CN114126816A - 用于稳定复合层压板的复合杆 - Google Patents

用于稳定复合层压板的复合杆 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114126816A
CN114126816A CN202080022504.7A CN202080022504A CN114126816A CN 114126816 A CN114126816 A CN 114126816A CN 202080022504 A CN202080022504 A CN 202080022504A CN 114126816 A CN114126816 A CN 114126816A
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Prior art keywords
rod
structural element
adjacent
coupling
preform
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CN202080022504.7A
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English (en)
Inventor
S·诺莱特
J·哈南
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Tepai Composite Materials Co ltd
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Tepai Composite Materials Co ltd
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Publication of CN114126816A publication Critical patent/CN114126816A/zh
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Abstract

具有多个刚性单向杆的结构增强预成型件层构造并布置用于制造载荷承受支撑结构和各种复合材料部件(例如，风力涡轮机叶片)中的加强件。各个预成型件层包括多个细长的单向强度元件或杆，这些元件或杆沿着预成型件层的纵向轴线布置在单层中。各个杆包括嵌入基体树脂内的对准排列的单向结构纤维，使得杆具有基本均匀一致的纤维分布和高度的纤维准直性。纤维的相对直线性和纤维准直性使杆和预成型件层具有高的刚度和大的抗压强度。多个杆与使得每个杆能够相对于另一杆轴向位移(例如，滑动)的联接件一起松散地附接(例如，编织)。

Description

用于稳定复合层压板的复合杆
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请按35 USC 119的规定要求2019年2月15日提交的美国临时申请62/806,169号的权益，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
所公开主题涉及一种用于制造增强复合结构的系统和方法。特别地，本公开的主题针对用于在制造诸如运输工具(陆地或海上)、建筑/基建材料和风力叶片部件之类的复合结构中使用的多个刚性强度元件或杆的结构预成型件层。
背景技术
已知多种用于真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)的方法和系统用于形成复合产品，该复合产品包括大型厚实的复合层压板——诸如在制造诸如风力涡轮机叶片之类的关键性结构元件、诸如地面物流车辆和运输系统之类的重负载结构、以及诸如建筑、道路和桥梁之类的基础设施部件中使用的复合层压板。这些结构通常包含使用包括单向纤维(稳定在固化的有机聚合物、陶瓷或金属基体中的玻璃、碳、芳纶或其他高度对准排列的合成长丝)的单轴及多轴材料的高负载复合层压板。这些层压板的长期强度(在静态和循环负载条件下)取决于轴向长丝的对准排列的质量。
