CN114156843A - Model identification-based self-adaptive reclosing method for true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid - Google Patents

Model identification-based self-adaptive reclosing method for true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid Download PDF

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CN114156843A
CN114156843A CN202111234635.4A CN202111234635A CN114156843A CN 114156843 A CN114156843 A CN 114156843A CN 202111234635 A CN202111234635 A CN 202111234635A CN 114156843 A CN114156843 A CN 114156843A
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李猛
和敬涵
宁家兴
倪平浩
王小君
许寅
张大海
罗国敏
张放
吴翔宇
王颖
刘曌
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Beijing Jiaotong University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/268Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured for dc systems
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
    • G01R31/081Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
    • G01R31/086Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution networks, i.e. with interconnected conductors
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

The invention discloses a model identification-based self-adaptive reclosing method for a true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid. Based on the idea of model identification, a fault-free model is used as a calculation model, when a fault disappears, an actual model is matched with the calculation model, and when the fault does not disappear, the actual model is not matched with the calculation model, and the difference is extracted by utilizing Pearson correlation to realize the self-adaptive reclosing of the true bipolar flexible direct current power grid. By adopting the model identification-based true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid self-adaptive reclosing method, the arc extinguishing moment can be detected for transient faults, the closing time is optimized, and the power supply is quickly recovered; for the permanent fault, the permanent fault can be identified before the breaker is switched on, and the reclosing is locked, so that the secondary impact damage to a system and equipment caused by the permanent fault is avoided.

Description

Model identification-based self-adaptive reclosing method for true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of relay protection of power systems, and particularly relates to a self-adaptive reclosing method suitable for a true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid.
Background
In response to the development requirements of the national energy strategy, direct current transmission has been widely used in recent years. The flexible direct-current transmission has the advantages of flexible power flow control, difficulty in phase change failure and the like, and has a very wide application prospect in the aspects of new energy grid connection, long-distance transmission, power grid interconnection and the like. The flexible direct current overhead transmission line has the advantages of severe operation environment, high fault probability, most of transient faults and important significance in reclosing.
The traditional automatic reclosing scheme is still adopted in the existing flexible direct current transmission project, and the breaker is reclosed after the free time is fixedly removed, so that the rapid recovery of power supply of transient faults is realized. However, the automatic reclosing has certain blindness, and when the automatic reclosing is in a permanent fault state or a transient fault state without arc extinction, the system voltage is failed to be established, so that the whole system is impacted by short-circuit current again, and power electronic equipment such as a converter and the like is damaged. Because the flexible direct-current power grid has the characteristics of high fault current rising speed, weak equipment overcurrent capacity and the like, the damage to the flexible direct-current power grid caused by the fault reclosing is larger, and the automatic reclosing scheme of the flexible direct-current power grid needs to be further improved.
Based on the above consideration, researchers are beginning to pay attention to the research on the flexible direct current power grid adaptive reclosing technology. The advantages of the adaptive reclosing mainly include two points: firstly, before the circuit breaker is switched on, the fault property is judged, and the circuit breaker is reliably locked under the permanent fault; and secondly, the instantaneous fault arc-quenching moment is identified, the switching-on time is optimized, the power supply is quickly recovered, and meanwhile, the circuit breaker can be prevented from being recombined in a fault non-arc-quenching state. At present, scholars have proposed a self-adaptive reclosing scheme suitable for a flexible direct current power grid, for example, self-adaptive reclosing can be realized by changing the internal structure and the control strategy of a circuit breaker, but the method can only judge the nature of a fault and cannot identify the arc quenching time. In addition, a scholars provides a self-adaptive reclosing scheme based on traveling wave main frequency aiming at the bipolar short-circuit fault, but the method cannot be applied to the unipolar grounding fault with high occurrence probability. Still the scholars utilize the residual electric quantity information on the circuit after the fault isolation to realize the fault property identification, but this kind of method mostly uses the lumped parameter model, can obtain better effect when being applied to the short and medium distance circuit. In actual long-distance flexible direct power transmission engineering, the line parameters are distributed and have frequency-variable characteristics, and the frequency content of the transient process of the direct current system is very rich, so that the line parameters cannot be simply equivalent to fixed centralized parameters for solving. The frequency dependent model is a distributed parametric model and takes into account the frequency-dependent nature of the line parameters.
