CN114178564A - Deep hole reverse boring cutter for thin-wall pipe - Google Patents
Deep hole reverse boring cutter for thin-wall pipe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114178564A CN114178564A CN202111664547.8A CN202111664547A CN114178564A CN 114178564 A CN114178564 A CN 114178564A CN 202111664547 A CN202111664547 A CN 202111664547A CN 114178564 A CN114178564 A CN 114178564A
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- mounting groove
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- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
- B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
- B23B27/16—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material with exchangeable cutting bits or cutting inserts, e.g. able to be clamped
- B23B27/1662—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material with exchangeable cutting bits or cutting inserts, e.g. able to be clamped with plate-like cutting inserts clamped against the walls of the recess in the shank by a clamping member acting upon the wall of a hole in the cutting insert
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a thin-wall pipe deep hole reverse boring tool, wherein a tool bit is provided with a tool mounting notch, the bottom of the tool mounting notch is provided with a blade mounting groove and a U-shaped groove, the U-shaped groove is positioned at one side of the blade mounting groove, the U-shaped opening of the U-shaped groove is communicated with the blade mounting groove, the bottom of the U-shaped groove is provided with a step screw hole, a blade is mounted in the blade mounting groove, an adjusting screw is mounted in the step screw hole, the blade is provided with an inward inclined inner inclined surface, the head of the adjusting screw is provided with a conical surface b matched with the inner inclined surface, and the conical surface b is attached to the inner inclined surface. The problem that the cutting force generates vibration is greatly improved, when cutting is fed, the guide strip for back guiding plays a role similar to polishing and hardening treatment on the processed surface, and the roughness of the processed surface is optimized, so that the roughness Ra of the inner hole of the deep hole of the thin-walled tube is less than or equal to 0.8, the uniformity of the wall thickness of two ends is less than or equal to 0.1, the cutter can be finely adjusted, the fine adjustment precision is stable, and the combination degree of the actual processing and cutter adjustment precision is high.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to deep hole reverse boring machining of an aluminum alloy thin-wall pipe, in particular to a deep hole reverse boring cutter for the thin-wall pipe.
Background
The deep hole processing of the thin-wall pipe is always a difficult point in the manufacturing and processing industry, particularly when an aluminum alloy deep hole thin-wall pipe material with the wall thickness of 0.5-1.5 mm and the hole diameter of D16-D40 is processed, the length-diameter ratio can reach 100 times of the maximum diameter, the hole diameter tolerance IT9 is required for the thin-wall pipe, the roundness is 0.03, the roughness Ra of an inner hole is less than or equal to 0.8, the uniformity of the wall thickness of two ends is less than or equal to 0.1, the processing technology in the industry is processed by adopting a roller press head or an extrusion head on a horizontal lathe, the rejection rate reaches more than 30 percent, the efficiency is low, and the roughness, the roundness and the uniformity of the wall thickness simultaneously reach indexes; and then, a fixed reverse boring cutter is adopted, the aperture tolerance reaches the range of IT11, the roughness is Ra1.6, the roundness is 0.05, the requirements cannot be met, and foreign famous cutter manufacturers such as SANDVIK, ISCAR, BOLTEK, Kensin metal, Haman and other professional deep hole cutter manufacturers cannot provide an effective cutter solution for the thin-wall deep hole machining.
The inventor finds that the thin-wall pipe is a thin-wall part, the length-diameter ratio is large (L/D is more than or equal to 50 and MAX 100), the machining rigidity is poor, the positioning clamping deformation is too large, the machining can generate vibration, and the quality of a hole cannot be guaranteed; the deep hole reverse boring tool belongs to deep hole machining, cooling and chip removal can also affect the quality of an inner hole, and aiming at the defects, the inventor researches a reverse boring tool for a thin-walled tube deep hole through long-term research.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides the deep hole reverse boring tool suitable for the aluminum alloy thin-walled tube, so that the fine, stable, high-quality and efficient machining of the inner hole of the aluminum alloy thin-walled tube in the industries of aviation, aerospace, military industry and the like can be realized, and the fine adjustment can reach 0.01 mm.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: thin wall pipe deep hole boring cutter, including tool bit and handle of a knife, tool bit and handle of a knife are connected, the tool bit has been seted up cutter installation breach on being close to the excircle of the one end of handle of a knife, blade mounting groove and U type groove have been seted up to the bottom of cutter installation breach, U type groove is located one side of blade mounting groove, and the U type opening and the blade mounting groove intercommunication in U type groove, the step screw has been seted up to the bottom in U type groove, install the blade in the blade mounting groove, install adjusting screw in the step screw, on the projection on tool bit feed direction, the protruding tool bit's of knife tip projection of blade, the blade is close to adjusting screw one side and has the interior inclined plane of leanin, adjusting screw's head is seted up the conical surface b that matches with interior inclined plane, conical surface b and the laminating of interior inclined plane line face.