然而，在固化过程中经常会形成变形(例如褶皱、翘曲等)，这会损害部件的结构完整性并危及部件的性能。此外，传统的复合材料制造工艺经常会将结构性叶片部件(诸如工字梁、翼梁盖和抗剪腹板)的刚度、强度和疲劳寿命限制成低于理想或最大的水平。类似地，已经证实单独使用增粘剂在防止褶皱方面几乎是无效的，而使用更高浓度的增强材料会引起层压板性能问题。此外，“玻璃纤维筛”已用作稳定材料，但它们的使用会增加净重并降低层压板性能，并且它们并非平面构造。
现有方法或装置的一些缺点包括：
·用于组装材料的昂贵资金设备(将杆粘合到无纺纱)。
·成品上各杆之间的间隙的间距难以/不可控制——这会对剪切变形产生负面影响。当材料必须剪切以与模具相符时，材料会从模具中抬起，进而杆会因剪切变形而通过碰撞结合。
·控制杆张力和后续至无纺纱的层压的工业工艺致使成品纵向上排列连续变化。任何横向弯曲都会显著降低材料在没有剪切锁定(杆碰撞)的情况下与模具相符的能力。
·用于将杆粘合到无纺纱的粘合剂降低了灌注的复合材料的层间剪切。
·用于将杆粘合到无纺纱的粘合剂易腐烂，进而致使产品的保质期为六个月或更短。
因此，仍然需要提供用以提高强度和稳定性的增强材料以及制造复合结构(例如，风力涡轮机叶片)的有效且经济的方法和系统。
发明内容
所公开主题的目的和优点将在以下描述中阐明并从以下描述中变得明显，并且将通过对所公开的主题的实践而了解。所公开的主题的附加优点将通过在书面描述和其权利要求中以及从附图中特别指出的方法和系统来实现和获得。
根据本公开的一个方面，提供了一种用于形成复合结构的结构元件的系统，该复合结构包括：复合梁，其构造为沿着复合结构的至少一部分延伸；复合梁包括两个或更多个预成型件层。每个预成型件层包括：多个细长的杆，其纵向布置并相对于彼此成单层排列，每个杆设置为与至少一个相邻杆相邻并间隔开；每个杆包括固定在固化基体树脂中的多个单向、基本直的准直结构纤维，使得每个杆都是刚性的并且限定了最终的几何形状；联接件，该联接件将第一杆连接到相邻杆；每个预成型件层与一个或多个其他预成型件层堆叠；并且其中，多个堆叠的预成型件层限定了复合梁的横向宽度以及厚度。
在一些实施方式中，联接件是无粘合剂式联接件，例如机械结合件。联接件可以沿着第一杆的整个长度或其选定部分延伸。
在一些实施方式中，联接件包括沿着杆的长度分布的多个单元。这些单元可以包括平行于杆排列的侧壁，其中，单元包括一对横穿侧壁的横梁，并且第一横梁在杆的顶部上方延伸，而第二横梁在杆下方延伸。在一些实施方式中，单元的所有区段都与杆接合。
在一些实施方式中，至少一个杆可在联接件内滑动。
在一些实施方式中，侧壁的长度大于横梁的长度，并且横梁的厚度大于侧壁的厚度。
在一些实施方式中，杆由以下一者或多者制成：玻璃织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；碳纤维织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；石墨织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；玄武岩织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；和陶瓷织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱。
在一些实施方式中，相邻的杆沿着每个杆的整个长度接触，或者仅在其选定位置处接触。
在一些实施方式中，相邻的杆沿着每个杆的长度间隔开。
应当理解的是，前述概略描述和以下详细描述都是示例性的，并且旨在提供对所要求保护的公开主题的进一步解释。
包括有结合入并构成本说明书的一部分的附图来图示以及提供对所公开主题的方法和系统的进一步理解。附图与描述一起用于解释所公开主题的原理。
附图说明
参照附图来提供对本文所描述主题的各个方面、特征和实施方式的详细描述，其中附图简要描述如下。附图是说明性的并且不必然按比例绘制，其中为了清楚起见夸大了一些部件和特征。附图示出本主题的各个方面和特征并且可以整体地或部分地示出本主题的一个或多个实施方式或示例。
图1是联接到下面片材上的用于稳定复合层压板的复合杆的示例性实施方式的示意图。
图2是图1所示的示例性实施方式的放大视图。
图3-3A是根据所公开主题的经编单向玻璃纤维产品的示例性实施方式。
图4是根据所公开主题的编织到前体织物中的预固化杆的示例性实施方式的截面图，该前体织物可以被堆叠和灌注以产生成品结构部件。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参照所公开主题的示例性实施方式，其示例在附图中示出。将结合对系统的详细描述来描述所公开主题的方法和相应步骤。