In conclusion, the flexible direct-current power grid self-adaptive reclosing scheme is researched on the basis of the frequency-dependent model, the fault property and the arc extinguishing time are reliably identified, and the method has important significance for improving the power supply reliability and safety of the flexible direct-current power grid.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid adaptive reclosing method based on model identification, solves the problem of low reliability of the original adaptive reclosing method based on a centralized parameter model, avoids damage to a system and power equipment caused by the fact that the traditional automatic reclosing is blindly superposed on a permanent fault, identifies the arc extinguishing moment of an instantaneous fault, optimizes the closing time of the instantaneous fault, and is suitable for a single-pole grounding fault with high occurrence probability.
In order to achieve the above purposes, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a self-adaptive reclosing method of a true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid based on model identification comprises the following steps:
1) after the single-pole grounding fault occurs, the circuit breakers at two ends of the fault pole are disconnected;
2) extracting voltage and current at two ends of the positive and negative circuits, and obtaining the terminal modulus voltage, current and head end modulus current of the circuits by utilizing a decoupling formula;
3) calculating the modulus voltage of the head end of the line based on the modulus voltage, the modulus current and the modulus current of the head end of the line obtained in the step 2), and obtaining a calculated value of the positive and negative voltages of the head end through a decoupling inverse transformation formula after obtaining the modulus voltage of the head end of the line;
4) comparing the actual value with the calculated value of the fault extreme voltage, carrying out correlation analysis, detecting whether the correlation coefficient exceeds the threshold value of the correlation coefficient and satisfies the constant satisfaction within a cycle judgment time, if so, executing the step 5), if not, and the maximum detection time T is reachedmaxIf not, executing step 6), and if not, not reaching the maximum detection time TmaxThen step 2) is executed;
5) judging that the fault is a transient fault and the fault is extinguished, taking the moment when the first time exceeds a correlation coefficient threshold value as the arc extinguishing detection moment, and passing through a reclosing delay TdSending a closing instruction;
6) and judging the fault to be a permanent fault, and locking the reclosure.
Preferably, the calculation formula of the head end modulus voltage is as follows:
Figure BDA0003317060580000031
in the formula m1、p1、q1Is characterized by the modulusRecursive convolution coefficient, m, corresponding to impedance2、p2、q2The method is characterized in that the method is a recursive convolution coefficient corresponding to a transmission function under a modulus, M represents a line head end, N represents a line tail end, F is a forward traveling wave under the modulus, U is a voltage under the modulus, Deltat is a sampling interval, I is a current under the modulus, B is a reverse traveling wave under the modulus, A is the transmission function, and tau is the shortest time for the traveling wave to propagate on the whole length of a transmission line.
Preferably, the recursive convolution coefficient is obtained by using a recursive convolution theorem.
Preferably, the cycle judgment time is 10 ms.
Preferably, the maximum detection time TmaxSetting according to the dissociation removing time; for +/-500 kV true bipolar flexible direct current system, maximum detection time TmaxTake 300 ms.
Preferably, said coincidence delay TdThe setting principle of (1) is that the cycle judgment time is subtracted from the insulation recovery time; for a +/-500 kV true bipolar flexible direct current system, Td=100ms-10ms=90ms。
According to the model identification-based self-adaptive reclosing method for the true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid, the identification of fault properties and arc extinguishing moments is realized by utilizing the waveform correlation coefficient of the actual value and the calculated value of the fault extreme voltage, the rapid recovery of power supply due to transient faults is ensured, and the reclosing is locked reliably due to permanent faults.
Drawings
The invention has the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a transmission line traveling wave;
FIG. 2 is a time-domain equivalent circuit of a frequency-dependent model;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of model identification, wherein (a) is a no-fault model and (b) is a fault model;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an adaptive reclosing lock;
FIG. 5 is a graph of transient fault identification results, in which (a) is the fault voltage and (b) is the correlation coefficient;
FIG. 6 shows the permanent fault identification results, in which (a) is the fault terminal voltage and (b) is the correlation coefficient;
description of the drawings:
m, N: the head end and the tail end of the line;
u, I: voltage, current under modulus;
F. b: modulus down-going forward traveling wave and backward traveling wave;
EM(t)、EN(t): the reverse wave at the end of the line M, N in the time domain;
1. 0: a wire mold and a ground mold;
ρ: a correlation coefficient;
ρset: a correlation coefficient threshold;
Tmax: a maximum detection time;
Td: and (5) overlapping and delaying.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to figures 1-6.
