CN114090100A - Method for dynamically loading widget content and related device - Google Patents

Method for dynamically loading widget content and related device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114090100A
CN114090100A CN202010774813.1A CN202010774813A CN114090100A CN 114090100 A CN114090100 A CN 114090100A CN 202010774813 A CN202010774813 A CN 202010774813A CN 114090100 A CN114090100 A CN 114090100A
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widget
apk
widget content
content
loading
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张明生
周佳
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Beijing Everest Mobile Communication Co Ltd
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Beijing Everest Mobile Communication Co Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/44Arrangements for executing specific programs
    • G06F9/445Program loading or initiating
    • G06F9/44521Dynamic linking or loading; Link editing at or after load time, e.g. Java class loading
    • G06F9/44526Plug-ins; Add-ons

Abstract

The application discloses a method for dynamically loading widget content and a related device, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring widget parameters through a preset widget content calling interface; determining the context environment of an android Application Package (APK) according to the widget parameter; and creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment and loading the widget content. The method can acquire the widget parameters according to the widget interface, so that the corresponding widget content can be dynamically acquired. Therefore, all scenes do not need to be known in advance, all scenes and functions do not need to be laid out in advance, widget content can be dynamically loaded, the loading speed is increased, the running efficiency is improved, and the memory occupied is reduced.

Description

Method for dynamically loading widget content and related device
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of communication processing, in particular to a method for dynamically loading widget content and a related device.
Background
Widget is a web applet based on the internet, which can usually implement a specific function, and its representation may be video, map, news, or a mini-game. The mobile widget runs on the mobile terminal, has the characteristics of small size, portability, openness, interactivity and the like, and is suitable for internet application.
The widget based on the android system is a lightweight applet which can be displayed on the desktop of the android system. The widget cannot run independently and needs to run based on a host program, which is generally a desktop process. The Widget has simple required functions and simple layout so as to avoid influencing the running efficiency of the host process. Therefore, the layout of the widget is relatively fixed according to the functional design of the widget, and the available controls are limited and cannot be widely customized like application programs (APPs). And a fixed interface is required to be used for updating and event triggering, and a user-defined interface cannot be called. The android system-based widget development is greatly limited, and developers cannot exert the widget at will.
Some developers need to know all scenes in advance in order to realize the layout and the function of the dynamic change widget, lay all the scenes in a root layout in parallel, select a certain scene to be visible according to the requirement of conditions, and make other scenes invisible. Although this approach can achieve dynamic scene change, it has two disadvantages: 1. all scenes need to be known in advance, which is greatly limited for the extension of the widget function. Since the developer cannot anticipate future changes and demands, all future scenarios cannot be predefined. 2. Although only one visible scene is needed to be overlapped with multiple scenes known in advance, the invisible scene still needs to be loaded into the memory at the beginning of the operation of the small part, and the loading speed, the operation efficiency, the memory occupation and the like are all negatively affected.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a method for dynamically loading widget content, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: acquiring widget parameters through a preset widget content calling interface; determining a context environment of an Android Application Package (APK) according to the widget parameter; and creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment and loading the widget content. The method can acquire the widget parameters according to the widget interface, so that the corresponding widget content can be dynamically acquired. Therefore, all scenes do not need to be known in advance, all scenes and functions do not need to be laid out in advance, widget content can be dynamically loaded, the loading speed can be increased, the running efficiency can be improved, and the memory occupied can be reduced.
Optionally, with reference to the first aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the widget parameter includes an APK path where a widget content control is located, and after the widget parameter is obtained through a preset widget content invoking interface, the method further includes: determining whether the APK file exists according to the APK path; when the APK file exists, the determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter specifically includes: and determining the context environment of the APK through loading the resources of the APK file.
Optionally, with reference to the first aspect, the creating widget content according to the APK context includes: obtaining layout resources corresponding to the widget content according to the APK context environment; and creating the widget content according to the layout resource.
Optionally, with reference to the first aspect, the loading the widget content specifically includes: adding the widget content control into a preset widget container; and loading the widget content through the widget container.
A second aspect of the present application provides a widget container, which is characterized in that the widget container includes a preset widget content calling interface, and the widget container is configured to obtain widget parameters through the widget content calling interface; the widget container is further used for determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter; and the widget container is also used for creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment of the android application package and loading the widget content. The widget container can acquire widget parameters according to a widget interface, so that corresponding widget content can be dynamically acquired. All scenes and functions do not need to be distributed in advance, the loading speed can be increased, the operation efficiency is improved, and the occupied memory is reduced.