本公开涉及包括使用高体量(即纤维与树脂含量的比例；例如，通常>65％)的预固化纤维增强聚合物支撑元件(或“杆”)的制造工艺，其中通过将这些杆粘合成轻质无纺阔幅物而组装该预固化纤维增强聚合物支撑元件。可以将所得材料进行组装以产生恒定宽度，并且用作可以以任何任意长度卷起并分配成所需形状和长度的层。多个层可以堆叠在一起并以树脂灌注来产生高强度梁。通过改变每层的长度，可以层压成渐缩梁，该渐缩梁适用于例如现代风力涡轮机叶片设计的翼梁盖。这种杆和支撑层的示例性构造可参见美国专利8,540,491号，该专利的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
组装过程包括将大量(预定)数量的预固化杆元件柱化并随后附接至轻质无纺(例如，聚酯)纱。这个过程产生了一种其中预固化的杆被绑定到无纺层的材料形式。该材料设计为在各个杆之间具有预定的空间/间隙，但传统方法使得在制造过程中很难保持该空间。可发生的用以适应曲率、扭曲和横向位移以便与灌注模具相符的剪切变形量受限于杆之间的可用间距/间隙。实际上，使用传统技术不可能以均匀一致的张力和均匀一致的间隙将杆粘附到聚酯无纺布上。因此，结果是剪切变形受到极大限制，使得不可能进行通用性的翼梁盖设计，并且为了满足严格的材料规格而产生的废品率将成本推高到无法接受的水平。
此外，采用粘合剂将杆粘附到聚酯纱的传统技术选自橡胶基粘合剂类别，橡胶基粘合剂降低了在翼梁盖模制过程中由灌注环氧树脂所产生的所得复合材料的层间剪切特性。粘合剂也易腐烂，使保质期不到六个月，在此之后杆便失去对无纺纱的粘合力，进而材料变得无法使用。
本公开通过组装成可缠绕的轴向增强杆层解决了这些基本问题。根据本公开的一个方面，杆被捕获在轻质纺织纱线(例如，聚酯、玻璃、芳纶、碳等)的编织结构中，其中使这些杆在非常精确的编织下以层的形式被约束并保持，从而有效地锁定排列就绪的每个杆。编织物围绕着杆，但不粘附至杆——因此杆可以相对于相邻杆滑动，从而相较于传统产品允许更大的剪切变形。
根据本公开的一个方面，提供了一种利用预成型的复合材料杆(或其他棱柱形线性形状，包括六边形、椭圆形、圆形等)的系统和技术，其中稳定在完全固化的有机聚合物基体中的包含有高度对准排列的连续单轴纤维的长丝被组装成平面布置而形成材料片材。相邻杆之间的间距或间隙可以维持在预定范围内，例如，小于200微米和/或小于大约2度的角度。杆200的组件可以以任何期望的宽度和长度形成。
图1-2描绘了通过机械联接件300组装到承载片100上的杆200。根据本公开的一个方面，且如图4所示，杆200(每个包含多个通过树脂204粘合的对准排列的纤维/长丝202)可以与织物300连结在一起(例如，梭织或以其他方式编织)并堆叠在一起以形成所需厚度的结构。该组件可以在不需要承载片的情况下形成。在没有承载片的情况下，联接杆的堆叠组件可以保持露出以促进渗透并使得液体粘合树脂能够在堆叠的预成型件层和各个杆200之间流动。
杆200可以与柔性织物300联接在一起，例如，丹尼尔编织聚酯线或诸如丙烯酸、尼龙或芳纶等的其他材料。此外，杆200松散地联接在一起，使得每个杆能够相对于相邻杆(可能多个)进行相对运动(例如，轴向位移)。
在一些实施方式中，杆200可以构造为具有平面构造——即杆200具有均匀一致的直径/高度。杆可以具有均匀一致的构造(例如，直径、长度)，因此结合由机械联接件300提供的严格控制的间距，组装好的预成型产品中的杆之间的空间/间隙是恒定的。
在一些实施方式中，杆200可以以邻接的方式定位，其中使每个杆接触相邻的杆。不管所采用的杆200的具体如何放置，杆之间的相对间距或间隙是均匀一致的并且在预成型结构的任何操作过程中都维持不变。类似地，杆的取向(即，单向构造)是一致的且在预成型结构的任何操作过程中都维持不变。一旦连结到相邻的杆，就可以防止无意中移除单个杆。
杆200通过机械联接件300(例如，编织物)彼此组装、对准并联接。编织物可以包括沿着杆200的长度分布的多个“单元”。如图3A所示，每个单元可以包括与杆对准成沿相同方向延伸的侧壁302a、302b。多个横梁304a、304b、304c可以在侧壁之间穿过，例如，如图所示地成90度角穿过。因为提供了部件之间的稳定结合部并且在切割时不会散开(像采用编织技术的情况那样)，本文公开的单元联接技术优于替选(例如，锯齿形编织模式)技术。
