CN114068859A - Positive plate and battery - Google Patents

Positive plate and battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114068859A
CN114068859A CN202111368387.2A CN202111368387A CN114068859A CN 114068859 A CN114068859 A CN 114068859A CN 202111368387 A CN202111368387 A CN 202111368387A CN 114068859 A CN114068859 A CN 114068859A
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Prior art keywords
coating
protective layer
positive electrode
groove
electrode sheet
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CN202111368387.2A
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CN114068859B (en
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胡贤飞
彭冲
余正发
许延苹
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Zhuhai Cosmx Battery Co Ltd
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Zhuhai Cosmx Battery Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04Construction or manufacture in general
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention provides a positive plate and a battery, comprising: the current collector comprises a current collector body, a first coating, a second coating and a protective layer, wherein the first coating is coated on the surface of the current collector body, a groove is formed in the surface of the first coating, the second coating covers the bottom surface of the groove, and the thickness of the second coating is smaller than that of the first coating; the protective layer is arranged on the surface of the first coating, and the projection of part of the edge of the protective layer on the current collector is positioned in the second coating. According to the embodiment of the invention, the groove is formed in the first coating, and the thickness of the second coating on the bottom surface of the groove is smaller than that of the first coating, so that the concentration of lithium ions at the edge of the protective layer is reduced, the possibility of lithium precipitation at the corresponding position of the negative plate and the edge of the protective layer is reduced, the deformation problem of the lithium ion battery is further improved, and the service life of the lithium ion battery is prolonged.

Description

Positive plate and battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a positive plate and a battery.
Background
Lithium ion batteries are widely used in the fields of communications, digital, electric vehicles, etc. because of their good energy density performance and service life performance. With the continuous use of lithium ion batteries, the market has higher requirements for the performance of the lithium ion batteries. At present, in order to improve the charging speed and energy density of the lithium ion battery, the prior art adopts a process of arranging lugs in a middle way. However, in the prior art, the lithium ion battery adopting the tab middle-mounting process has a problem of lithium precipitation at the edge position of the negative electrode tab, which causes the condition that the battery cell is easy to lose efficacy or deform, resulting in a short service life of the lithium ion battery.
Therefore, the problem that the service life of the lithium ion battery is short exists in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a battery positive plate and a battery, and aims to solve the problem that the service life of a lithium ion battery is short in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, an embodiment of the present invention provides a positive electrode sheet, including: a current collector, a first coating, a second coating, and a protective layer, wherein,
the first coating is coated on the surface of the current collector, the surface of the first coating is provided with a groove, the bottom surface of the groove is covered by the second coating, and the thickness of the second coating is smaller than that of the first coating;
the protective layer is arranged on the surface of the first coating, and the projection of part of the edge of the protective layer on the current collector is positioned in the second coating.
In one possible implementation, the thickness of the second coating layer is in the range of 10-150 μm.
In one possible implementation, the first coating comprises a covered region covered by the protective layer and a non-covered region connected to the covered region by the second coating;
the distance between the edge of the non-coverage area close to the protective layer and the edge of the protective layer close to the non-coverage area is 0-3 mm.
In a possible implementation, the cross-sectional shape of the second coating layer is a planar, stepped or arc structure.
In one possible implementation, the second coating layer is communicated with two opposite sides of the current collector in the width direction of the positive electrode sheet.
In a possible realization scheme, the shape of the groove is a wavy line type, a broken line type or a straight line type, and the width of the groove is 1-3 mm.
In one possible implementation, the first coating comprises a covered region covered by the protective layer and a non-covered region connected to the covered region by the second coating;
the groove is formed by inwards recessing from one side surface of the first coating layer, and the groove is arranged around the covering area.
In one possible implementation scheme, the projection of the groove on the current collector is in a U shape, a V shape, an arc shape, a right trapezoid shape or a triangular shape;
the width of the groove is 1-3 mm.