Optionally, with reference to the second aspect, the widget parameter includes an APK path where the widget content control is located, and the widget container is specifically configured to determine whether the APK file exists according to the APK path; the widget container is specifically configured to determine the context environment of the APK by loading the resource of the APK file when the APK file exists.
Optionally, with reference to the second aspect, the widget container is specifically configured to obtain a layout resource corresponding to the widget content according to the APK context; the widget container is used for creating the widget content according to the layout resource.
Optionally, in combination with the second aspect, the widget container is specifically configured to add the widget content control, and load the widget content.
A third aspect of the present application provides an apparatus for dynamically loading widget content, where the apparatus includes: the acquisition module is used for acquiring widget parameters through a preset widget content calling interface; the first processing module is used for determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter; the second processing module is used for creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment of the android application package; and the third processing module is used for loading the widget content. The device can acquire the widget parameters according to the widget interface, so that the corresponding widget content can be dynamically acquired. All scenes and functions do not need to be distributed in advance, the loading speed can be increased, the operation efficiency is improved, and the occupied memory is reduced.
Optionally, with reference to the third aspect, the widget parameter includes an APK path where the widget content control is located, and the apparatus further includes: the fourth processing module is used for determining whether the APK file exists according to the APK path; the first processing module is specifically configured to, when the fourth processing module determines that the APK file exists, determine the context environment of the APK by loading the resource of the APK file.
Optionally, with reference to the third aspect, the second processing module is specifically configured to obtain, according to the APK context, a layout resource corresponding to the widget content; the second processing module is further configured to create the widget content according to the layout resource.
Optionally, with reference to the third aspect, the third processing module is specifically configured to add the widget content control to a preset widget container; the third processing module is further configured to load the widget content through the widget container.
A fourth aspect of the present application provides a terminal device, where the terminal device includes a processor and a memory, where the memory includes computer program instructions or codes, and the processor is configured to call the computer program instructions or codes to execute the method for dynamically loading widget content according to the first aspect and any one of the possible implementation manners of the first aspect.
A fifth aspect of the present application provides a computer program product, where the computer program product includes computer program instructions or codes, and when the computer program product runs on a computer, the computer executes the method for dynamically loading widget content as described in the first aspect of the present application and any one of the possible implementation manners of the first aspect.
A sixth aspect of the present application provides a chip, where the chip includes a processor, and the processor is configured to execute computer program instructions or codes stored in a memory to perform the method for dynamically loading widget content as described in the first aspect of the present application and any one of the possible implementation manners of the first aspect.
The application provides a method for dynamically loading widget content, a widget container, a device for dynamically loading widget content, a terminal device, a computer program product and a chip, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring widget parameters through a preset widget content calling interface; determining the context environment of an android Application Package (APK) according to the widget parameter; and creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment and loading the widget content. The method can acquire the widget parameters according to the widget interface, so that the corresponding widget content can be dynamically acquired. All scenes and functions do not need to be distributed in advance, the loading speed can be increased, the operation efficiency is improved, and the occupied memory is reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a system architecture diagram for dynamically loading widget content according to the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for dynamically loading widget content according to the present application;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for dynamically loading widget content according to the present application;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for dynamically loading widget content according to the present application.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and in the claims of the present application and in the above-described drawings are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It will be appreciated that the data so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated or described herein. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or modules is not necessarily limited to those steps or modules explicitly listed, but may include other steps or modules not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Widget is a web applet based on the internet, which can usually implement a specific function, and its representation may be video, map, news, or a mini-game. The mobile widget runs on the mobile terminal, has the characteristics of small size, portability, openness, interactivity and the like, and is suitable for internet application.
The widget based on the android system is a lightweight applet which can be displayed on the desktop of the android system. The widget cannot run independently and needs to run based on a host program, which is generally a desktop process. The Widget has simple required functions and simple layout so as to avoid influencing the running efficiency of the host process. Therefore, the layout of the widget is relatively fixed according to the functional design of the widget, and the available controls are limited and cannot be widely customized like application programs (APPs). And a fixed interface is required to be used for updating and event triggering, and a user-defined interface cannot be called. The android system-based widget development is greatly limited, and developers cannot exert the widget at will.