单元可以包括第一(或顶部)横梁304a、第二(或中间)横梁304b和第三(或底部)横梁304c；以及包括一对侧壁302。侧壁302通过机械联接(例如，编织)连结到横梁304。这些联接位置可以没有粘合剂。在图3-3A所示的实施方式中，可以在相邻单元的侧壁302之间提供间隙或空间。相比之下，横梁304可以构造为使得(竖向地)相邻单元的横梁304之间没有间隙或空间。换言之，竖向地相邻单元可以共享公共横梁，使得图3A的横梁304a是单元305的顶部横梁，也是单元306的底部横梁。
限定出单个单元的相邻侧壁302a、302b可以以共同(例如，大致平行)的方式取向，并维持该取向，使得侧壁在对于最终组装产品的任何变形中都保持对准。类似地，限定出单个单元的相邻横梁304a、304b、304c可以以共同(例如，大致平行)的方式取向，并维持该取向，使得横梁在对于最终组装产品的任何变形期间都保持对准。此外，相邻单元的侧壁302可以保持对准排列而使得沿着多个单元延伸的侧壁302在对于最终组装产品的任何变形中都保持线性并且没有变形或位移。同样地，相邻单元的横梁304可以保持对准排列，使得延伸穿过多个单元的横梁304可以在对于最终组装产品的任何变形中都保持线性并且没有变形或位移。
在一些实施方式中，横向上相邻单元的侧壁302可以朝向彼此会聚。例如，如图3A所示，单元305的侧壁302b可以以与相邻单元307的对应侧壁302a会聚的方式从横梁304b延伸。这可以致使在横向上相邻单元(305、307)之间的间隙或空间为大体上梯形形状，由此间隔开各个强度元件或杆200。如本文所述的，单元结构形成杆200的相对松散的结合体。相邻单元之间的这些空间有助于增强杆200的弯曲和扭曲/扫掠能力，并且还有助于粘合树脂在各个杆200之间以及在堆叠或层置的预成型件层之间的渗透(在最终产品包括多个层的实施方式中)。
第一横梁304a可以在杆200的顶部上方延伸，而第二横梁304b可以在杆200下方延伸，并且第三横梁304c可以在杆200的顶部上方延伸。因此，横梁304可以在它们相对于杆200的位置上是交替的，使得每个相邻的横梁相对于杆200定位在不同或交替的位置(例如，在上方或下方)。因此，与编织模式相比，本文公开的单元联接结构不需要机械联接件300在杆200上方和/或下方波动或摆动。相反，机械联接件保持在单个平面中，并且相对于杆200以固定关系定位(例如，横梁304b保持在杆200下方，而横梁304a、304c保持在杆200上方)，同时允许每个杆在单元内移动——例如，纵向滑动。
机械联接件302a、302b和304a、304b、340c的所有部段都可以接合杆，同时允许足够的自由度以使杆能够在联接件内滑动。在一些实施方式中，机械联接构件以同质构造形成。在另一些实施方式中，单元可以由非同质构造形成，例如，侧壁302可以具有比横梁304更大的长度；并且横梁304可以形成为具有比侧壁302更大的厚度。
通过编织物300将杆200连结的优点在于，与缝合在下面的承载片不同，该部分的边缘(例如，侧边)被编织构件300完全环绕并捕获，从而防止了杆200由于边缘缝合散开而脱落。
此外，本文公开的预成型件层可以包括指示单元边界或位置(可能多个)的标记，在预成型件以连续幅材的形式提供的情况下，预成型件可以在该单元边界或位置处自另一相邻预成型件层分离，例如切开。这样的标记还可以有助于在堆叠结构的组装期间将预成型件层定位在堆叠结构中。
本公开提供了预固化杆(例如，玻璃、碳等的合成纤维与聚合物树脂组合以产生刚性的高度对准排列的复合元件)，这些预固化杆被编织成有限宽度且任意长度的前体，该前体可以被堆叠并灌注以产生成品结构部件。这种成品结构部件具有高轴向硬度，纤维对准排列几乎完美并且没有纤维变形、波浪或褶皱。此外，因为只有少量未固化的树脂将对准排列的杆的堆叠体粘合在一起，成品结构部件可以以聚合物树脂灌注并快速固化。少量树脂产生少量放热，这防止了热变形、基体开裂等。这会改进周期时间并显著改进生产能力。
根据本公开的一个方面，杆组件可以集成为干预成型铺层中的部件而作为“SCRIMP”工艺(如美国专利4,902,215号中公开的，其全部内容通过引用并入本文)的一部分。在这样的设置中，杆200提供多孔介质供树脂在其中或在其周围流动，并且还为预成型件提供稳定性以减轻预成型件起皱或变形的任何趋势。此外，这些材料可以明智地使用在厚堆叠(散布以最小化成本但优化层压稳定性的有效性)。在一些实施方式中，杆200组件可以使用在叶片的载荷承受区段中，例如，在翼梁盖中或在叶片的根部区段中，其中本公开的使用减少或消除了由于翼梁盖中形成褶皱而导致的废料并允许更快速地加热和固化翼梁盖。