Optionally, a center hole is formed in the cutter head, a flushing hole is formed in the side wall, close to the center hole, of the installation notch, the flushing hole is communicated with the center hole, and a water outlet of the flushing hole faces towards the cutter point of the blade.
Optionally, a plurality of chip punching grooves are axially formed in the outer circle of the cutter head, and a convex tooth is formed between two adjacent chip punching grooves.
Optionally, a mounting groove is formed in the convex tooth, guide strips are mounted in the mounting groove, the outer circles of the guide strips are arc-shaped, arcs of the guide strips are located on the same circumference, and projection of a tool tip of the blade is located on the circumference of arc projection of the guide strips in the tool bit feeding direction.
Optionally, the number of the chip punching grooves is four, and the number of the convex teeth is four.
Optionally, the outer side wall of the blade is an inner inclined surface, and a matching inclined surface a matched with the inner inclined surface is arranged on one side, close to the flushing hole, of the blade mounting groove.
Optionally, a matching inclined surface b matched with the inner inclined surface is arranged on one side, close to the U-shaped groove, of the blade mounting groove.
Optionally, one end of the tool bit close to the tool shank is provided with a conical surface a.
Optionally, the middle of the tool holder is provided with four threads, the outer circle at the head of the tool holder is a positioning outer circle for radial centering, and the end face at the tail of the tool holder is an axial positioning end face.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. the reverse boring tool greatly solves the problem that the cutting force generates vibration, and when the cutting is fed, the guide strip for back guide plays a similar polishing and hardening treatment role on the processed surface, and the roughness of the processed surface is optimized, so that the roughness Ra of the inner hole of the deep hole of the thin-walled tube is less than or equal to 0.8, and the uniformity of the wall thickness of two ends is less than or equal to 0.1
2. The cutter can be finely adjusted, the fine adjustment precision is stable, the actual processing and cutter adjustment precision has high composite degree, and the aperture tolerance of the processed thin-wall pipe reaches IT9 and the roundness is 0.03.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the blade mounting slot;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the attachment of the blade to the adjusting screw;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a lightening hole;
in the figure, 1-tool bit, 2-tool holder, 3-tool mounting notch, 4-blade, 5-adjusting screw, 6-flushing hole, 7-center hole, 8-flushing groove, 9-guide strip, 10-mounting groove, 11-lightening hole, 12-conical surface a, 13-convex tooth, 21-four-head thread, 22-positioning excircle, 23-axial positioning end surface, 31-blade mounting groove, 32-U-shaped groove, 33-matching inclined surface a, 34-matching inclined surface b, 35-step screw hole, 41-inner inclined surface and 42-conical surface b.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
In addition, the embodiments of the present invention and the features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, or orientations or positional relationships that the products of the present invention conventionally lay out when in use, or orientations or positional relationships that are conventionally understood by those skilled in the art, which are merely for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like are used merely to distinguish one description from another, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "disposed," "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly and may, for example, be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring tool comprises a tool bit 1 and a tool holder 2, the tool bit 1 is connected with the tool holder 2, and further, the tool holder 2 is used for being connected with a tool bar, preferably, the middle part of the tool holder is provided with four-head threads, the outer circle at the head part of the tool holder is a positioning outer circle for radial centering, and the tail end face of the tool holder is an axial positioning end face, so that the tool bar is connected with the tool holder 2 by adopting spigot and end face positioning, the four-head threads are connected, the cutting force direction borne by the tool bit 1 is consistent with the screwing direction of the threads, the reliability is improved, the tool bar is in a hollow drill rod form and needs to simultaneously have high hardness of the surface and toughness of the tool bar, in the embodiment, the tool bar is made of alloy structural steel, the surface is hardened and has 0.005 of roundness to ensure high hardness and toughness, while the tool bit 1 is made of high-strength aluminum alloy, and then is subjected to sand blasting, and the cutter head 1 is provided with a cutter mounting notch 3 on the outer circle of one end close to the handle 2, preferably, the bottom surface of the cutter mounting notch 3 is a plane, the bottom of the cutter mounting notch 3 is provided with a blade mounting groove 31 and a U-shaped groove 32, the U-shaped groove 32 is positioned at one side of the blade mounting groove 31, the U-shaped opening of the U-shaped groove 32 is communicated with the blade mounting groove 31, the bottom of the U-shaped groove 32 is provided with a step screw hole 35, a blade 4 is mounted in the blade mounting groove 31, preferably, the bottom of the blade mounting groove 31 is provided with a screw