Some developers need to know all scenes in advance in order to realize the layout and the function of the dynamic change widget, lay all the scenes in a root layout in parallel, select a certain scene to be visible according to the requirement of conditions, and make other scenes invisible. Although this approach can achieve dynamic scene change, it has two disadvantages: 1. all scenes need to be known in advance, which is greatly limited for the extension of the widget function. Since the developer cannot anticipate future changes and demands, all future scenarios cannot be predefined. Although only one visible scene is overlapped, the invisible scene still needs to be loaded into the memory at the beginning of the operation of the small part, and the loading speed, the operation efficiency, the memory occupation and the like are all negatively influenced.
Therefore, the present application provides a method for dynamically loading widget content, please refer to fig. 1, in which a widget container is mainly added on a system framework (frame) level. The widget container is used for loading any widget content, including the layout of the widget and the functional logic of the widget. The purpose of dynamically changing the content of the container can be realized as long as the content interface standard of the widget can be met. The widget container can realize the loading and transformation of the widget content.
Specifically, referring to fig. 2, the method includes:
101. and preprocessing the widget container.
1) Defining a widget container class;
a widget container class of the @ remoteView type is defined in an Android frame and is inherited from FrameLayout, and the widget container class is a layout empty shell and does not contain any content except a self construction function. The container class is defined as follows:
Figure BDA0002618000220000041
Figure BDA0002618000220000051
2) and defining a widget content calling interface.
And defining a widget content calling interface for the widget container, wherein the interface allows a user to specify information of the widget content, and the purpose of dynamically changing the widget content is achieved. The widget parameter transmission has expandability, facilitates the increase, decrease and change of parameters, and adopts a Bundle type. The widget parameters include, but are not limited to, the following:
Figure BDA0002618000220000052
the widget content calling interface may include the following code:
Figure BDA0002618000220000053
102. and acquiring the widget parameters through the widget content calling interface.
And acquiring the widget parameters through the widget content calling interface. The widget parameter may include the widget parameter described in step 101, and it should be noted that the widget parameter includes an APK path where the widget content control is located.
103. And determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter.
And determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter. Specifically, whether the APK file exists may be determined according to an APK path where the widget content control is located, and when it is determined that the APK exists, resources of the APK may be dynamically loaded, where the resources of the APK include dex (dalvik executable). And determining the context environment of the APK by loading the resources of the APK.
After the context environment of the APK is obtained, any class and resource can be freely loaded according to the context environment of the APK. Specifically, determining the context of the APK may include the following code:
Figure BDA0002618000220000061
Figure BDA0002618000220000071
104. and creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment and loading the widget content.
According to the context environment of the APK, the interface class contained in the widget parameter is dynamically loaded, and the interface function contained in the widget parameter is accessed through a java reflection mechanism, so that the characteristics (identity, ID) of the layout resource can be obtained, and the layout resource is further obtained. And creating the widget content control according to the layout resource. Specifically, the following codes can be seen:
Figure BDA0002618000220000072
and adding the widget content control into the widget container. And loading the widget content through the widget container. The widget container is a parent window, and the widget content control is a child window. See the following code:
Figure BDA0002618000220000073
Figure BDA0002618000220000081
therefore, in the method for dynamically loading widget content provided by the application, dynamic loading of the widget content control can be realized only by using the widget container predefined in the system framework and calling the widget content calling interface (setThemePath function). The Widget container plays a role in loading the Widget content control without interfering with the functional logic of the Widget content control. The degree of freedom of the user's autonomous design is increased. After the widget control is completely loaded, the user can still reload the new widget content control for many times.
The method for dynamically loading the widget content increases the degree of freedom of product design and development. The situation of resource, code and function redundancy in a single widget is reduced, and the maintenance and the test of the project are facilitated. And the widget content is dynamically loaded, so that the influence on the memory and the operation efficiency is reduced. The position of the widget content can be freely specified, for example, the widget content can be built in, and can also be downloaded in time through a network, so that the flexibility and maintainability of the scheme can be increased. The deployment can be carried out through the network, and convenience is provided for the life duration of projects.
The application also provides a widget container (widget container), which is used for implementing the method for dynamically loading widget contents provided by the application, and can be understood by referring to the method for dynamically loading widget contents.
