CN114155666A - Tunnel escape indicating device and method - Google Patents
Tunnel escape indicating device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114155666A CN114155666A CN202111168718.8A CN202111168718A CN114155666A CN 114155666 A CN114155666 A CN 114155666A CN 202111168718 A CN202111168718 A CN 202111168718A CN 114155666 A CN114155666 A CN 114155666A
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- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B7/00—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00
- G08B7/06—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources
- G08B7/062—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources indicating emergency exits
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F13/00—Transport specially adapted to underground conditions
- E21F13/08—Shifting conveyors or other transport devices from one location at the working face to another
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F17/00—Methods or devices for use in mines or tunnels, not covered elsewhere
- E21F17/18—Special adaptations of signalling or alarm devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B7/00—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00
- G08B7/06—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources
- G08B7/064—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources indicating houses needing emergency help, e.g. with a flashing light or sound
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a tunnel escape indicating device and a tunnel escape indicating method, which are uniformly distributed in a tunnel and comprise a rack, an induction device, an emergency power supply, an alarm device, a guide device, a linkage device and a controller, wherein the guide device is distributed on the surface of a sidewalk in the tunnel and comprises a shell and a first laser reflector arranged on the shell; the linkage device comprises a laser emitter and a second laser reflector; the laser is reflected between the first laser reflectors and the second laser reflectors to form a safe area or a dangerous area, and the laser reflection positions on the first laser reflectors and the second laser reflectors generate strong light with the same color as the laser. The invention carries out linkage among a plurality of guiding devices through the laser, and can prevent the condition that the pedestrian cannot be guided normally because the electric power system cannot be used in case of fire.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tunnel escape, in particular to a tunnel escape indicating device and a tunnel escape indicating method.
Background
With the rapid development of highway construction in China, more and more highway tunnels are provided, and the fire accidents in the tunnels are increased gradually.
The fire hazard in the highway tunnel has the characteristics of high combustion spreading speed, slow smoke diffusion, high toxicity, high rescue and evacuation difficulty, high rapid disposal difficulty and the like. Especially, the fire in a long tunnel has stronger characteristics, which can cause more serious harm and loss to the lives and properties of people. In order to reduce the loss, a correct and shortest escape route can be indicated for people in the tunnel, so that the escape time can be shortened to the shortest, and the damage of burning and poisonous substances to people is avoided or reduced. The facility for indicating people is an escape indicating system arranged in a tunnel, and comprises an indicating lamp, a landmark, an emergency lamp and the like arranged on a wall or a sidewalk.
However, most of the devices rely on a mains supply system, once a fire disaster damages a power system, the devices cannot work normally, and only some emergency indicator lamps which rely on an emergency power supply exist, so that escape indication cannot be well performed. On the other hand, in the emergency situation with large smoke and poor sight, the equipment can only see one indication mark in front of eyes and cannot see a serial and continuous escape route. Moreover, these indicators generally indicate a cross passage through which the indicator is communicated with the adjacent tunnel, and the indicator is transferred into the adjacent tunnel through the cross passage and cannot indicate that the indicator escapes in the direction opposite to the fire, so as to avoid the harm of toxic fog and flame to human body.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a tunnel escape indicating device, which can prevent the situation that a pedestrian cannot be normally guided due to the fact that an electric power system cannot be used in case of fire by performing linkage among a plurality of guiding devices through laser on one hand, and can indicate the escape direction opposite to the fire on the other hand, so that an escape person can obtain a clear escape route with the shortest time.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a tunnel escape indicating device is uniformly distributed in a tunnel and comprises a rack, an induction device, an emergency power supply, an alarm device, a guide device, a linkage device and a controller, wherein the induction device, the emergency power supply, the alarm device and the linkage device are electrically connected with the controller; the machine frame is arranged on the inner wall of the tunnel, the sensing device is arranged on the machine frame, and the emergency power supply, the alarm device and the linkage device are arranged on the machine frame; the guiding device is distributed on the surface of a sidewalk in the tunnel and comprises a shell and a first laser reflector arranged on the shell; the linkage device comprises a laser emitter which is arranged on the frame, faces at least two angles and emits laser with at least two colors and a second laser reflector which is matched with the first laser reflector to reflect the laser to the first laser reflector on the adjacent guide device; the laser is reflected between the first laser reflectors and the second laser reflectors to form a safe area and a dangerous area, and the laser reflection positions on the first laser reflectors and the second laser reflectors generate strong light with the same color as the laser.