In a possible implementation scheme, in the length direction of the positive plate, the protective layer includes a first side edge and a second side edge which are oppositely arranged, and a distance between the first side edge of the protective layer and an edge of a corresponding coverage area is L1The distance between the second side edge of the protective layer and the edge of the corresponding coverage area is L2,|L1-L2The range of | is 0-2 mm.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a battery comprising a positive electrode tab as provided in the above embodiment, the protective layer and the groove being located at the end of the positive electrode tab.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a battery is provided, where the battery includes the positive electrode tab provided in the above embodiment, a negative electrode tab fixed on a surface of the negative electrode tab, and the protection layer and the groove are located at a position of the positive electrode tab corresponding to the negative electrode tab.
One of the above technical solutions has the following advantages or beneficial effects:
in the embodiment of the invention, the groove and the second coating positioned in the groove are arranged on the first coating, and the edge of the protective layer is positioned in the second coating of the groove, so that the lithium source of the first coating at the edge of the protective layer is reduced, the lithium ions released by the first coating at the edge of the protective layer are reduced, and the possibility of lithium precipitation at the position of the negative plate corresponding to the edge of the protective layer is reduced; meanwhile, the second coating layer with the thickness smaller than that of the first coating layer can ensure that the first coating layer at the edge of the protective layer has enough lithium ion concentration, and can effectively improve the energy density of the battery on the premise of avoiding lithium precipitation at the position, corresponding to the edge of the protective layer, of the negative plate, namely, the safety performance of the battery is improved on the premise of ensuring higher energy density, so that the deformation problem of the lithium ion battery is improved, and the service life of the lithium ion battery is prolonged; moreover, the partial edge of the protective layer projected to be positioned in the second coating can also reduce the thickness of the positive plate to a certain extent, and the thickness consistency of the battery cell is improved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive exercise.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a positive electrode plate according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a positive plate of the prior art;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of another positive electrode plate provided by the embodiment of the invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of another positive electrode sheet of the prior art.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present application. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
The terms first, second and the like in the description and in the claims of the present application are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It should be understood that the data so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that embodiments of the application can be practiced in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein, and the terms "first" and "second" used herein generally do not denote any order, nor do they denote any order, for example, the first object may be one or more.
As shown in fig. 2 and 4, the positive plate of the prior art includes a current collector, a coating, and a protection layer on the coating, where the problem of lithium precipitation easily occurs at a position of the negative plate corresponding to an edge of the protection layer, which causes a failure or deformation of a battery cell, resulting in a short service life of the lithium ion battery.
Referring to fig. 1 and fig. 3, fig. 1 and fig. 3 are schematic structural diagrams of a positive electrode sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention, and the positive electrode sheet shown in fig. 1 includes: current collector 10, first coating 20, second coating 30, and protective layer 40, wherein,
the first coating 20 is coated on the surface of the current collector 10, the surface of the first coating 20 is provided with a groove 201, the second coating 30 covers the bottom surface of the groove 201, and the thickness of the second coating 30 is smaller than that of the first coating 20;
the protective layer 40 is disposed on the surface of the first coating layer 20, and a projection of a part of the edge of the protective layer 40 on the current collector 10 is located in the second coating layer 30.
In one specific example, the material of the current collector 10 may be aluminum foil; the shape of current collector 10 may be rectangular. In yet another specific example, the protective layer may be, for example, a gummed paper.
In one particular example, the first coating layer and the second coating layer include an active material including at least one of lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, and a ternary material. In a further specific example, a first coating layer may be formed on the current collector 10 by coating, and then the grooves and a second coating layer in the grooves may be formed by cleaning or the like.
In one specific example, the surface of the current collector 10 includes a first side and a second side, and the first side and the second side of the current collector 10 are each provided with a first coating, a groove in the first coating, a second coating in the groove, and a protective layer disposed on the surface of the first coating. The projections of the grooves, the second coating and the protective layer of the first surface of the current collector on the current collector 10 and the projections of the grooves, the second coating and the protective layer of the second surface of the current collector 10 on the current collector 10 may be overlapped or not overlapped, respectively.