Specifically, the widget container includes a preset widget content calling interface, and the widget container is configured to obtain a widget parameter through the widget content calling interface; the widget container is further used for determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter; and the widget container is also used for creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment of the android application package and loading the widget content.
The widget parameter comprises an APK path where the widget content control is located, and the widget container is specifically used for determining whether the APK file exists according to the APK path; the widget container is specifically configured to determine the context environment of the APK by loading the resource of the APK file when the APK file exists.
The widget container is specifically configured to obtain layout resources corresponding to the widget content according to the APK context; and the widget container is used for creating the widget content control according to the layout resource.
The widget container is specifically configured to add the widget content control and load the widget content.
The present application further provides an apparatus 20 for dynamically loading widget content, please refer to fig. 3, which includes
The acquiring module 201 is configured to acquire widget parameters through a preset widget content calling interface;
the first processing module 203 is configured to determine a context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter;
the second processing module 204 is configured to create a widget content control according to the APK context environment of the android application package;
and the third processing module 205 is configured to load the widget content.
The widget parameter includes an APK path where the widget content control is located, and the apparatus 20 further includes:
a fourth processing module 202, configured to determine whether the APK file exists according to the APK path;
the first processing module 203 is specifically configured to, when the fourth processing module determines that the APK file exists, determine the context environment of the APK by loading the resource of the APK file.
The second processing module 204 is specifically configured to obtain a layout resource corresponding to the widget content according to the APK context;
the second processing module 204 is further configured to create the widget content control according to the layout resource.
The third processing module 205 is specifically configured to add the widget content control to a preset widget container;
the third processing module 205 is further configured to load widget content through the widget container.
The application provides a device 20 for dynamically loading widget content, and the device 20 can acquire widget parameters according to a widget interface, so that corresponding widget content can be dynamically acquired. All scenes and functions do not need to be distributed in advance, the loading speed can be increased, the operation efficiency is improved, and the occupied memory is reduced.
Referring to fig. 4, the present application further provides an apparatus 30 for dynamically loading widget content. The device 30 comprises: a processor 301, a memory 302, and a transceiver 303, the processor 301, the memory 302, and the transceiver 303 may be connected by a bus 304.
The apparatus 30 is a hardware structure apparatus, and can be used for the functions of the functional modules in the apparatus 20 for dynamically loading widget content as shown in fig. 2.
Alternatively, the processor 301 may be one or more Central Processing Units (CPUs), microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or one or more integrated circuits for controlling the execution of programs according to the present disclosure.
The processor 301 is configured to execute the instructions in the memory 302, and perform the processing steps in the method for dynamically loading the widget content.
The transceiver 303 may include an input/output (I/O) interface.
The memory 302, processor 301, and transceiver 303 may be interconnected via a bus 304, but are not limited to being connected only via the bus 304; the bus 304 may be a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, an Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, or the like. The bus may be divided into an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, etc.
In the above embodiments, the implementation may be wholly or partially realized by software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, may be implemented in whole or in part in the form of a computer program product.
The computer program product includes one or more computer instructions. When loaded and executed on a computer, cause the processes or functions described in accordance with the embodiments of the application to occur, in whole or in part. The computer may be a general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a network of computers, or other programmable device. The computer instructions may be stored in a computer readable storage medium or transmitted from one computer readable storage medium to another, for example, from one website site, computer, server, or data center to another website site, computer, server, or data center via wired (e.g., coaxial cable, fiber optic, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) or wireless (e.g., infrared, wireless, microwave, etc.). The computer-readable storage medium can be any available medium that a computer can store or a data storage device, such as a server, a data center, etc., that is integrated with one or more available media. The usable medium may be a magnetic medium (e.g., floppy Disk, hard Disk, magnetic tape), an optical medium (e.g., DVD), or a semiconductor medium (e.g., Solid State Disk (SSD)), among others.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that all or part of the steps in the various methods of the above embodiments may be performed by program instructions instructing associated hardware, and that the program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, which may include: ROM, RAM, magnetic or optical disks, and the like.
The device for dynamically loading the widget content can be expressed in the form of general computing equipment. The components of the general purpose computer device may include, but are not limited to: one or more processors or processing units, a system memory, a bus connecting different system components (including the system memory and the processing units);
a bus represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, such architectures include, but are not limited to, Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MAC) bus, enhanced ISA bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus;
a general purpose computing device typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by the electronic device and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media.