Preferably, a lifting device is further arranged on the inner wall of the tunnel, and the rack is arranged on the lifting device.
Preferably, a driving mechanism for driving the second laser reflector to separate from the first laser reflector is arranged in the frame.
Preferably, the linkage device comprises two laser emitters which are arranged on the frame and are arranged towards the adjacent first laser mirrors; or the linkage device comprises a laser emitter which is arranged on the frame and rotates to face the adjacent first laser reflector through the angle adjusting mechanism, and a rotating groove for the laser emitter to rotate is formed in the frame.
Preferably, the angle adjusting mechanism comprises a driving motor arranged in the rack and a first gear arranged on the driving motor, and a second gear matched with the first gear is arranged at one end of the laser transmitter arranged in the rack.
A tunnel escape indication method, S100: judging whether a fire disaster occurs in the tunnel and a place where the fire disaster occurs through a sensing device; s200: laser transmitters on two escape indicating devices closest to a fire place respectively transmit green laser beams to first laser reflectors in two directions far away from the fire place, and the green laser beams are reflected by the first laser reflectors and the second laser reflectors and extend to a tunnel opening to form a safe area; s300: laser transmitters on two escape indicating devices closest to a place where a fire occurs respectively transmit red laser beams to first laser mirrors in two directions close to the place where the fire occurs, and by moving second laser mirrors, the red laser beams are only present between the two escape indicating devices closest to the place where the fire occurs, forming a danger warning area.
Preferably, the method further comprises a step S400 that the sensing device detects that the fire open fire area is expanded, and after the expansion range is detected by the sensing device of the tunnel escape indicating device, red laser beams are reflected among the plurality of tunnel escape indicating devices and the first laser mirrors of the plurality of guiding devices within the expansion range; and the tunnel escape indicating devices at the two ends of the range expansion boundary point emit green laser beams to the areas far away from the fire area.
Preferably, in S300, the laser beam moves the second laser mirror up and down, so that the red laser beam reflected by the adjacent first laser mirror cannot be reflected to the second laser mirror.
Preferably, in S300, the inclination angle of the second laser mirror is adjusted so that the red laser beam is reflected by the adjacent first laser mirror to be emitted to the ground.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention provides a tunnel escape indicating device, which can prevent a power system from being incapable of using the device to guide pedestrians normally when a fire disaster happens by linking a plurality of guiding devices through laser. The guiding device is arranged on the ground, does not need to be powered on for use, and can effectively prevent the influence of power failure on the escape indicating device.
2. Still be equipped with elevating gear on the tunnel interior wall body, the frame sets up on elevating gear, can adjust the position of frame, prevents to lead to first laser mirror and the unable matching of second laser mirror because the vibrations that produce when going of vehicle lead to the frame to take place the displacement.
3. A driving mechanism is arranged in the frame, and can control the coverage area of the red laser beam among the escape indicating devices to prevent the coverage area from overlapping with the safe area.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a tunnel escape indicating device.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of the guide device.
Fig. 3 is a partial sectional view of the tunnel escape indicating device.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of embodiment 2.
Fig. 5 is a partial sectional view of embodiment 2.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of embodiment 3.
Fig. 7 is a schematic circuit module diagram of the tunnel escape indicating device.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate understanding of the technical solutions of the present invention, the following detailed description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-3, a tunnel escape indicating device is uniformly distributed in a tunnel, and comprises a frame 1, an induction device 2, an emergency power supply 3, an alarm device 4, a guide device 5, a linkage device 6 and a controller, wherein the induction device 2, the emergency power supply 3, the alarm device 4 and the linkage device 6 are electrically connected with the controller; the machine frame 1 is arranged on a wall body in a tunnel, the induction device 2 is arranged on the machine frame 1, and the emergency power supply 3, the alarm device 4 and the linkage device 6 are arranged on the machine frame 1.
The guiding devices 5 are distributed on the surface of the sidewalk in the tunnel, namely, are distributed at the position between two adjacent tunnel escape indicating devices. The laser reflector comprises a shell 51 and a first laser reflector 52 arranged on the shell 51, wherein the shell 51 can be buried underground or attached to the ground, so that the first laser reflector 52 is exposed outside;
the linkage device 6 comprises a laser emitter 61 which is arranged on the frame 1 and faces at least two angles and emits laser with at least two colors, and a second laser reflector 62 which is matched with the first laser reflector 52 and reflects the laser to the first laser reflector 52 on the adjacent guiding device 5; in this embodiment, frame 1 below symmetry is equipped with two laser emitter 61, can be respectively towards both sides transmission laser beam, laser emitter 61 can launch red laser beam and green laser beam, and specific colour can be adjusted according to the needs of controller.