1. Line two-end traveling wave, voltage and current time domain relation derivation
Since the line parameters exhibit frequency-dependent characteristics, they are first analyzed in the frequency domain and then converted into the time domain. Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a transmission line traveling wave. In the frequency domain, the voltage and the current at two ends of the line have the following relationship:
Figure BDA0003317060580000061
in the formula Zc(ω) is the characteristic impedance of the line; gamma (omega) is the propagation coefficient of the line;
Figure BDA0003317060580000062
is the line length; r (omega), L (omega), G (omega) and C (omega) are respectively a resistor, an inductor, a conductor and a capacitor of a single length of the circuit; j is an imaginary unit; j (ω) is the transmission matrix.
The forward traveling wave across the line can be expressed as:
Fi(ω)=Ui(ω)+Zc(ω)·Ii(ω) (2)
wherein i represents the name of the two ends of the line, and i is M, N.
The backward traveling wave across the line can be expressed as:
Bi(ω)=Ui(ω)-Zc(ω)·Ii(ω) (3)
the following relationship exists between the forward wave and the backward wave according to the equations (1), (2) and (3):
Figure BDA0003317060580000063
in the formula
Figure BDA0003317060580000064
As a transfer function of the line.
Substituting equation (4) into equation (3) yields the following equation:
UM(ω)-Zc(ω)·IM(ω)=A(ω)·FN(ω) (5)
the equation (5) is converted into the time domain by convolution, and a time domain equivalent circuit can be obtained, as shown in fig. 2. The controlled power supply in the equivalent circuit is the voltage reversal wave of the current end:
Figure BDA0003317060580000065
in the formula, the lower limit tau of integration is the shortest time for the traveling wave to propagate on the whole length of the transmission line; f. ofN(t-u) is N-end forward traveling wave during convolution calculation; and a (u) is a transfer function in convolution calculation.
For a convolution of the form:
Figure BDA0003317060580000071
the convolution value can be calculated by the recursive convolution theorem using the history values:
Figure BDA0003317060580000072
in the formula, m, p and q are recursive convolution coefficients and can be obtained by calculation of known constants k and alpha and a sampling interval delta T, and the lower limit T of integration is the shortest time for the traveling wave to propagate on the whole length of the transmission line; s (t) is the convolution function, and f (t-u) is the convolved function.
If recursive convolution is to be used, the function being convolved must be in the form of the sum of exponential functions. Therefore, the characteristic impedance Z in the frequency domain is requiredc(s) and a transfer function A(s) to perform a rational fit:
Figure BDA0003317060580000073
in the formula, l is a zero point, j is a pole, and n is the number of the poles and the zero points.
After the fitting, the recursive convolution theorem can be utilized to convert the frequency domain solution into the time domain solution. In the time domain, the voltage, the current and the characteristic impedance information of the N end are utilized to obtain the forward wave of the N end:
FN(t)=UN(t)+{m1·[UN(t-△t)-BN(t-△t)]+p1·IN(t)+q1·IN(t-△t)} (10)
in the formula m1,p1,q1Is the recursive convolution coefficient corresponding to the characteristic impedance.
The N-end forward traveling wave and the transmission function are utilized to obtain the M-end backward traveling wave:
Figure BDA0003317060580000081
in the formula m2,p2,q2Is the recursive convolution coefficient corresponding to the transmission function.
The M end voltage can be obtained by utilizing the M end reverse traveling wave, the current and the characteristic impedance information:
UM(t)=BM(t)+{m1·[UM(t-△t)-BM(t-△t)]+p1·IM(t)+q1·IM(t-△t)} (12)
because the two poles of lines are coupled, the lines need to be decoupled into 0-mode and 1-mode components, the components are independently calculated in a mode domain, and finally the phase domain quantity is obtained through decoupling inverse transformation. Constructing a decoupling matrix:
Figure BDA0003317060580000082
the electrical quantity under the line modulus can be obtained through a decoupling formula:
Figure BDA0003317060580000083
in the formula xp、xnRespectively the electrical quantities of positive and negative poles of the DC line, x1、x0Respectively 1 mode and 0 mode electrical quantities.