The Memory may include computer system readable media in the form of volatile Memory, such as Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or cache Memory. The electronic device may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, the storage system may be used to read from and write to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media (commonly referred to as "hard disk drives"). A magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk (e.g., a "floppy disk") and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk (e.g., a Compact disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), a Digital versatile disk Read Only Memory (DVD-ROM), or other optical media) may be provided. In these cases, each drive may be connected to the bus by one or more data media interfaces. The memory may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the application.
The application also provides a terminal device, which includes a processor and a memory, where the memory contains computer program instructions or codes, and the processor is configured to call the computer program instructions or codes to execute the method for dynamically loading widget content provided by the application.
The present application also provides a computer program product comprising computer program instructions or code which, when run on a computer, cause the computer to perform a method of dynamically loading widget content as provided herein.
The present application also provides a chip including a processor for executing computer program instructions or codes stored in a memory to perform the method of dynamically loading widget content as provided herein.
The method for dynamically loading widget content and the related device provided by the embodiment of the invention are described in detail above, a specific example is applied in the text to explain the principle and the implementation of the invention, and the description of the above embodiment is only used to help understanding the method and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there may be variations in the specific embodiments and the application scope, and in summary, the content of the present specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application.

Claims (15)

1. A method for dynamically loading widget content, the method comprising:
acquiring widget parameters through a preset widget content calling interface;
determining the context environment of an android Application Package (APK) according to the widget parameter;
and creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment and loading the widget content.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the widget parameter comprises an APK path where a widget content control is located, and after the widget parameter is obtained through a preset widget content calling interface, the method further comprises:
determining whether the APK file exists according to the APK path;
when the APK file exists, the determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter specifically includes:
and determining the context environment of the APK through loading the resources of the APK file.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein creating a widget content control according to the APK context comprises:
obtaining layout resources corresponding to the widget content according to the APK context environment;
and creating the widget content control according to the layout resource.
4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the loading the widget content specifically includes:
adding the widget content control into a preset widget container;
and loading the widget content through the widget container.
5. A widget container is characterized in that the widget container comprises a preset widget content calling interface,
the widget container is used for acquiring widget parameters through the widget content calling interface;
the widget container is further used for determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter;
and the widget container is also used for creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment of the android application package and loading the widget content.
6. The widget container according to claim 5, wherein the widget parameters include an APK path where the widget content control is located,
the widget container is specifically configured to determine whether the APK file exists according to the APK path;
the widget container is specifically configured to determine the context environment of the APK by loading the resource of the APK file when the APK file exists.
7. The widget container according to claim 5,
the widget container is specifically configured to obtain layout resources corresponding to the widget content according to the APK context;
and the widget container is used for creating the widget content control according to the layout resource.
8. The widget container according to claims 5-7, wherein,
the widget container is specifically configured to add the widget content control and load the widget content.
9. An apparatus for dynamically loading widget content, the apparatus comprising:
the acquisition module is used for acquiring widget parameters through a preset widget content calling interface;
the first processing module is used for determining the context environment of the APK according to the widget parameter;
the second processing module is used for creating a widget content control according to the APK context environment of the android application package;
and the third processing module is used for loading the widget content.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the widget parameter comprises an APK path where the widget content control is located, the apparatus further comprising:
the fourth processing module is used for determining whether the APK file exists according to the APK path;
the first processing module is specifically configured to, when the fourth processing module determines that the APK file exists, determine the context environment of the APK by loading the resource of the APK file.
11. The apparatus of claim 9,
the second processing module is specifically configured to obtain a layout resource corresponding to the widget content according to the APK context;
the second processing module is further configured to create the widget content control according to the layout resource.
12. The apparatus of any one of claims 9 to 11,
the third processing module is specifically configured to add the widget content control to a preset widget container;
and the third processing module is also used for loading the widget content through the widget container.
13. An end device, characterized in that the end device comprises a processor and a memory, the memory contains computer program instructions or codes, and the processor is configured to call the computer program instructions or codes to execute the method for dynamically loading widget content according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
14. A computer program product comprising computer program instructions or code for performing a method for dynamically loading widget content according to any of claims 1-4 when the computer program product runs on a computer.
15. A chip, characterized in that the chip comprises a processor for executing computer program instructions or codes stored in a memory to perform the method for dynamically loading widget content according to any of claims 1 to 4.
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