机械联接件300(例如，编织纱线)的张力控制可以被监控和调节以维持所编织的经向的杆200的一致张力。由于在构造中未使用粘合剂，材料不易腐烂，并且缠绕材料的保质期是无限的。在一些实施方式中，联接件300可以是在相邻单元之间延伸的连续构件。因此，施加在联接件300一端的力(例如，张力)可以分布在所有的由该特定联接件的一部分形成的单元之中。因此，本公开提供了一种可靠的工业工艺，可以采用该工业工艺以接近零的废品率/不合格率和可在用于风力涡轮机叶片的更通用的翼梁盖设计中使用的材料形式来制造组装的增强材料。
示例性实施方式：翼梁盖
所公开主题的一个示例性应用是一种材料可以作为部件放置或交织到灌注的单向梁帽中的装置。在该实施方式中，主要是单向无卷曲织物(例如，沿轴向排列的纤维的百分比大于88％)被放入模具中并以稳定基体(例如，热固性或热塑性树脂的聚合物)灌注。通常，最终的结构或梁帽由多个层片(往往超过60个单独的层片)组成并以环氧树脂灌注。本文所指的预成型结构可以通过在预定数量的常规非卷曲织物之间“交织”该结构(即，片材100、杆200、联接件300)来施加。各层片的边缘可以重叠或相对于上/下层片偏移；替选地，各层片的边缘可以竖向地对准。可以调整层片的数量以形成具有不同尺寸、形状和/或重量的多种复合产品，并且基于组装产品的成本和性能要求来确定。由此产生了稳定、抗变形并提供快速加工和固化的结构部件。本公开的另一益处是，该技术消除了在产品中形成非平面纤维波浪或褶皱的任何风险，这可以致使操作强度显著降低。
示例性实施方式：蒙皮部件之间的交织层
在另一示例性实施方式中，预成型结构可以交织在风力涡轮机叶片的蒙皮部件中，特别是在最靠近根部的叶片区域中，在从圆柱形根部过渡到叶片的最大弦宽的叶展方向上。该区域的蒙皮厚度更大(与梢部区段相比)，并且与该区域的表面复合弯曲部分相联接，往往会在叶片的这些高负载区域产生非平面的波浪或褶皱。在该实施方式中，预成型结构的层片可以以各种预定的旋转角度(相对于固定轴线，例如叶展方向取向的俯仰轴线)施加。虽然每个非卷曲织物层片的边缘通常以线性方式对准和布置，但本公开的优点是层片的“可剪切性”对于允许非线性轮廓提供了一些灵活性。取向是沿着旋转轴线确定的，其使平面外的力最小化但为层压提供了稳定性并防止形成局部非平面波浪和褶皱。这既提高了叶片的相对强度，又消除了因形成层压缺陷而导致部件间变化的风险。在该实施方式中结合预成型结构是相对于构成各个加强杆200的棱柱梁的尺寸和/或厚度而言的。例如，在该示例性实施方式中将使用更薄(相对于层片的z方向)的杆。
因此，通过本文公开的先进编织工艺捕获多个对准排列的预固化单向纤维增强聚合物元件，可以有效地产生稳定的、(保持对准排列的)、横向多孔(即，允许粘合树脂流过这些层堆叠体的厚度)并且能够通过使单向材料滑动通过编织纱线而发生剪切以与包括扭曲和剪切的复杂表面相符的材料层。
可以对使用针对UD(单向)玻璃纤维纺织品开发的设备对复合产品的制造进行修改和改进，以接受本文公开的预固化元件作为高速、低风险制造过程中的“经线”端部。与当前的缓慢而导致高废料百分比的解决方案相比，这最大限度地降低了转换成本，并且这不会产生必需符合最通用的翼梁形状来优化叶片性能的柔性材料系统。
除了下面要求保护的特定实施方式之外，所公开主题还涉及具有下面要求保护的从属特征和上面公开的那些特征的任何其他可能组合的其他实施方式。因此，在从属权利要求中提出的和上面公开的特定特征可以在所公开主题的范围内以其他方式相互组合，使得所公开主题应该被认为还具体针对具有任何其他可能组合的其他实施方式。因此，为了说明和描述的目的，已经呈现了所公开主题的特定实施方式的前述描述。并不旨在穷举或将所公开主题限制于所公开的那些实施方式。
对本领域技术人员显而易见的是，在不脱离所公开主题的精神或范围的情况下，可以对所公开主题的方法和系统进行各种修改和改型。因此，所公开主题旨在包括在所附权利要求及其等同物的范围内的修改和改型。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于复合结构的结构元件，包括：
复合梁，所述复合梁构造为沿着所述复合结构的至少一部分延伸；
所述复合梁包括两个或更多个预成型件层，
每个预成型件层包括：
