CN114112504A - Accurate and efficient peanut underground sampling method - Google Patents
Accurate and efficient peanut underground sampling method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114112504A CN114112504A CN202111471327.3A CN202111471327A CN114112504A CN 114112504 A CN114112504 A CN 114112504A CN 202111471327 A CN202111471327 A CN 202111471327A CN 114112504 A CN114112504 A CN 114112504A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses an accurate and efficient peanut underground part sampling method, which is based on long-term test observation, and based on the characteristics of peanut underground part growth and field distribution in a definite natural state, the accurate and efficient sampling of the peanut underground part in a natural growth state is realized by the links of establishing a sampling scheme, selecting representative plants, grasping sampling time, positioning a sampling range, optimizing sample soil separation, eliminating abnormal plants, filling sampling records, classifying and storing samples and the like, so that the defects of the existing method are overcome, and the influence of the natural environment on the sampling representativeness is effectively reduced or avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural research, particularly relates to a peanut underground sampling method, and particularly relates to a peanut underground sampling method capable of accurately and efficiently collecting peanuts at one time on the basis of keeping the natural growth state of the peanuts in a field.
Background
The underground part of the plant is a main organ for absorbing water and nutrients by the plant and is also a key part contacting nutrient substances in soil, the growth and development conditions of the underground part of the plant directly influence the growth of the overground part of the crop and the formation of yield, and the underground part of the plant is often used as a key field of plant physiological research.
Peanuts are few crops which bloom on the ground and bear fruits underground, and root nodules are arranged on root systems, and pods and root nodules are located in the underground part. With the enlargement of peanut planting area, the related researches on peanut pod development, root system morphology structure, peanut nodule nitrogen fixation mechanism and the like are increasingly abundant, the requirements on the peanut underground part (pod, root system and nodule) sampling technical means are higher and higher, and an accurate, efficient and convenient peanut underground part research sampling method is urgently needed.
At present, when the underground part of the peanut is researched, a method is to use a potted plant or a cylinder planting mode and the like, but the mode is time-consuming and labor-consuming, the underground part of the peanut is limited to grow, the growth states of the root system and the root nodule of the peanut are inconsistent with the natural state in the field, and the research result is not representative. The other method is to directly dig the underground part, but the method is time-consuming, labor-consuming and large in workload, and the sampling range difference of the underground part is large due to the fact that the digging area and the digging volume of the root area are not consistent, and the accuracy of the research result is affected. In addition, when plant root system research is carried out, a mode of drilling soil to obtain roots is also generally adopted, but peanuts are straight root system plants, four rows of lateral roots grow on a main root and are arranged in an obvious cross shape, the root quantity of a cross line area is large, the root quantity of a cross line cross area is small, and the root quantity of each drill sample is different due to different drilling positions when peanut root systems are collected by a soil drilling sampling method, so that the uniformity of research results is influenced. If the sampling uniformity is improved, the number of sampling points needs to be increased, the workload is increased, and the time and the fertilizer are wasted. Therefore, an accurate, efficient and convenient underground part research sampling method for peanuts is provided to solve the problems.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art and simultaneously aiming at meeting the requirements of peanut underground part (root system, root nodule and pod) research and sampling, the invention aims to provide an accurate and efficient peanut underground part sampling method, which can acquire peanut underground parts (root system, root nodule and pod) at one time on the basis of keeping the natural growth state of peanut fields, effectively improve the peanut underground part sampling efficiency, simultaneously meet the sampling requirements of root system, root nodule and pod research, and have the sampling effects of time saving, labor saving, accuracy and high efficiency.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the inventor develops an accurate and efficient peanut underground part research sampling method by taking the particularity of peanut pod growth in the underground part and the growth characteristics of root systems and root nodules into consideration through the combination of research experiences for many years and measures such as formulating a sampling scheme, carefully selecting representative plants, grasping sampling time, positioning sampling range, selecting and matching a sampling device, optimizing sample soil separation, eliminating abnormal plants, filling sampling records, classifying and storing samples and the like.
