preferential direction of energy consumption is to reduce the number of welding points as much as possible on the premise of ensuring heat dissipation.
Under the condition of comprehensively considering heat dissipation of all parts of the battery, the minimum number of welding points in unit area required by the heat dissipation capacity of the pole plate when the battery works normally and is lower than the upper temperature limit is ensured; the heat dissipation priority direction is to increase the welding area as much as possible under the limitation of the number of welding points, namely the number of the welding points is limited to be used as the number of the welding points in unit area; the equilibrium direction is the average of the two.
And S105, optimizing the welding spot layout according to the heat distribution of the plate to realize the heat transfer efficiency of the battery plate.
Because of the structural problem of the cylindrical battery, the heat distribution of the electrode plate is non-uniform, and the optimal heat transfer efficiency of the electrode cannot be achieved only by uniformly or annularly arranging welding spots, so that the positions of the welding spots need to be optimized according to the heat distribution.
Firstly, carrying out welding spot position coding, and establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the center of a cylindrical battery polar plate as the circle center;
the ith welding point position is counted as (rho)i,θi) Sequentially and randomly generating welding spot positions;
after the jth (j is more than 1 and less than or equal to i) welding point is generated, welding point coverage judgment is carried out, namely whether any k (k belongs to (1, i) or not occurs&k ≠ j), and
if yes, indicating that the welding spot is covered, regenerating a jth point coordinate until no welding spot is covered, and sequentially generating all welding spot coordinates;
finally, all welding point coordinates are converted into binary systems and are sequentially arranged into sequences to serve as individuals of a group of genetic algorithms, the maximum evolution algebra T, the population size M, the cross probability PC and the variation probability PM are set, and M individuals are randomly generated to serve as initialization populations;
and selecting, crossing and varying individuals, combining with a battery heat generation model, reducing the binary sequence into polar coordinates after each step of selection, inputting simulation software to simulate the total heat transfer efficiency of the cylindrical battery plate, iterating until the optimal solution of the total heat transfer efficiency is reached, and reducing the optimal solution sequence into decimal coordinates to serve as actual welding point distribution.
And (3) optimizing welding spots according to distribution, and welding by using pulse laser according to the selected power and welding time, wherein the welding quality is not influenced by the welding sequence because the welding spots are not overlapped, and the consideration is not given. After welding, the polar plate and the conductive belt are closely combined in a large area, so that the solar cell has excellent heat-conducting property and is beneficial to heat dissipation of the cell.
It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
Claims (7)
1. A heat dissipation optimization method for a cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization is characterized by comprising the following steps:
determining battery welding power and welding time;
calculating the limitation of the number of welding points;
a cylindrical battery thermodynamic model is built according to the size of the cylindrical battery and the rated working current to calculate the total heat production and heat distribution of the battery polar plate;
calculating the number of welding points in unit area of the polar plate according to the heat generation quantity of the polar plate;
and optimizing the layout of welding spots according to the heat distribution of the polar plate to realize the heat transfer efficiency of the battery polar plate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the battery welding power and the welding time comprises: according to the conductive belt, the material and the thickness of the cylindrical battery plate, the proper welding power and welding time are determined according to the conventional method, so that the welding is ensured to be tight, and the leakage of electrolyte caused by the penetration of the plate by laser welding is avoided.
3. The method for optimizing heat dissipation of a cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization according to claim 1, wherein the calculating of the limit on the number of welding spots comprises:
setting the range around the welding spot as a welding forbidding area, wherein the radius of the welding forbidding area takes the welding spot as the circle center as rpThe circle of (a);
calculating the most dense arrangement of welding points according to the areas of the positive and negative electrode regions of the battery respectively;
and taking the number of the welding spots distributed in the most dense mode as the limitation of the number of the welding spots of the current polar plate.
4. The method for optimizing the heat dissipation of the cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization according to claim 1, wherein the step of calculating the total heat production and heat distribution of battery plates by building a cylindrical battery thermodynamic model according to the size of the cylindrical battery and the rated working current comprises the following steps:
determining the average specific heat capacity of the lithium battery;
where ρ iscell、ρiThe average density of the battery, the density of each material, respectively; c. Ccell、ciAverage heat capacity of the battery, respectivelyThe specific heat capacity of the material; viThe volume occupied by each material;
determining the average coefficient of thermal conductivity of the cylindrical battery in series:
wherein: lambda [ alpha ]x、λy、λzThe thermal coefficients of the monomer battery core materials in the directions of x, y and z are respectively; lambda [ alpha ]p、λn、λsRespectively representing the heat conductivity coefficients of a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece and a diaphragm in the battery unit;
calculating heat generation of the battery inner core:
wherein I is the current, V is the battery volume, EocFor the battery balancing electromotive force, U is the battery working voltage, T is the battery initial temperature,the temperature coefficient of the battery voltage changing with the temperature;
calculating the heat generation quantity and heat distribution of the battery plate under a rated working condition;
and then finely dividing the cylindrical model by adopting a free tetrahedral mesh, and calculating the total heat production of the battery plate.
5. The method for optimizing heat dissipation of the cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization according to claim 1, wherein the calculating of the number of welding points per unit area of the pole plate according to the heat generation amount of the pole plate comprises:
determining the thermal conduction rate of the solder joint to be dQhiDt/dn, wherein: a is the heat conduction area, dt/dn is the temperature gradient, and lambda is the heat conduction coefficient;
And obtaining the number of welding points in unit area according to the total welding point heat conduction rate of the single battery and the heat conduction rate of the single welding point.
6. The method for optimizing heat dissipation of a cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization according to claim 1, wherein optimizing the solder joint layout according to the plate heat distribution to achieve the battery plate heat transfer efficiency comprises:
carrying out welding spot position coding, and establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the center of the cylindrical battery polar plate as the circle center;
the ith welding point position is counted as (rho)i,θi) Sequentially and randomly generating welding spot positions;
after the jth (j is more than 1 and less than or equal to i) welding point is generated, welding point coverage judgment is carried out, namely whether any k (k belongs to (1, i) or not occurs&k ≠ j), and
if yes, indicating that the welding spot is covered, regenerating a jth point coordinate until no welding spot is covered, and sequentially generating all welding spot coordinates;
finally, all welding point coordinates are converted into binary systems and are sequentially arranged into sequences to serve as individuals of a group of genetic algorithms, the maximum evolution algebra T, the population size M, the cross probability PC and the variation probability PM are set, and M individuals are randomly generated to serve as initialization populations;
and selecting, crossing and varying individuals, combining with a battery heat generation model, reducing the binary sequence into polar coordinates after each step of selection, inputting simulation software to simulate the total heat transfer efficiency of the cylindrical battery plate, iterating until the optimal solution of the total heat transfer efficiency is reached, and reducing the optimal solution sequence into decimal coordinates to serve as actual welding point distribution.
7. The optimization method for heat dissipation of a cylindrical power battery pack based on electrode welding optimization according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein welding is performed according to the distribution optimization welding spot by using a pulse laser according to the selected power and welding time.
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WO2018210786A1 (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2018-11-22 | Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Ceramic-metal substrate with low amorphous phase |
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CN111722588A (en) * | 2019-03-18 | 2020-09-29 | 青海凯之成智能装备有限公司 | Program design method based on power battery welding machine |
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