hole, the blade 4 is provided with a mounting hole, the blade 4 is mounted on the blade mounting groove 31 through a screw, further, the top of the mounting hole of the blade 4 is an inverted cone-shaped hole, the screw is provided with a cone-shaped platform matched with the inverted cone-shaped hole, the screw is an inner hexagon screw, thereby facilitating the mounting of the blade 4, the adjusting screw 5 is mounted in the step screw hole 35, preferably, the adjusting screw 5 is a hexagon socket head adjusting screw 5, which facilitates the installation of the adjusting screw 5, in the projection in the feeding direction of the tool bit 1, the projection of the tool tip of the blade 4 protrudes out of the projection of the tool bit 1, so that the tool can cut a workpiece in the rotating process, as shown in fig. 3, one side of the blade 4 close to the adjusting screw 5 is provided with an inward inclined inner surface 41, the head of the adjusting screw 5 is provided with a tapered surface b42 matched with the inner inclined surface 41, the tapered surface b42 is in line-surface fit with the inner inclined surface 41, between the blades 4, the adjusting screw 5 is firstly installed in the step screw hole 35, at this time, the head of the adjusting screw 5 is located in the large hole of the step screw hole 35, the tapered surface b42 of the head of the adjusting screw 5 is located in the U-shaped groove, then the blade 4 is locked by the screw, then the blade 4 is finely adjusted, that is firstly loosened, the blade 4 is provided with a fine adjustment space, the adjusting screw 5 is screwed, the conical surface b42 of the adjusting screw 5 extrudes the blade 4, the position of the blade 4 slightly moves, the screw is locked, and the position of the blade 4 is fixed, so that the cutting position of the blade 4 slightly moves, the machining precision of the deep hole of the thin-wall pipe is improved, the fine adjustment precision of the blade 4 is stable, and the combination degree of actual machining and the cutter adjustment precision is high and can reach within 0.01 mm.
In this embodiment, the tool bit 1 is provided with the center hole 7, the water inlet of the center hole 7 is provided with the chamfer, the chamfer is used as a process reference for machining, the side wall of the installation notch, which is close to the center hole 7, is provided with the flushing hole 6, the flushing hole 6 is communicated with the center hole 7, and in the cutting process, most of chips after the chips are cut off by the blade 4 are flushed away by the flushed coolant in the flushing hole 6, preferably, the water outlet of the flushing hole 6 faces the tool tip of the blade 4, so that the chips generated by the tool tip can be flushed away in time, and the machining quality is ensured.
In this embodiment, a plurality of chip-punching grooves 8 are axially formed on the outer circle of the tool bit 1, a convex tooth 13 is formed between two adjacent chip-punching grooves 8, the chip-punching grooves 8 form a channel for another cooling liquid, the cooling liquid enters the chip-punching grooves to wash the pipe wall, thereby taking away the chips on the pipe wall, and further ensuring the processing quality, further, a mounting groove 10 is formed on the convex tooth 13, a guide strip 9 is mounted in the mounting groove 10, the outer circle of the guide strip 9 is arc-shaped, and the arcs of the guide strips 9 are located on the same circumference, in the projection in the feeding direction of the tool bit 1, the projection of the tool tip of the blade 4 is located on the circumference of the arc projection of the guide strip 9, the guide strip 9 can be processed in a grinding manner, the processing precision is high, and the finish-processing mounting groove 10 can also be processed in a milling manner, so that after the guide strip 9 is mounted in the mounting groove 10, the arc formed by the guide strip 9 can be matched with the precision size of the thin-walled tube to be processed, so that in the embodiment, the outer edge of the guide strip 9 can grind the processed inner hole of the thin-walled tube, burrs generated after the blade 4 is cut are cleaned, meanwhile, the guide strip 9 has a supporting function on the thin-walled tube, a rear guiding function can be achieved in the moving process of the tool bit 1, the vibration problem caused by cutting force is greatly improved, and the guide strip 9 can perform similar polishing on the processed surface. And (3) hardening treatment, optimizing the roughness of the machined surface to meet the requirement of machining precision, wherein in the embodiment, the axial length and the position of the guide strip 9 are determined according to the diameter of the hole and the position of the cutter point, finite element analysis can be adopted for simulation according to the cutting state, design optimization is further carried out, and the surface gloss of the guide strip 9 and the radial dimension of the cutter point are controlled to be 0.003-0.005 mm.
In this embodiment, the chip flushing grooves 8 are four, the protruding teeth 13 are also four, so the guide strips 9 are also four, and in the machining process, the cooling liquid in the chip flushing grooves 8 can flush the inner wall of the pipe, so as to take away the chips on the inner wall of the pipe, thereby avoiding the influence of the chips on the machining quality, meanwhile, the chip flushing grooves 8 can also reduce the weight of the tool bit 1, and further ensure the coaxiality of the tool bit 1 in the rotation process, further, as shown in fig. 4, for further reducing the weight of the tool bit 1, a lightening hole 11 is formed in one side, deviating from the tool mounting notch 3, of the tool bit 1.