Specifically, the object of the present invention is achieved by: an accurate and efficient peanut underground sampling method adopts a sampling device to collect peanut underground at one time on the basis of keeping the natural growth state of peanuts in the field, and comprises the following technical points:
1) formulating a sampling plan
According to the area of a sample to be researched, determining the sampling quantity:
uniformly dividing a sample square with an area of more than one hundred mu into 5 sampling units according to the area, avoiding the side rows by 3 meters, randomly selecting not less than 5 representative sample squares by adopting a diagonal or snake-shaped method for each unit, wherein the area of each sample square is not less than 10 square meters, and selecting 10 representative plants in each sample square by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode;
uniformly dividing a sample with the area of 10-100 mu into 2-3 sampling units according to the area, avoiding the side rows for 3 meters, randomly selecting 5 representative samples in each unit by adopting a diagonal or snake-shaped method, wherein the area of each sample is not less than 10 square meters, and selecting 10 representative plants in each sample by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode;
selecting 10 representative plants in each sample by a 'distant observation and near observation' mode, wherein the area of each sample is not less than 10 square meters, and the representative plants are selected from the samples with the area of 1-10 mu by avoiding the side rows for 3 meters;
in the plot experiment or the area of a sample is less than 1 mu, the peanuts in the side rows are avoided, and at least 10 representative plants are selected in a mode of 'distant observation and near observation';
selecting representative plants by adopting a mode of 'distant observation and near observation': remote observation, namely avoiding the head and side rows of the peanut, putting the peanut in the field, observing peanut plants about 2-5 meters away from the peanut plants, and selecting areas with uniform growth vigor, normal leaf color and no obvious seedling shortage and ridge breaking; close-up observation, namely close observation and selection of representative plants in a selected area of "far-reaching", wherein the representative plants need to satisfy the following conditions: not too big or too small, no obvious diseases or insect pests, healthy and complete peripheral plants and similar growth vigor;
2) grasp the sampling time
Soil moisture content has great influence to sample and appearance soil separation efficiency, if there is not specific sampling period to require, confirms the sample opportunity according to soil property: the sandy soil can be sampled when the soil moisture content is 15% -20% at a soil layer of 20 cm; the loam can be sampled when the soil moisture content is 25% -30% in a soil layer of 20 cm; the clay can be sampled when the soil moisture content at a soil layer of 20cm is 30% -35%; if the sampling is required for a specific time, sampling is strictly carried out according to the requirements, and the soil moisture content condition does not need to be considered; the sampling time determined by the method is suitable for soil moisture content, so that the working efficiency of sampling and sample separation can be effectively improved;
3) positioning sampling range
The horizontal sampling range takes the hypocotyl of the peanut as the circle center and takes the seeding hole distance as a circle with the diameter; the horizontal sampling range is not suitable to be lower than or higher than the standard, and if the horizontal sampling range is lower than the standard, the underground sampling of the peanuts is prone to be incomplete; if the standard is higher than the standard, the underground part of the peripheral peanut plant can be collected, and the sampling amount is too much, so that the time and the labor are wasted, and the deviation of the test result is caused;
the longitudinal extent of sampling depends on the study site, and the following criteria are recommended: the root system sampling depth is determined according to different research requirements, but the conventional root system analysis recommends the sampling depth to be 40 cm; the sampling depth of the root nodule is determined according to different research requirements, but the sampling depth is recommended to be 20cm through conventional root nodule analysis; the pod has longitudinal distribution slightly different due to different varieties and sowing technologies, the recommended sampling depth of the pearl bean type, multi-grain type and common type peanut varieties is 10cm, and the recommended sampling depth of the dragon growth type peanut variety is 15 cm.
4) Optimizing sample soil separation
According to different soil types, a root picking or root washing mode can be adopted for sample soil separation; the method of root picking is recommended for sandy soil, and when the moisture content of clay soil or soil is high, the method of root picking is recommended; when the soil quality type cannot be judged, the patting and pressing can be adopted to determine which soil sample separation mode is adopted, and if the soil column is scattered after being lightly pressed or lightly patted, a root picking mode is adopted; if the soil body is not dispersed or agglomerated after being lightly pressed or lightly tapped, a root washing mode or a root washing device is adopted, the invention is not limited, but attention is paid to that if physiological index measurement is carried out, a method or a device with less damage to the lower part tissues of the peanut field is selected, otherwise, the accuracy of the research result is influenced;
5) eliminating abnormal plants
After sample soil is separated, the collected sample is checked, and variation coefficients of related indexes such as plants with pods bitten by insects and rotten fruits or abnormal root system shapes and root quantities, root systems, root nodules, pods and the like are eliminated and controlled within 15% so as to reduce interference of abnormal environmental factors on sampling representativeness and improve research accuracy;
6) filling out a sample record
After the sample is collected or screened, the information of sampling time, place, person, sampling part, sampling range, test treatment or sample number and the like are recorded, and the sampling environment condition is recorded if necessary;
7) classified preservation of samples
According to different research requirements, different sample preservation modes are selected:
if only the apparent form of the underground part of the peanut is researched, the peanut is carried back to a laboratory at normal temperature for research and measurement after the field sample soil is separated;
if the underground physiological indexes are researched, under the condition of perfect field low-temperature preservation conditions, field sample soil is separated, and the whole course of low-temperature preservation is carried back to a laboratory for further processing or analysis and determination; if no low-temperature storage condition exists, the sample is carried to a laboratory as it is and then sample soil separation is carried out, but the time from sample collection to separation storage or measurement is controlled within 12 h.