The decoupling inverse transformation formula is realized through an inverse matrix of a decoupling matrix, if no special description exists, the calculation in the invention is carried out in a module domain, finally, the module voltage of 0 and the module voltage of 1 at the opposite end of the line are obtained, and the anode and cathode voltages at the opposite end of the line are obtained through the decoupling inverse transformation formula.
2. Idea of model identification
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of model identification. It can be known from equation (2) that if the voltage, current and wave impedance of a certain end of a line are known, the forward voltage traveling wave of the local end can be calculated, the forward voltage traveling wave of the local end can be multiplied by the transmission function to obtain the reverse traveling wave of the opposite end of the line according to equation (4), and the reverse traveling wave of the opposite end of the line can be obtained according to equation (3), and then the voltage of the opposite end of the line can be obtained by combining the current and wave impedance of the opposite end of the line.
The above-mentioned voltages are voltages under a calculation model (no fault model). Therefore, if no fault exists on the actual line (normal operation or transient fault is in an arc extinction state), the calculation model is consistent with the actual model; if the actual line has a fault (a permanent fault or a transient fault is not in an arc extinction state), the calculation model is inconsistent with the actual model because the actual model also contains a fault branch. Based on the difference, the invention realizes the identification of the fault property and the arc extinguishing moment by solving the Pearson correlation between the calculated value of the fault extreme voltage and the actual value.
Pearson correlation
Assume that two discrete signal sequences in a certain time period are X ═ X respectively1,x2,…,xnY ═ Y1,y2,…,yn}, its Pearson correlation coefficient can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0003317060580000091
wherein, the value interval of rho is [ -1, +1], the sign represents the correlation direction, and the absolute value represents the correlation degree. ρ ═ 1 indicates that the two signals are in 100% positive correlation, i.e., the waveforms of the two signals are identical; ρ -1 indicates that the two signals are 100% negatively correlated, i.e., the waveforms of the two signals are identical but opposite in phase; a value of 0 indicates that the two signals are uncorrelated and the waveforms are completely uncorrelated.
According to the invention, the Pearson correlation coefficient is utilized to represent the matching degree of the calculated value and the actual value of the fault extreme voltage, the signal sequences X and Y in a certain period are respectively the calculated value and the actual value of the fault extreme voltage, the waveform correlation of the calculated value and the actual value is higher when the arc extinguishing state of the normal operation and the transient fault is realized, and the waveform correlation of the calculated value and the actual value is lower when the arc extinguishing state of the permanent fault and the transient fault is not realized. The invention provides a true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid self-adaptive reclosing method based on model identification based on the difference.
Fig. 4 is a flow chart of a true bipolar flexible dc power grid adaptive reclosing method based on model identification, which includes the following steps:
1) after the single-pole grounding fault occurs, the circuit breakers at two ends of the fault pole are disconnected;
2) extracting voltage and current at two ends of the positive and negative circuits, and obtaining the terminal modulus voltage and current and the head modulus current of the circuits by utilizing a decoupling formula;
3) calculating the modulus voltage of the head end of the line based on the modulus voltage, the modulus current and the modulus current of the head end of the line obtained in the step 2), and obtaining a calculated value of the positive and negative voltages of the head end through decoupling inverse transformation after the modulus voltage of the head end of the line is obtained;
4) comparing the actual value with the calculated value of the fault extreme voltage, carrying out correlation analysis, detecting whether the correlation coefficient exceeds the threshold value of the correlation coefficient and satisfies the constant satisfaction within a cycle judgment time, if so, executing the step 5), if not, and the maximum detection time T is reachedmaxIf not, executing step 6), and if not, not reaching the maximum detection time TmaxThen step 2) is performed.