In the embodiment, the groove and the second coating positioned in the groove are arranged on the first coating, and the edge of the protective layer is positioned in the second coating of the groove, so that the lithium source of the first coating at the edge of the protective layer is reduced, lithium ions released by the first coating at the edge of the protective layer are reduced, and the possibility of lithium precipitation at the position, corresponding to the edge of the protective layer, of the negative plate is reduced; meanwhile, the second coating layer with the thickness smaller than that of the first coating layer can ensure that the first coating layer at the edge of the protective layer has enough lithium ion concentration, and can effectively improve the energy density of the battery on the premise of avoiding lithium precipitation at the position, corresponding to the edge of the protective layer, of the negative plate, namely, the safety performance of the battery is improved on the premise of ensuring higher energy density, so that the deformation problem of the lithium ion battery is improved, and the service life of the lithium ion battery is prolonged; moreover, the partial edge of the protective layer projected to be positioned in the second coating can also reduce the thickness of the positive plate to a certain extent, and the thickness consistency of the battery cell is improved.
As an alternative embodiment, the thickness of the second coating 30 is in the range of 10-150 μm.
In this embodiment, setting the thickness of the second coating layer 30 in the range of 10 to 150 μm can effectively suppress lithium deposition while preventing the occurrence of short-circuiting of the battery due to exposure of the current collector 10.
As an alternative embodiment, the first coating 20 comprises a covered region covered by the protective layer 40 and a non-covered region connected to the covered region by the second coating 30;
the distance between the edge of the non-covered area close to the protective layer 40 and the edge of the protective layer 40 close to the non-covered area is 0-3 mm.
In this embodiment, the edge of the protective layer is in contact with the edge of the protective layer near the non-covered area, thereby improving the stability of the protective layer and preventing the protective layer from loosening during the winding process.
As an alternative embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of the second coating layer 30 is a planar, stepped or arc type structure.
In this embodiment, the second coating layer 30 may have a planar, stepped or arc structure to satisfy normal production under different process conditions, and at the same time, to achieve the effect of inhibiting lithium deposition.
As an alternative embodiment, the second coating layer 30 communicates with two opposite sides of the current collector 10 in the width direction of the positive electrode sheet.
In this embodiment, the protective layer 40 needs to cover the first coating layer 20 in the width direction, preventing the problem of short circuit caused by the burr piercing the separator in the battery. To achieve a better effect of inhibiting lithium deposition, the second coating 30 is connected to two opposite sides of the current collector 10, so that the edges of the protective layer 40 are located in the non-covered region.
As an alternative embodiment, the shape of the groove 201 is a wavy line type, a broken line type or a straight line type, and the width of the groove 201 is 1-3 mm.
In this embodiment, the energy density of the battery is reduced due to the excessively large width of the second coating layer 30, and the service life of the battery cannot be effectively improved due to the fact that the lithium deposition at the edge of the protective layer 40 cannot be effectively inhibited due to the excessively small width of the second coating layer 30. In the embodiment of the invention, the width of the second coating 30 is set to 1-3mm through experiments, so that the lithium precipitation at the edge of the protective layer 40 can be effectively inhibited while the energy density of the battery is ensured, and the service life of the battery is prolonged.
The grooves 201 are wavy lines, broken lines or linear lines, so that the production under different process conditions can be adapted, and the effect of inhibiting lithium precipitation is achieved.
Wherein, in order to obtain the optimum width of the second coating 30, the test is carried out by the following experimental manner:
example 1, a first positive electrode sheet was prepared: mixing and stirring lithium cobaltate positive main material, a conductive agent and polyvinylidene fluoride according to a fixed proportion, adding an NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) solvent to prepare positive slurry, coating the positive slurry on the surface of a current collector 10, drying at a specific temperature, and cutting into positive plates with certain thickness and width. Then, a groove 201 with a width of 1mm was formed on the surface of the positive electrode sheet by using a doctor blade, the thickness of the second coating layer was 140 μm, and then a tab was welded to obtain a first positive electrode sheet.