It should be noted that, a sampling scheme is formulated according to research requirements and research objects, sampling time is grasped, and representative plants are selected, so that sampling efficiency and accuracy and representativeness of sampled products can be effectively improved; by positioning the sampling range, the requirements of peanut pod, root system and root nodule sampling research can be met on the basis of effectively reducing the workload; the method for optimizing the sample soil separation, eliminating abnormal plants and storing samples in a classified manner is provided, so that the sample soil can be separated quickly and efficiently, the interference of abnormal samples and the sample storage link is reduced, and the representativeness and the quality of the samples are ensured. In conclusion, the method can collect the underground part of the peanut at one time on the basis of keeping the natural growth state of the peanut field, simultaneously meets the sampling requirement of peanut root system, root nodule and pod research, effectively improves the sampling efficiency of the underground part of the peanut, obviously improves the sampling accuracy, representativeness and sample quality, and lays a foundation for the later determination of the related indexes of the underground part of the peanut.
Further preferably, in the method for accurately and efficiently sampling the underground part of the peanut, the sampling device can be various sampling, soil sampling or self-made devices which meet the sampling range of the technical point 3). However, in order to improve the implementation effect of the method of the present invention, the inventor preferably designs and develops a peanut underground research sampler (patent No. ZL202023192799.9) and an upgrading or improving device thereof.
Further preferably, in the method for accurately and efficiently sampling the underground part of the peanut, the low-temperature preservation condition in the technical point 7) includes a liquid nitrogen, dry ice, ice bag or vehicle-mounted refrigerator mode, or other modes which can satisfy a relatively constant low-temperature condition of less than or equal to 4 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the accurate and efficient underground part sampling method for the peanuts provided by the invention has the following advantages and progresses:
(1) because the underground part of the peanut is positioned in the soil body, the sampling can not be intuitively carried out, and the representative plants are carefully selected through a sampling scheme summarized by field practice for many years and a 'distant and close observation' mode, so that the representativeness of the sampling can be effectively improved, and the research accuracy is improved.
(2) The sampling work efficiency is closely related to the soil humidity, and the sampling can be effectively improved and the sampling work efficiency can be effectively improved under the condition of proper soil moisture content by the determined optimal sampling time.
(3) Through the sampling range of the different positions of location peanut, can satisfy the research demand, can save sampling work load again, improve sampling efficiency when improving the sampling precision.
(4) By optimizing the sample soil separation and mode, a proper separation method is preferably selected according to different research requirements and soil conditions, the damage of the separation process to the collected sample can be avoided, the research requirements are guaranteed, and the sample separation efficiency is effectively improved.
(5) The sample classification preservation method explored through test practice can select a convenient and appropriate preservation method according to test requirements, prevents the sample from deteriorating or changing in the transportation process, and guarantees the quality of the sample.
In summary, the accurate and efficient peanut underground part sampling method provided by the invention aims at the characteristics that peanuts bloom underground fruits on the ground, root systems are arranged in a cross shape, root nodules are grown on the root systems and the like, and can realize one-time integral sampling of peanut underground parts (the root systems, the root nodules and the pods) on the basis of keeping the natural growth state of the peanut fields, and can also obviously improve the sampling accuracy and effectively improve the sampling efficiency by a series of methods such as formulating a sampling scheme, carefully selecting representative plants, grasping sampling time, positioning sampling range, matching a sampling device, optimizing sample soil separation, eliminating abnormal plants, filling sampling records, classifying and storing samples and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 example 1 pod outcome ranges for a common peanut variety;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the distribution and growth trends of peanut nodules in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the distribution and growth trends of peanut roots in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the root growth of peanuts cultivated in a pot according to comparative example 1;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of example 2 sampling;
FIG. 6 is a plot of the samples taken for comparative example 2 and the root volume taken per drill;
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing root sampling amounts of example 2 and comparative example 2;
FIG. 8 is a graph comparing the root phenotype data taken for example 2 and comparative example 2;
FIG. 9 is a graph comparing the sampling times of example 2 and comparative example 2;
FIG. 10 is a graph comparing the root activity of example 3 with that of comparative examples 3, 4 and 5.
Detailed Description
Example 1: study on underground part of field-planted peanuts
The field test was conducted in the provincial Fair city of Shandong province from 5 months to 2021 and 9 months in 2021. The peanuts are planted by ridging and film mulching, one ridge is double-row, and the water, diseases, pests and weeds are controlled by the conventional production in the same place. The peanut varieties tested included: blue and white No. 7 (common type), blue and white No. 6 (pearl bean type), four red grains (multi-grain type) and Cyanea nozakii peanut (dragon type), each 500m2。
1) Formulating a sampling plan
And (3) avoiding the peanuts in the side row and the 2 rows, and selecting 10 representative plants of each variety by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode.