The laser is reflected between the first laser reflectors 52 and the second laser reflectors 62 to form a safe area and a dangerous area, the laser reflection positions on the first laser reflectors 52 and the second laser reflectors 62 generate strong light with the same color as the laser, and the first laser reflectors 52 and the second laser reflectors 62 are arranged up and down, so that the laser beams are distributed up and down, the ground evacuation crowd is clearly visible, and the escape direction is prevented from being obscured by dense smoke.
Specifically, when a fire disaster occurs, the sensing device 2 senses the fire disaster in the tunnel, the laser emitters 61 on the two escape indicating devices closest to the fire disaster place respectively emit green laser beams to the first laser reflectors 51 in two directions far away from the fire disaster place, the green laser beams are reflected to the adjacent second laser reflectors 62 through the first laser reflectors 51 and sequentially reflected and extend to the tunnel mouth, the coverage area of the green laser beams is a safe area, and people in the tunnel can escape from the escape channel to the opposite tunnel, so that the escape direction cannot be lost and the escape direction cannot be mistaken due to dense smoke; laser emitters 61 on two escape indicating devices closest to a place where a fire occurs emit red laser beams to first laser reflectors 51 in two directions near the place where the fire occurs, respectively, and second laser reflectors 62 on the two escape indicating devices are controlled by a driving mechanism to move so that the red laser beams exist only between the two escape indicating devices closest to the place where the fire occurs, and a coverage area of the red laser beams is a danger area; the dangerous personnel are personnel in the dangerous area and the safe area but close to the dangerous area, and the personnel in the dangerous area can see open fire and escape in the direction far away from the open fire; and the personnel who are in safe region but are close to the danger area can't see the naked light, but this kind of people can see safe region and danger area that laser formed, and this kind of people can keep away from the direction of danger area in the past and flee, and the strong penetrability through the laser makes the interior personnel of tunnel can better master the direction that the conflagration took place, avoids selecting wrong direction of fleing.
Still be equipped with elevating gear 7 on the tunnel interior wall body, frame 1 sets up on elevating gear 7, can adjust the position of frame, prevents to lead to first laser mirror and the unable matching of second laser mirror because the vibrations that produce when going of vehicle lead to the frame to take place the displacement. The lifting device 7 comprises a rack which is vertically arranged, the tunnel escape indicating device comprises a gear which is internally provided with a matching rack, and the gear is driven by a motor to rotate. The motor drives the gear to rotate so as to enable the tunnel escape indicating device to move up and down.
The frame 1 is internally provided with a driving mechanism 8 which drives the second laser reflector 62 to leave from being matched with the first laser reflector 52, and the coverage area of the red laser beam can be controlled among several escape indicating devices to prevent overlapping with a safe area. Specifically, the driving mechanism 8 is a telescopic motor, and a telescopic end of the driving mechanism is connected with the second laser mirror 62.
The linkage 6 includes two laser emitters 61 disposed on the frame 1 facing the adjacent first laser mirrors 52.
The invention also provides a tunnel escape indication method, which comprises the following steps of S100: judging whether a fire disaster occurs in the tunnel and a place where the fire disaster occurs through a sensing device;
s200: laser transmitters on two escape indicating devices closest to a fire place respectively transmit green laser beams to first laser reflectors in two directions far away from the fire place, and the green laser beams are reflected by the first laser reflectors and the second laser reflectors and extend to a tunnel opening to form a safe area; opening an escape passage in the tunnel in the safety area, and lighting an indicator lamp on the surface of the escape passage;
s300: laser emitters on two escape indicating devices closest to a fire place respectively emit red laser beams to first laser reflectors in two directions close to the fire place, and a driving mechanism controls second laser reflectors on the two escape indicating devices to move, so that the red laser beams only exist between the two escape indicating devices closest to the fire place, and a dangerous area is formed; the pedestrians in the dangerous area escape to the safe area and escape to the opposite tunnel by searching the escape passage with the lighted indicator lamp.