In this embodiment, the outer side walls of the blade 4 are all inner inclined surfaces 41, preferably, the top of the blade 4 is a large diamond structure, and the bottom of the blade 4 is a small diamond structure, so that the four outer side walls of the blade 4 are all the inner inclined surfaces 41, and the blade 4 is in an axisymmetric structure, so that two opposite corners at the top of the blade 4 can be tool tips, thereby increasing the utilization rate of the blade 4 and reducing the use cost of the blade 4.
In the embodiment, the blade mounting groove 31 has a matching inclined surface a33 matching with the inner inclined surface 41 on the side close to the flushing hole 6, and the blade mounting groove 31 has a matching inclined surface b34 matching with the inner inclined surface 41 on the side close to the U-shaped groove 32, so that when the blade 4 is mounted, the blade 4 can be positioned through the matching inclined surface a33 and the matching inclined surface b34, and the mounting accuracy of the blade 4 is ensured.
In this embodiment, the tapered surface a12 is provided at one end of the tool bit 1 close to the holder 2, and similarly, the tapered surface a12 can reduce the weight of the tool bit 1 and the consumables of the tool bit 1.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the embodiments and/or modifications of the invention can be made, and equivalents and modifications of some features of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The deep hole reverse boring cutter for the thin-wall pipe is characterized in that: comprises a tool bit and a tool handle, the tool bit is connected with the tool handle, a tool mounting notch is arranged on the excircle of one end of the tool bit close to the tool handle, the bottom of the cutter mounting notch is provided with a blade mounting groove and a U-shaped groove, the U-shaped groove is positioned at one side of the blade mounting groove, the U-shaped opening of the U-shaped groove is communicated with the blade mounting groove, the bottom of the U-shaped groove is provided with a step screw hole, the blade is mounted in the blade mounting groove, the step screw hole is internally provided with an adjusting screw, on the projection of the cutter head in the feeding direction, the projection of the cutter point of the blade protrudes out of the projection of the cutter head, one side of the blade, which is close to the adjusting screw, is provided with an inner inclined plane which inclines inwards, the head of the adjusting screw is provided with a conical surface b which is matched with the inner inclined plane, and the conical surface b is attached to the line surface of the inner inclined plane.
2. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring cutter according to claim 1, characterized in that: the cutter head is provided with a center hole, the side wall of the installation notch, which is close to the center hole, is provided with a flushing hole, the flushing hole is communicated with the center hole, and the water outlet of the flushing hole faces the cutter point of the blade.
3. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring cutter according to claim 2, characterized in that: a plurality of chip punching grooves are axially formed in the outer circle of the cutter head, and convex teeth are formed between every two adjacent chip punching grooves.
4. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring cutter according to claim 3, characterized in that: the convex tooth is provided with a mounting groove, a guide strip is mounted in the mounting groove, the outer circle of the guide strip is arc-shaped and is arranged on the same circumference, the arc of the guide strip is arranged on the projection in the feeding direction of the cutter head, and the projection of the cutter point of the blade is arranged on the circumference of the arc projection of the guide strip.
5. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring cutter according to claim 4, characterized in that: the number of the chip punching grooves is four, and the number of the convex teeth is four.
6. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring cutter according to claim 5, characterized in that: and a lightening hole is formed in one side of the cutter head, which deviates from the cutter mounting notch.
7. The deep hole reverse boring cutter for the thin-walled tube according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: the outer side wall of the blade is an inner inclined surface, and one side of the blade mounting groove, which is close to the flushing hole, is provided with a matching inclined surface a matched with the inner inclined surface.
8. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring cutter according to claim 7, characterized in that: and one side of the blade mounting groove, which is close to the U-shaped groove, is provided with a matching inclined plane b matched with the inner inclined plane.
9. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring tool according to claim 8, characterized in that: one end of the cutter head, which is close to the cutter handle, is provided with a conical surface a.
10. The thin-walled tube deep hole reverse boring tool according to claim 8, characterized in that: four-head threads are formed in the middle of the cutter handle, the excircle at the head of the cutter handle is a positioning excircle for radial centering, and the end face of the tail part of the cutter handle is an axial positioning end face.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111664547.8A CN114178564A (en) | 2021-12-31 | 2021-12-31 | Deep hole reverse boring cutter for thin-wall pipe |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111664547.8A CN114178564A (en) | 2021-12-31 | 2021-12-31 | Deep hole reverse boring cutter for thin-wall pipe |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN114178564A true CN114178564A (en) | 2022-03-15 |
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| CN202111664547.8A Pending CN114178564A (en) | 2021-12-31 | 2021-12-31 | Deep hole reverse boring cutter for thin-wall pipe |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116967788A (en) * | 2023-09-22 | 2023-10-31 | 北京理工大学 | Boring and rolling composite BTA deep hole machining tool and manufacturing method |
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