2) Selecting representative plants
And (3) remote observation: avoiding the head and side rows, placing the peanut plants in each variety area field, observing the peanut plants about 2-5 meters away from the peanut plants, and selecting areas with uniform growth vigor, normal leaf color and no obvious seedling shortage and ridge breaking; close inspection: and (3) observing and selecting representative plants in a close distance in a selected area of the 'distant view', eliminating oversize or undersize plants with obvious diseases or insect pests, and randomly selecting 10 representative plants which are healthy and have similar growth vigor with the peripheral plants in each sample prescription.
3) Positioning sampling range
Taking the hypocotyl of the selected representative peanut plant as the circle center and the peanut hole distance (17.5cm) as the diameter, and collecting the peanut underground sample of a 0-40cm soil layer.
4) Matching sampling device
A peanut underground research sampler (patent number: ZL202023192799.9) developed in the early stage of the subject group is selected as a sampling device, and the specific sampling method refers to the implementation mode of the sampler.
5) Survey of peanut fruiting range
And slightly stripping the soil body from the underground part of the collected peanuts, and measuring the longitudinal and transverse distribution ranges of the peanut pods by using a ruler.
6) Survey of peanut root system and root nodule distribution
The collected peanut with the depth of 0-40cm is divided into 2 layers by taking 20cm as a soil layer. And (3) carrying out root-soil separation in a field root picking mode, respectively collecting peanut root systems and root nodules of soil layers of 0-20cm and 20-40cm, and carrying the peanut root systems and the root nodules back to a laboratory to carry out peanut root system phenotype analysis and root nodule dry weight analysis.
Comparative example 1: underground part research of potted peanut
The potting test was developed in Pingyu City of Shandong province from 5 months to 2021 and 9 months in 2021. The diameter of the test flowerpot is 26cm, the height of the test flowerpot is 20cm, and the fertilization management and the control of diseases, pests and weeds are carried out by the local conventional production. The peanut variety to be tested is blue and white No. 7 (common type).
Effects of the implementation
Research shows that the result ranges of the common, multi-grain and pearl bean peanut pods in example 1 are similar, the longitudinal range is concentrated at 3-8 cm, and the transverse result range is concentrated at 12-16 cm; the longitudinal range of the Longsheng peanuts is concentrated on 4-12 cm, and the transverse result range is concentrated on 14-17 cm (figure 1). Therefore, when peanut pod sampling is recommended, the horizontal sampling range is preferably a circle with the peanut hypocotyl as the center of the circle and the seeding hole distance as the diameter, the longitudinal sampling depth of common type, multi-grain type and pearl bean type peanut varieties is recommended to be 10cm, and the sampling depth of dragon type peanut varieties is recommended to be 15 cm.
Example 1 no nodules were found in the soil layer 20-40cm after peanut seeding and the dry weight of nodules in the soil layer 0-20cm was about 98.68-99.45% of the total dry weight of nodules in the soil layer 0-40cm 55-115 days after seeding (fig. 2), so a longitudinal sampling depth of 20cm was recommended when conducting peanut nodule studies.
In the embodiment 1, in the whole peanut growth period, the dry weight of the 0-20cm soil layer root system is about 8.90-11.53 times of that of the 20-40cm soil layer root system, and although the 20-40cm soil layer peanut root system is obviously lower than the 0-20cm soil layer, the root amount still accounts for about 7.98-10.11% of the total dry weight of the 0-40cm soil layer root system (figure 3), so that in order to guarantee the research rigor, the longitudinal sampling depth is recommended to be 40cm when the peanut root system research is carried out, so as to ensure that the peanut root system characteristic can be comprehensively researched as far as possible.
Comparative example 1 at 40 days after peanut seeding, the peanut roots had been spiraled at the bottom and around the pot, which had begun to limit the growth of the peanut roots. Although the comparative example (potting method) can obtain the root system of the peanut more completely than the example, the normal growth of the root system of the peanut is severely limited, and the growth state of the underground part of the peanut cannot be truly reflected.
In conclusion, the method can collect the underground part of the peanut as comprehensively as possible under the condition that the peanut naturally grows, the collected sample can reflect the growth state of the underground part of the peanut more truly, and the accuracy and precision of the research on the underground part of the peanut are effectively improved.
Example 2: study on underground part of field-planted peanuts
The field test was conducted in the provincial Fair city of Shandong province from 5 months to 2021 and 9 months in 2021. Test area of 2000m2The peanuts are planted by ridging and film mulching, one ridge is double-row, and the water and fertilizer management is the same as the local conventional production. The peanut variety to be tested is blue and white No. 7.