The method also comprises a step S400 that the induction device detects that the open fire area of the fire is enlarged, and after the enlarged range is detected by the induction device of the tunnel escape indicating device, red laser beams are reflected mutually among the first laser mirrors of the plurality of tunnel escape indicating devices and the plurality of guide devices within the enlarged range; and the tunnel escape indicating devices at the two ends of the range expansion boundary point emit green laser beams to the areas far away from the fire area.
In the step S300, the method further includes reflecting the red laser beam to the ground by the adjacent first laser mirrors by adjusting the inclination angles of the second laser mirrors.
And S200, the method also comprises a first laser reflector of a guiding device which is preset and enables the adjacent first laser reflector to reflect the green laser beam to the ground by adjusting the inclination angle of the second laser reflector. The step is suitable for tunnels with turns, and the laser beams of the first laser mirror and the second laser mirror on the arc line can form reflection by adjusting the angle.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 4-5, the embodiment 2 is different from the embodiment 1 in that the linkage device 6 includes a laser emitter 61 disposed on the frame 1 and rotated by the angle adjustment mechanism to face the adjacent first laser reflector 52, the frame 1 is provided with a rotation slot 11 for the laser emitter 61 to rotate, a mounting post of the second laser reflector 62 is provided with a through hole for the laser emitter 61 to pass through, and in this embodiment, the driving mechanism 8 is disposed on the mounting post of the second laser reflector 62, and the driving mechanism 8 is connected to the second laser reflector 62.
The angle adjusting mechanism comprises a driving motor arranged in the rack 1 and a first gear 9 arranged on the driving motor, and a second gear 10 matched with the first gear 9 is arranged at one end, arranged in the rack 1, of the laser emitter 61.
Example 3:
as shown in fig. 6, the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that an angle control device for driving the inclination angle of the second laser mirror 62 is provided in the housing 1; the angle control device comprises four adjusting ropes and four motors for controlling the four adjusting ropes. When the tunnel bending device is used, the four motors are simultaneously driven to control the second laser reflector 62 to vertically move, and the angle of the second laser reflector 62 in space can be adjusted by controlling one or two or three of the motors, so that the tunnel bending device is convenient to use in a bent tunnel.
The angle driving device is used for adjusting the inclination angle of the second laser reflector 62 to receive the incident laser of the first laser reflector, and adjusting the emission angle of the reflected laser through the inclination angle. In one application scenario, a first laser reflector 52 of a guide device 5 is arranged right below the tunnel escape indicating devices, and when a fire accident point is between two adjacent tunnel escape indicating devices, the inclination angle of a second laser reflector 62 is adjusted, so that a laser beam reflected by the first laser reflector 52 on the opposite side is vertically reflected downwards. Therefore, the laser beam forms a closed loop, the brightness degree of the laser beam is ensured, and the maximum warning effect is achieved. Another application scenario is that the tunnel has a turn, and in order to ensure that the light beam between the first laser mirror 52 and the second laser mirror 62 adjacent to the turn can be reflected, the inclination angle of the second laser mirror 62 needs to be adjusted.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims, and several modifications and amendments made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be construed as the scope of the present invention.
Claims (12)
1. A tunnel escape indicating device is uniformly distributed in a tunnel and is characterized by comprising a rack (1), an induction device (2), an emergency power supply (3), an alarm device (4), a guide device (5), a linkage device (6) and a controller, wherein the induction device (2), the emergency power supply (3), the alarm device (4) and the linkage device (6) are electrically connected with the controller;
the tunnel emergency alarm system is characterized in that a rack (1) is installed on a wall body in a tunnel, an induction device (2) is arranged on the rack (1), and an emergency power supply (3), an alarm device (4) and a linkage device (6) are installed on the rack (1);
the guiding devices (5) are distributed on the surface of a sidewalk in the tunnel and comprise a shell (51) and a first laser reflector (52) arranged on the shell (51);
the linkage device (6) comprises a laser emitter (61) which is arranged on the frame (1) and faces at least two angles and emits laser with at least two colors, and a second laser reflector (62) which is matched with the first laser reflector (52) to reflect the laser to the first laser reflector (52) on the adjacent guide device (5);
the laser is reflected between a plurality of first laser reflectors (52) and second laser reflectors (62) to form a safe area and a dangerous area, and the laser reflection positions on the first laser reflectors (52) and the second laser reflectors (62) generate strong light with the same color as the laser.