多个细长的杆，所述多个细长的杆纵向布置并相对于彼此成单层排列，
每个杆与至少一个相邻的杆相邻并间隔开设置；
每个杆包括固定在固化基体树脂中的多个单向、基本直的准直结构纤维，使得每个杆都是刚性的并且限定了成品的几何形状；
联接件，所述联接件将第一杆连接到相邻杆；
每个预成型件层与一个或多个其他预成型件层堆叠；以及
其中，多个堆叠的预成型件层限定了所述复合梁的横向宽度和厚度。
2.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，所述联接件是无粘合剂的联接件。
3.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，所述联接件是机械结合件。
4.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，所述联接件沿着所述第一杆的长度延伸。
5.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，所述联接件包括沿着所述杆的长度分布的多个单元。
6.如权利要求5所述的结构元件，其中，所述单元包括平行于所述杆排列的侧壁。
7.如权利要求6所述的结构元件，其中，所述单元包括横向于所述侧壁的一对横梁。
8.如权利要求7所述的结构元件，其中，第一横梁在所述杆的顶部上方延伸，并且第二横梁在所述杆的下方延伸。
9.如权利要求5所述的结构元件，其中，所述单元的所有部段都与所述杆接合。
10.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，至少一个杆能够在所述联接件内滑动。
11.如权利要求6所述的结构元件，其中，所述侧壁的长度大于所述横梁的长度，并且所述横梁的厚度大于所述侧壁的厚度。
12.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，杆由以下的一者或多者制成：玻璃织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；碳纤维织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；石墨织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；玄武岩织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱；和陶瓷织物、网状物、纤维、纱线和/或粗纱。
13.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，相邻的杆沿着每根杆的长度接触。
14.如权利要求1所述的结构元件，其中，相邻的杆沿着每根杆的长度间隔开。
15.一种用于复合结构的结构元件，包括：
复合梁，所述复合梁构造为沿着所述复合结构的至少一部分延伸；
所述复合梁包括两个或更多个预成型件层，
每个预成型件层包括：
多个细长的杆，所述多个细长的杆纵向布置并相对于彼此成单层排列，
每个杆与至少一个相邻的杆相邻并间隔开设置；
每个杆包括固定在固化的基体树脂中的多个单向、基本直的准直结构纤维，使得每个杆都是刚性的并且限定了成品的几何形状；
联接件，所述联接件将第一杆连接到相邻杆，所述联接件构造为单元结构，所述单元结构具有：
一对相邻的侧壁，
第一、第二和第三横梁，所述第二横梁在其中点连接到每个侧壁，
每个预成型件层与一个或多个其他预成型件层堆叠；以及
其中，多个堆叠的预成型件层限定了所述复合梁的横向宽度和厚度。
16.如权利要求15所述的结构元件，其中，横向相邻的单元的侧壁彼此间隔开以在其间限定出间隙。
17.如权利要求15所述的结构元件，其中，所述联接件的所述第一横梁和所述第三横梁设置在所述杆的上方。
18.如权利要求15所述的结构元件，其中，所述联接件的所述第二横梁设置在所述杆的下方。
19.如权利要求15所述的结构元件，其中，所述一对相邻侧壁具有第一端和第二端，所述第一端联接到设置于所述杆上方的所述第一横梁，所述第二端联接到设置于所述杆下方的所述第二横梁。
20.如权利要求15所述的结构元件，其中，所述联接件的所述第一横梁限定了第一单元和第二单元的共同边界，所述第一单元和所述第二单元彼此相邻。
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