1) Formulating a sampling plan
Avoiding the side row for 3 meters, randomly selecting not lower 3 representative squares by adopting a diagonal line or snake-shaped method, wherein the area of each square is 10 squares, and selecting 10 representative plants in each square by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode;
2) selecting representative plants
And (3) remote observation: placing the peanut plants in each variety area, observing peanut plants about 2-5 meters away from the peanut plants, and selecting areas with uniform growth vigor, normal leaf color and no obvious seedling shortage and ridge breaking; close inspection: and (3) observing and selecting representative plants in a close distance in a selected area of the 'distant view', excluding oversize or undersize plants with obvious diseases or insect pests, and randomly selecting 10 representative plants which are healthy and have similar growth vigor with the peripheral plants.
3) Grasp the sampling time
The soil to be tested in the embodiment is loam, and the sample is taken when the water content of the soil at a soil layer of 20cm is about 30% in the middle stage of peanut growth.
4) Positioning sampling range
In the embodiment, the underground part (including root nodules, root systems and pods) of the peanut with the depth of 0-40cm needs to be collected at one time, and a soil layer with the depth of 20cm is taken as a research unit for peanut root system character scanning, root system activity determination, root nodule growth and peanut pod development investigation. The specific implementation process takes the hypocotyl of the selected representative peanut plant as the center of a circle and takes the peanut hole distance (17.5cm) as the diameter, and the underground part sample of the peanut in a 0-40cm soil layer is collected.
5) Matching sampling device
A peanut underground research sampler (patent number: ZL202023192799.9) developed in the early stage of the subject group is selected as a sampling device, and the specific sampling method refers to the implementation mode of the sampler.
6) Optimizing sample soil separation
20cm of the collected peanut with the depth of 0-40cm is taken as a soil layer, and the peanut is divided into 2 layers. Example soil samples were separated by field rooting and the root system, pods and nodules of the peanuts were collected separately.
7) Eliminating abnormal plants
After sample soil is separated, the collected sample is checked, plants with pod bitten by insects and rotten fruits or abnormal root system shapes and root amounts are removed, and the variation coefficient of related indexes such as root systems, root nodules, pod fruits and the like is controlled within 15% so as to reduce the interference of abnormal environmental factors on the sampling representativeness.
8) Filling out a sample record
After the abnormal plants are removed, the reserved samples record information such as sampling time, sampling place, acquisition person, sampling range, sample number and the like, and the sampling records are filled.
9) Classified preservation of samples
The sample collected in the embodiment is used for researching the apparent form of the underground part of the peanut, and is carried back to a laboratory at normal temperature for research and determination after sample soil in the field is separated.
The specific implementation process is shown in detail in FIG. 5.
Comparative example 2: study on underground part of field-planted peanuts
The field test was conducted in the provincial Fair city of Shandong province from 5 months to 2021 and 9 months in 2021. Test area of 2000m2The peanuts are planted by ridging and film mulching, one ridge is double-row, and the water and fertilizer management is the same as the local conventional production. The peanut variety to be tested is blue and white No. 7.
1) Formulating a sampling plan
Avoiding the side row for 3 meters, randomly selecting not lower 3 representative squares by adopting a diagonal line or snake-shaped method, wherein the area of each square is 10 squares, and selecting 10 representative plants in each square by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode;
2) selecting representative plants
And (3) remote observation: placing the peanut plants in each variety area, observing peanut plants about 2-5 meters away from the peanut plants, and selecting areas with uniform growth vigor, normal leaf color and no obvious seedling shortage and ridge breaking; close inspection: and (3) observing and selecting representative plants in a close distance in a selected area of the 'distant view', excluding oversize or undersize plants with obvious diseases or insect pests, and randomly selecting 10 representative plants which are healthy and have similar growth vigor with the peripheral plants.
3) Grasp the sampling time
The soil for test of the comparative example is loam, and the sample is taken when the water content of the soil at a soil layer of 20cm is about 30% in the middle growth period of the peanuts.
4) Collecting peanut root system and root nodule samples
By using a soil drilling method, 8 sampling points are uniformly collected within a range of 10cm around the roots of a representative plant, the sampling depth of each sampling point is 40cm, 20cm is taken as a soil layer, and 2 soil layers are formed. And (3) carrying out sample soil separation by adopting a root picking method on site, and respectively collecting the root system and the root nodule of the peanut.
5) Collection of peanut pod samples
Digging a peanut pod sample by using a shovel digging method, stripping soil on site, and collecting peanut pods.
6) Filling out a sample record
The samples obtained by the earth drilling method are partial root systems of peanuts, the underground forms of the whole peanut plants cannot be observed, abnormal plants cannot be removed, all collected samples are reserved, information such as sampling time, sampling places, sampling persons, sampling ranges and sample numbers is recorded, and sample records are filled.