Embodiment 2, preparing a second positive electrode sheet, mixing and stirring a lithium cobaltate positive electrode main material, a conductive agent and polyvinylidene fluoride according to a fixed ratio, adding an NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) solvent to prepare a positive electrode slurry, coating the positive electrode slurry on the surface of a current collector 10, drying the current collector under a specific temperature condition, and cutting the current collector into positive electrode sheets with a certain thickness and width. Then, a groove 201 with a width of 2mm was formed on the surface of the positive electrode sheet by using a doctor blade, the thickness of the second coating layer was 100 μm, and then a tab was welded to obtain a second positive electrode sheet.
Example 3, a third positive electrode sheet is prepared by mixing and stirring a lithium cobaltate positive electrode main material, a conductive agent and polyvinylidene fluoride according to a fixed ratio, adding an NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) solvent to prepare a positive electrode slurry, coating the positive electrode slurry on the surface of the current collector 10, drying the current collector under a specific temperature condition, and cutting the current collector into positive electrode sheets with a certain thickness and width. Then, a groove 201 having a width of 3mm was formed in the surface of the positive electrode sheet by using a doctor blade, the thickness of the second coating layer was 30 μm, and a tab was welded to obtain a third positive electrode sheet.
Comparative example 1, preparing a comparative positive plate, mixing and stirring a lithium cobaltate positive main material, a conductive agent and polyvinylidene fluoride according to a fixed proportion, adding an NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) solvent to prepare a positive slurry, coating the positive slurry on the surface of a current collector 10, drying under a specific temperature condition, cutting into positive plates with certain thickness and width, and welding tabs to obtain the comparative positive plate.
After the first positive plate, the second positive plate, the third positive plate and the comparison positive plate are obtained, all the positive plates and the negative plates of the lithium ion battery are made into different battery cores, 0.2C/0.2C charging and discharging are carried out at 25 ℃ to test the capacity of the battery core, the energy density of the battery is calculated according to the capacity, voltage, thickness, width and height, the cycle performance of 3C/1C at 25 ℃ is tested, the battery is disassembled at different cycle times to confirm the lithium analysis condition at the position of a battery tab, and the disassembly experiment result is as follows:
Figure BDA0003361697130000061
as can be seen from the above table, the first groove 201, the second groove 201, the third groove 201, and the second coating layer with different thicknesses are disposed on the positive coating layer, so that on the premise of effectively reducing the lithium precipitation at the edge of the protective layer 40, the energy density of the battery is effectively improved, the capacity retention rate of the battery is ensured, the deformation problem of the lithium ion battery is further improved, and the service life of the lithium ion battery is prolonged.
As an alternative embodiment, the first coating 20 comprises a covered region covered by the protective layer 40 and a non-covered region connected to the covered region by the second coating 30;
the groove 201 is formed to be depressed inward from one side surface of the first coating layer 20, and the groove 201 is disposed around the footprint.
In this embodiment, when the protective layer 40 is provided at a position corresponding to the battery negative electrode tab, the protective layer 40 may be positioned inside the first coating layer 20 at multiple sides. For guaranteeing simultaneously that the lithium of analysing on every side of protective layer 40 all by effective control, set up recess 201 and the purpose that protective layer 40 edge adaptation can effectually realize preventing analysing lithium, simultaneously, the size of recess and the size phase-match of negative pole utmost point ear to inject the recess place region, avoid causing the influence to the battery capacity and the charge speed that load the battery that has this positive plate, compromise the charge-discharge performance of battery.
As an alternative embodiment, the projection of the groove 201 on the current collector 10 is U-shaped, V-shaped, arc-shaped, right trapezoid or triangular;
the width of the groove 201 is 1-3 mm.
In this embodiment, similar to the width of the second coating layer 30, too large a width of the groove 201 also causes a decrease in the energy density of the battery, while too small results in a problem that the lithium deposition of the battery cannot be effectively controlled. Setting the width of the groove 201 to 1-3mm in the embodiment of the present invention can achieve the purpose of preventing lithium deposition while ensuring the energy density of the battery.
There are also differences in the shape design of the protective layer 40 depending on the process and production requirements. The shape of the recess 201 can then be correspondingly shaped as a U, a mouth, an X, a Z or a field to fit different types of protective layers 40.