5) Judging that the fault is a transient fault and the fault is extinguished, taking the moment when the first time exceeds a correlation coefficient threshold value as the arc extinguishing detection moment, and passing through a reclosing delay TdSending a closing instruction;
6) and judging the fault to be a permanent fault, and locking the reclosure.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a transient fault identification result according to an embodiment of the present invention. The circuit breaker breaks off 6ms at t, and the actual moment of putting out the arc 34ms at the moment of putting out the arc, because calculation model and actual model are inconsistent before the arc is put out to the trouble, and the calculated value of trouble extreme voltage does not match with the actual value, and the correlation coefficient that obtains is lower, because calculation model and actual model are consistent after putting out the arc, and the extreme voltage calculated value of trouble matches with the actual value, and the correlation coefficient is higher. Since the time window is 10ms long, the first correlation coefficient calculation result is obtained when t is 16ms, the time when the correlation coefficient first exceeds the correlation coefficient threshold is 41ms, the actual arc-extinguishing time is 34ms, the arc-extinguishing time detection error is only 7ms, and the detection accuracy is higher than the deionization time of 300ms, so that the proposed method can reliably detect the instantaneous fault arc-extinguishing time. After the fault arc is identified to be extinguished, reclosing operation can be carried out after 90ms insulation recovery is finished, compared with the traditional automatic reclosing which is closed in an inherent delay of 300ms, the automatic reclosing method can optimize the closing time and realize rapid recovery of power supply under transient faults.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a permanent fault identification result according to an embodiment of the present invention. When a permanent fault occurs, because a fault branch exists all the time, a calculation model is not consistent with an actual model all the time, a fault extreme voltage calculation value is not matched with an actual value all the time, a correlation coefficient does not exceed a correlation coefficient threshold all the time in the whole detection process, the maximum value of the correlation coefficient is 0.68, the detection reliability is high, the permanent fault can be reliably identified by the provided scheme, the reclosing is locked, and the damage of the traditional automatic reclosing blind closing to the system and equipment due to the permanent fault is effectively avoided.
Those not described in detail in this specification are within the skill of the art.

Claims (6)

1. A self-adaptive reclosing method of a true bipolar flexible direct-current power grid based on model identification is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) after the single-pole grounding fault occurs, the circuit breakers at two ends of the fault pole are disconnected;
2) extracting voltage and current at two ends of the positive and negative circuits, and obtaining the terminal modulus voltage, current and head end modulus current of the circuits by utilizing a decoupling formula;
3) calculating the modulus voltage of the head end of the line based on the modulus voltage, the modulus current and the modulus current of the head end of the line obtained in the step 2), and obtaining a calculated value of the positive and negative voltages of the head end through a decoupling inverse transformation formula after obtaining the modulus voltage of the head end of the line;
4) comparing the actual value with the calculated value of the fault extreme voltage, carrying out correlation analysis, detecting whether the correlation coefficient exceeds the threshold value of the correlation coefficient and satisfies the constant satisfaction within a cycle judgment time, if so, executing the step 5), if not, and the maximum detection time T is reachedmaxIf not, executing step 6), and if not, not reaching the maximum detection time TmaxThen step 2) is executed;
5) judging that the fault is a transient fault and the fault is extinguished, taking the moment when the first time exceeds a correlation coefficient threshold value as the arc extinguishing detection moment, and passing through a reclosing delay TdSending a closing instruction;
6) and judging the fault to be a permanent fault, and locking the reclosure.
2. The model identification-based true bipolar flexible direct current power grid adaptive reclosing method according to claim 1, wherein a calculation formula of the head end modulus voltage is as follows:
Figure FDA0003317060570000011
in the formula m1、p1、q1Is a recursive convolution coefficient, m, corresponding to the characteristic impedance under modulus2、p2、q2The method is characterized in that the method is a recursive convolution coefficient corresponding to a transmission function under a modulus, M represents a line head end, N represents a line tail end, F is a forward traveling wave under the modulus, U is a voltage under the modulus, Deltat is a sampling interval, I is a current under the modulus, B is a reverse traveling wave under the modulus, A is the transmission function, and tau is the shortest time for the traveling wave to propagate on the whole length of a transmission line.
3. The model identification-based true bipolar flexible direct current power grid adaptive reclosing method according to claim 2, characterized in that the recursive convolution coefficients are obtained by using a recursive convolution theorem.
4. The model identification-based true bipolar flexible direct current power grid adaptive reclosing method according to claim 1, wherein the cycle judgment time is 10 ms.
5. The model identification-based true bipolar flexible direct current power grid adaptive reclosing method according to claim 1, wherein the maximum detection time T ismaxSetting according to the dissociation removing time; for +/-500 kV true bipolar flexible direct current system, maximum detection time TmaxTake 300 ms.
6. The model identification-based true bipolar flexible direct current power grid adaptive reclosing method according to claim 4, wherein the reclosing delay T is TdThe setting principle of (1) is that the cycle judgment time is subtracted from the insulation recovery time; for +/-500 kV true bipolar flexibilityDirect current systems, Td=100ms-10ms=90ms。
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