3) Classified preservation of samples
The sample of the comparative example is carried back to the laboratory for research and determination at normal temperature after the separation of the field sample soil.
The specific implementation process is shown in detail in FIG. 6.
Effects of the implementation
Research shows that the amount of the peanut root system collected in the example 2 is obviously higher than that of the peanut root system collected in the comparative example 2 (figure 7), specifically, the soil layer of 0-20cm, the root system length, the root system surface area and the root system volume collected in the example 2 are respectively about 7.35 times, 14.07 times and 16.20 times of those of the peanut root system collected in the comparative example 2, and the root system diameter is about 1.22 times of that of the peanut root system collected in the comparative example 2; in a soil layer of 20-40cm, the length, the surface area and the volume of the root system collected in the example 2 are respectively about 8.00 times, 4.63 times and 16.91 times of those collected in the comparative example 2, and the diameter of the root system is about 1.30 times of that collected in the comparative example 2; all root phenotype data were significantly or very significantly higher than comparative example 2 (fig. 8). In addition, the sampling time for example 2 was significantly lower than comparative example 2 (fig. 9), by 39.16% compared to the comparative example.
In conclusion, compared with the comparative example 2, the method (the example 2) can collect the root system and the root nodule of the peanut more effectively and comprehensively, the integral sampling time of the underground part (the root system, the root nodule and the pod) of the peanut is extremely lower than that of the comparative example 2, and the accuracy and the efficiency of the research and sampling of the underground part of the peanut are greatly improved; meanwhile, the full-view of the underground part of the peanut can be observed, so that abnormal plants can be removed in time, and the accuracy of the test is effectively guaranteed.
Example 3: study on underground part of field-planted peanuts
The field test was conducted in the provincial Fair city of Shandong province from 5 months to 2021 and 9 months in 2021. Test area of 2000m2The peanuts are planted by ridging and film mulchingOne ridge with two rows, and the water and fertilizer management is the same as the conventional production in the local area. The peanut variety to be tested is blue and white No. 7.
1) Formulating a sampling plan
Avoiding the side row for 3 meters, randomly selecting not lower 3 representative squares by adopting a diagonal line or snake-shaped method, wherein the area of each square is 10 squares, and selecting 10 representative plants in each square by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode;
2) selecting representative plants
And (3) remote observation: placing the peanut plants in each variety area, observing peanut plants about 2-5 meters away from the peanut plants, and selecting areas with uniform growth vigor, normal leaf color and no obvious seedling shortage and ridge breaking; close inspection: and (3) observing and selecting representative plants in a close distance in a selected area of the 'distant view', excluding oversize or undersize plants with obvious diseases or insect pests, and randomly selecting 10 representative plants which are healthy and have similar growth vigor with the peripheral plants.
3) Grasp the sampling time
The soil to be tested in the embodiment is loam, and the sample is taken when the water content of the soil at a soil layer of 20cm is about 30% in the middle stage of peanut growth.
4) Positioning sampling range
In the embodiment, the underground part (including root nodules, root systems and pods) of the peanut with the depth of 0-40cm needs to be collected at one time, and a soil layer with the depth of 20cm is taken as a research unit for peanut root system character scanning, root system activity determination, root nodule growth and peanut pod development investigation. The specific implementation process takes the hypocotyl of the selected representative peanut plant as the center of a circle and takes the peanut hole distance (17.5cm) as the diameter, and the underground part sample of the peanut in a 0-40cm soil layer is collected.
5) Matching sampling device
A peanut underground research sampler (patent number: ZL202023192799.9) developed in the early stage of the subject group is selected as a sampling device, and the specific sampling method refers to the implementation mode of the sampler.
6) Optimizing sample soil separation
20cm of the collected peanut with the depth of 0-40cm is taken as a soil layer, and the peanut is divided into 2 layers. Example soil samples were separated by field rooting and the root system, pods and nodules of the peanuts were collected separately.
7) Eliminating abnormal plants
After sample soil is separated, the collected sample is checked, plants with pod bitten by insects and rotten fruits or abnormal root system shapes and root amounts are removed, and the variation coefficient of related indexes such as root systems, root nodules, pod fruits and the like is controlled within 15% so as to reduce the interference of abnormal environmental factors on the sampling representativeness.
8) Filling out a sample record
After the abnormal plants are removed, the reserved samples record information such as sampling time, sampling place, sampling person, sampling range, sample numbers and the like, and the sample records are filled.
9) Classified preservation of samples
Cleaning the soil attached to the root system of the reserved sample by using clean water, immediately placing the sample into a liquid nitrogen tank for storage after wiping off water, carrying the sample back to a laboratory for root system activity determination, and carrying out interval duration from the collection of the underground part sample of the peanut to the root system activity determination for about 24 hours.