2. The tunnel escape indicating device of claim 1, wherein the inner wall of the tunnel is further provided with a lifting device (7), and the frame (1) is arranged on the lifting device (7).
3. A tunnel escape indicating device according to claim 1, wherein the frame (1) is provided with a lifting drive mechanism (8) for driving the second laser reflector (62) away from engagement with the first laser reflector (52).
4. A tunnel escape indicating device according to claim 1, wherein an angle control device for driving the inclination angle of the second laser mirror (62) is provided in the frame (1).
5. A tunnel escape indicating device according to claim 1, wherein the linkage means (6) comprises two laser emitters (61) arranged on the frame (1) towards the adjacent first laser mirror (52); or the linkage device (6) comprises a laser emitter (61) which is arranged on the frame (1) and rotates through the angle adjusting mechanism (9) to face the adjacent first laser reflector (52), and a rotating groove (11) for the laser emitter (61) to rotate is formed in the frame (1).
6. A tunnel escape indicating device according to claim 3, wherein the angle adjusting mechanism (9) comprises a driving motor (91) arranged in the frame (1) and a first gear (92) arranged on the driving motor (91), and one end of the laser emitter (61) arranged in the frame (1) is provided with a second gear (63) matched with the first gear (92).
7. A tunnel escape indicating device according to claim 1, wherein the upper surface of the housing (51) of the guiding means (5) is provided with a coating of long-lasting luminescent material.
8. A tunnel escape indicating device according to claim 1, wherein the laser emitter (61) comprises red and/or green light.
9. A tunnel escape indication method using the tunnel escape indication device according to claim 1, characterized in that:
s100: judging whether a fire disaster occurs in the tunnel and a place where the fire disaster occurs through a sensing device;
s200: laser transmitters on two escape indicating devices closest to a fire place respectively transmit green laser beams to first laser reflectors in two directions far away from the fire place, and the green laser beams are reflected by the first laser reflectors and the second laser reflectors and extend to a tunnel opening to form a safe area;
s300: laser transmitters on two escape indicating devices closest to a place where a fire occurs respectively transmit red laser beams to first laser mirrors in two directions close to the place where the fire occurs, and by moving second laser mirrors, the red laser beams are only present between the two escape indicating devices closest to the place where the fire occurs, forming a danger warning area.
10. The method for indicating tunnel escape according to claim 9, further comprising a step S400 of detecting the expansion of the open fire area of the fire by the sensing device, wherein the expanded range covers a plurality of tunnel escape indicating devices and a plurality of guiding device first laser reflectors within the expanded range to reflect red laser beams to each other after the sensing device of the tunnel escape indicating device detects the expansion; and the tunnel escape indicating devices at the two ends of the range expansion boundary point emit green laser beams to the areas far away from the fire area.
11. The method according to claim 9, wherein in step 3, the laser beam moves the second laser reflector up and down to prevent the red laser beam reflected by the adjacent first laser reflector from being reflected onto the second laser reflector.
12. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein in step 3, the red laser beam is reflected by the adjacent first laser reflector to be emitted to the ground by adjusting the inclination angle of the second laser reflector.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111168718.8A CN114155666A (en) | 2021-10-08 | 2021-10-08 | Tunnel escape indicating device and method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111168718.8A CN114155666A (en) | 2021-10-08 | 2021-10-08 | Tunnel escape indicating device and method |
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| CN114155666A true CN114155666A (en) | 2022-03-08 |
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| CN202111168718.8A Pending CN114155666A (en) | 2021-10-08 | 2021-10-08 | Tunnel escape indicating device and method |
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| CN110807890A (en) * | 2019-09-23 | 2020-02-18 | 重庆特斯联智慧科技股份有限公司 | Intelligent fire fighting equipment guided by escape route |
| KR20210080914A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-07-01 | 김태형 | Fire alarm apparatus for inducing to emergency exit |
| TWM597953U (en) * | 2020-01-08 | 2020-07-01 | 劉法杰 | Laser smoke detector |
| CN213483228U (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-06-18 | 北京爱宝智选科技有限公司 | Smoke escape teaching equipment |
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Address after: 303 Wenhui Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310000 Applicant after: Zhejiang Gaoxin Technology Co.,Ltd. Address before: 310000 17th floor, building 2, Pearl International Business Center, 199 Wuxing Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Applicant before: ZHEJIANG HIGHWAY INFORMATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD. |
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Application publication date: 20220308 |