As an alternative embodiment, in the length direction of the positive electrode sheet, the protection layer 40 includes a first side edge and a second side edge which are oppositely arranged, and the distance between the first side edge of the protection layer 40 and the edge of the corresponding coverage area is L1The distance between the second side edge of the protection layer 40 and the edge of the corresponding coverage area is L2,|L1-L2The range of | is 0-2 mm.
In this embodiment, the size of the protective layer 40 may fluctuate within a certain range due to the limitation of production conditions and other factors, and | L is required to be set so that the edge of the protective layer 40 is accurately located in the non-covered area and a certain effect of suppressing lithium deposition is ensured1-L2The range of |, is set to 0-2 mm. Under these conditions, a good effect of suppressing lithium deposition can be achieved.
The embodiment of the application also provides a battery, which comprises the positive plate, and the protective layer 40 and the groove 201 are positioned at the ending part of the positive plate.
It should be noted that, the implementation manner of the above-mentioned positive plate embodiment is also applicable to this battery embodiment, and can achieve the same technical effect, and details are not described herein again.
The embodiment of the application further provides a battery, which comprises the positive plate, the negative plate and the negative electrode tab fixed on the surface of the negative plate, wherein the protective layer 40 and the groove 201 are located on the positive plate and the position corresponding to the negative electrode tab.
It should be noted that, the implementation manner of the above-mentioned positive plate embodiment is also applicable to this battery embodiment, and can achieve the same technical effect, and details are not described herein again.
It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, which are illustrative and not restrictive, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (11)

1. A positive electrode sheet, comprising: a current collector, a first coating, a second coating, and a protective layer, wherein,
the first coating is coated on the surface of the current collector, the surface of the first coating is provided with a groove, the bottom surface of the groove is covered by the second coating, and the thickness of the second coating is smaller than that of the first coating;
the protective layer is arranged on the surface of the first coating, and the projection of part of the edge of the protective layer on the current collector is positioned in the second coating.
2. The positive electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second coating layer is in the range of 10 to 150 μm.
3. The positive electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein the first coating layer includes a covered region covered by the protective layer and a non-covered region connected to the covered region through the second coating layer;
the distance between the edge of the non-coverage area close to the protective layer and the edge of the protective layer close to the non-coverage area is 0-3 mm.
4. The positive electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional shape of the second coating layer is a planar, stepped or arc structure.
5. The positive electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein the second coating layer communicates with opposite sides of the current collector in a width direction of the positive electrode sheet.
6. The positive electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein the shape of the groove is a wavy line, a broken line or a straight line, and the width of the groove is 1 to 3 mm.
7. The positive electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein the first coating layer includes a covered region covered by the protective layer and a non-covered region connected to the covered region through the second coating layer;
the groove is formed by inwards recessing from one side surface of the first coating layer, and the groove is arranged around the covering area.
8. The positive plate according to claim 7, wherein the projection of the groove on the current collector is U-shaped, V-shaped, arc-shaped, right trapezoid or triangular;
the width of the groove is 1-3 mm.
9. The positive electrode sheet according to claim 7, wherein the protective layer comprises a first side edge and a second side edge which are oppositely arranged in the length direction of the positive electrode sheet, and the distance between the first side edge of the protective layer and the edge of the corresponding coverage area is L1A second side edge of the protective layer and the pair thereofThe distance between the edges of the corresponding coverage areas is L2,|L1-L2The range of | is 0-2 mm.
10. A battery comprising a positive electrode sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the protective layer and the groove are located at the end of the positive electrode sheet.
11. A battery comprising the positive electrode sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 9, and further comprising a negative electrode sheet and a negative electrode tab fixed to a surface of the negative electrode sheet, wherein the protective layer and the groove are located at a position of the positive electrode sheet corresponding to the negative electrode tab.
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CN214378501U (en) * 2021-03-01 2021-10-08 珠海冠宇电池股份有限公司 Pole piece and lithium ion battery
CN214589165U (en) * 2021-04-30 2021-11-02 珠海冠宇电池股份有限公司 Battery cell and battery

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