Comparative example 3: study on underground part of field-planted peanuts
The peanut seeding management and implementation process 1) making a sampling scheme, 2) selecting representative plants, 3) grasping sampling time, 4) positioning sampling range and 5) selecting and matching a sampling device are all the same as the embodiment 3.
6) Sample soil separation and sample preservation mode
Directly loading the collected 0-40cm underground peanut part into a sampling bag, carrying the sampling bag back to a laboratory, immediately separating root and soil by adopting a root picking method, collecting the root system of the peanut, cleaning the soil attached to the root system by clear water, immediately measuring the activity of the root system after wiping off water, and collecting the sample of the underground peanut part to measure the activity of the root system at intervals of about 6 hours.
7) Eliminating abnormal plants
After sample soil is separated, the collected sample is checked, plants with pod bitten by insects and rotten fruits or abnormal root system shapes and root amounts are removed, and the variation coefficient of related indexes such as root systems, root nodules, pod fruits and the like is controlled within 15% so as to reduce the interference of abnormal environmental factors on the sampling representativeness.
8) Filling out a sample record
After the abnormal plants are removed, the reserved samples record information such as sampling time, sampling place, sampling person, sampling range, sample numbers and the like, and the sample records are filled.
Comparative example 4: study on underground part of field-planted peanuts
The peanut seeding management and implementation process 1) making a sampling scheme, 2) selecting representative plants, 3) grasping sampling time, 4) positioning sampling range and 5) selecting and matching a sampling device are the same as the embodiment.
6) Sample soil separation and sample preservation mode
Directly placing the collected 0-40cm underground part of peanut into a sampling bag, carrying back to the laboratory, storing in a refrigerator at 4 deg.C for a period of time, separating root and soil by root picking method, collecting peanut root system, cleaning the soil attached to the root system with clear water, wiping water, and immediately measuring the activity of the root system. The interval from the collection of the underground part sample of the peanut to the determination of the activity of the root system is about 24 hours.
7) Eliminating abnormal plants
After sample soil is separated, the collected sample is checked, plants with pod bitten by insects and rotten fruits or abnormal root system shapes and root amounts are removed, and the variation coefficient of related indexes such as root systems, root nodules, pod fruits and the like is controlled within 15% so as to reduce the interference of abnormal environmental factors on the sampling representativeness.
8) Filling out a sample record
After the abnormal plants are removed, the reserved samples record information such as sampling time, sampling place, sampling person, sampling range, sample numbers and the like, and the sample records are filled.
Comparative example 5: study on underground part of field-planted peanuts
The peanut seeding management and implementation process 1) making a sampling scheme, 2) selecting representative plants, 3) grasping sampling time, 4) positioning sampling range and 5) selecting and matching a sampling device are the same as the embodiment.
4) Sample soil separation and sample preservation mode
20cm of the collected peanut with the depth of 0-40cm is taken as a soil layer, and the peanut is divided into 2 layers. The method comprises the steps of carrying out root-soil separation by adopting a root picking method on site, collecting peanut root systems, cleaning soil attached to the root systems with clear water, wiping water, filling the soil into a sampling bag, placing the sampling bag at normal temperature, carrying the sampling bag back to a laboratory, immediately carrying out root activity measurement, collecting samples of the underground parts of peanuts and measuring the root activity, wherein the time interval is about 12 hours.
7) Eliminating abnormal plants
After sample soil is separated, the collected sample is checked, plants with pod bitten by insects and rotten fruits or abnormal root system shapes and root amounts are removed, and the variation coefficient of related indexes such as root systems, root nodules, pod fruits and the like is controlled within 15% so as to reduce the interference of abnormal environmental factors on the sampling representativeness.
8) Filling out a sample record
After the abnormal plants are removed, the reserved samples record information such as sampling time, sampling place, sampling person, sampling range, sample numbers and the like, and the sample records are filled.
Effects of the implementation
Research shows that the activity of the root system collected in the example 3 is slightly higher than that of the root system collected in the comparative example 3, and the difference between the two is not obvious; however, the activity of the root system collected in example 3 is very significant (P < 0.001) and is higher than that of comparative examples 4 and 5 (FIG. 10). Therefore, after the underground part of the peanut is collected, the peanut is carried back to a laboratory through field sample soil separation and low-temperature storage, or the sample soil is carried back to the laboratory in an original state and separated in time (less than 6 hours), so that higher root activity can be kept, and the accuracy of the physiological index measurement of the underground part of the peanut is ensured.
In conclusion, the accurate and efficient peanut underground part sampling method provided by the invention can be used for collecting the underground parts (root system, root nodule and pod) of the peanuts at one time on the basis of keeping the natural growth state of the peanuts in the field, so that the underground part sampling efficiency of the peanuts is effectively improved, the sampling requirements of root system, root nodule and pod research are met, the sampling accuracy and accuracy are obviously improved, and the sampling efficiency is effectively improved.
Claims (3)
1. The accurate and efficient peanut underground part sampling method is characterized in that a sampling device is adopted to collect the underground part of the peanut at one time on the basis of keeping the natural growth state of the peanut field, and the method comprises the following technical points:
1) formulating a sampling plan
According to the area of a sample to be researched, determining the sampling quantity:
uniformly dividing a sample square with an area of more than one hundred mu into 5 sampling units according to the area, avoiding the side rows by 3 meters, randomly selecting not less than 5 representative sample squares by adopting a diagonal or snake-shaped method for each unit, wherein the area of each sample square is not less than 10 square meters, and selecting 10 representative plants in each sample square by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode;
uniformly dividing a sample with the area of 10-100 mu into 2-3 sampling units according to the area, avoiding the side rows for 3 meters, randomly selecting 5 representative samples in each unit by adopting a diagonal or snake-shaped method, wherein the area of each sample is not less than 10 square meters, and selecting 10 representative plants in each sample by adopting a 'distant observation and near observation' mode;
selecting 10 representative plants in each sample by a 'distant observation and near observation' mode, wherein the area of each sample is not less than 10 square meters, and the representative plants are selected from the samples with the area of 1-10 mu by avoiding the side rows for 3 meters;
in the plot experiment or the area of a sample is less than 1 mu, the peanuts in the side rows are avoided, and at least 10 representative plants are selected in a mode of 'distant observation and near observation';
the method for selecting representative plants by the 'distant observation and near observation' comprises the following steps: placing the peanut plants in the field, observing the peanut plants about 2-5 meters away from the peanut plants, and selecting areas with uniform growth vigor, normal leaf color and no obvious seedling shortage and ridge breaking; observing and selecting representative plants in a close range after the selected area is viewed remotely, wherein the representative plants need to be not too large or too small, have no obvious diseases or insect pests, and have sound peripheral plants and similar growth vigor;
2) grasp the sampling time
If no specific sampling period is required, determining the sampling time according to the soil property: the sandy soil can be sampled when the soil moisture content is 15% -20% at a soil layer of 20 cm; the loam can be sampled when the soil moisture content is 25% -30% in a soil layer of 20 cm; the clay can be sampled when the soil moisture content at a soil layer of 20cm is 30% -35%;
if the sampling is required for a specific time, sampling is strictly carried out according to the requirements, and the soil moisture content condition does not need to be considered;
3) positioning sampling range
Sampling level range: a circle with the peanut hypocotyl as the circle center and the seeding hole distance as the diameter;
the sampling longitudinal range was determined from the different study sites as follows: the sampling depth of the root system is 40 cm; the sampling depth of the root nodule is 20 cm; pods of pearl bean type, multi-grain type and common peanut type, the sampling depth is 10 cm; the pod sampling depth of the Longsheng type peanut variety is 15 cm;
4) optimizing sample soil separation
When the water content of sandy soil, clay soil or soil is higher, the soil is separated by adopting a root picking mode; when the soil quality type cannot be judged, beating and pressing sample soil, if the soil column is slightly pressed or is scattered after being slightly pressed, adopting a root picking mode for separation, and if the soil body is not scattered or agglomerated after being slightly pressed or slightly pressed, adopting a root washing mode for separation;
5) eliminating abnormal plants
After sample soil is separated, checking the collected sample, and removing plants with pod bitten by insects and more rotten fruits or abnormal root system shape and root quantity;
6) filling out a sample record
After sample collection or screening, the information that should be recorded includes: sampling time, sampling place, sampling person, sampling part, sampling range, test treatment, sample number and sampling environment condition;
7) classified preservation of samples
According to different research requirements, different sample preservation modes are selected:
if only the apparent form of the underground part of the peanut is researched, the peanut is carried back to a laboratory at normal temperature for research and measurement after the field sample soil is separated;
if the underground physiological indexes are researched, under the condition of perfect field low-temperature preservation conditions, field sample soil is separated, and the whole course of low-temperature preservation is carried back to a laboratory for further processing or analysis and determination; if no low-temperature storage condition exists, the sample is carried to a laboratory as it is and then sample soil separation is carried out, but the time from sample collection to separation storage or measurement is controlled within 12 h.
2. The accurate and efficient underground part sampling method for the peanuts according to claim 1, wherein the sampling device is various sampling, soil sampling or self-control devices which meet the sampling range of technical point 3).
3. The accurate and efficient underground part sampling method of peanuts according to claim 1, wherein the low-temperature preservation conditions in technical point 7) include liquid nitrogen, dry ice, ice bags or vehicle-mounted refrigerator modes, or other modes which can satisfy the relatively constant low-temperature condition of less than or equal to 4 ℃.
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